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Ramos PM, Scheffler TL, Beline M, Bodmer J, Gerrard DE, Silva SL. Challenges and opportunities of using Bos indicus cattle to meet consumers' demand for quality beef. Meat Sci 2024; 207:109375. [PMID: 37924645 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Beef consumption is expected to increase worldwide, which necessitates the use of Bos indicus cattle that are well-adapted to harsher climates, like the tropics. Yet, beef from these cattle is considered inferior to that of Bos taurus breeds, primarily due to lowered tenderness values and reduced intramuscular fat content. However, the benefits of using Bos indicus genetics are numerous and undeniable. Herein, we explore how decreases in meat quality in these cattle may be offset by increases in livability. Further, we review the knowledge surrounding beef tenderness and explore the processes occurring during the early events of the transformation of muscle to meat that are different in this biological type and may be altered by stress. Growth rate, calpastatin activity and mitochondrial function will be discussed as they relate to tenderness. The opportunities of using Bos indicus cattle are of great interest to the beef industry worldwide, especially given the pressures for enhancing the overall sustainability and carbon footprint of this sector. Delivering a consistently high-quality product for consumers by exploiting Bos indicus genetics in a more sustainable manner will be proposed. Information on novel factors that influence the conversion of muscle to meat is explored to provide insights into opportunities for maximizing beef tenderization and maturation across all cattle. Exploring the use of Bos indicus cattle in modern production schemes, while addressing the mechanisms undergirding meat tenderness should provide the industry with a path forward for building greater demand through producing higher quality beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Ramos
- Animal Science Department, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Tracy L Scheffler
- Animal Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mariane Beline
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Bodmer
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David E Gerrard
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Saulo Luz Silva
- Animal Science Department, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Coria MS, Ledesma MSC, Rojas JRG, Grigioni G, Palma GA, Borsarelli CD. Prediction of tenderness in bovine longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscles using Raman spectroscopy. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1435-1444. [PMID: 36915932 PMCID: PMC10472156 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate Raman spectroscopy technique as a noninvasive tool to predict meat quality traits on Braford longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle. METHODS Thirty samples of muscle from Braford steers were analyzed by classical meat quality techniques and by Raman spectroscopy with 785 nm laser excitation. Water holding capacity (WHC), intramuscular fat content (IMF), cooking loss (CL), and texture profile analysis recording hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness were determined, along with fiber diameter and sarcomere length by scanning electron microscopy. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) analysis was used to differentiate tender and tough meat groups. RESULTS Higher values of cohesiveness and CL, together with lower values of WHC, IMF, and shorter sarcomere were obtained for tender meat samples than for the tougher ones. Raman spectra analysis allows tender and tough sample differentiation. The correlation between the quality attributes predicted by Raman and the physical measurements resulted in values of R2 = 0.69 for hardness and 0,58 for WBSF. Pearson's correlation coefficient of hardness (r = 0.84) and WBSF (r = 0.79) parameters with the phenylalanine Raman signal at 1,003 cm-1, suggests that the content of this amino acid could explain the differences between samples. CONCLUSION Raman spectroscopy with 785 nm laser excitation is a suitable and accurate technique to identify beef with different quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sumampa Coria
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias. Instituto para el desarrollo agropecuario del semiárido (INDEAS), G4200ABT, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
| | - María Sofía Castaño Ledesma
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
| | - Jorge Raúl Gómez Rojas
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
| | - Gabriela Grigioni
- Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Buenos Aires, B1708JPD,
Argentina
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables, UEDD INTA CONICET, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Palma
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias. Instituto para el desarrollo agropecuario del semiárido (INDEAS), G4200ABT, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
| | - Claudio Darío Borsarelli
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias. Instituto de Ciencias Químicas (ICQ), G4200ABT, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina
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3
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Bai H, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Wang R, Zhang G, Lambo MT, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang L. Altering the ratio of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids in dietary fat affects nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, growth performance, carcass, meat quality, and lipid metabolism gene expression of Angus bulls. Meat Sci 2023; 199:109138. [PMID: 36796287 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of changing the ratio of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids in dietary fat on nutritional metabolism, growth performance, and meat quality of finishing Angus bulls. Bulls received the following three treatments: (1) a control diet without fat supplement (CON), (2) CON + mixed fatty acid supplement (58% C16:0 + 28% cis-9 C18:1; MIX), (3) CON + saturated fatty acid supplement (87% C16:0 + 10% C18:0; SFA). In summary, both fat treatment diets simultaneously increased saturated fatty acids C16:0 (P = 0.025), C18:0 (P < 0.001) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.008) in muscle, thus balancing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in muscle. MIX diet increased the digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.014), crude protein (P = 0.038), and ether extract (P = 0.036). SFA diet increased the daily gain (P = 0.032) and intramuscular fat content (P = 0.043). The high content of C16:0 and C18:0 in the SFA diet promoted weight gain and fat deposition of beef cattle by increasing feed intake, up-regulating the expression of lipid uptake genes and increasing deposition of total fatty acids, resulting in better growth performance and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yufan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guangning Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Modinat Tolani Lambo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Technologies, Honghe University, Mengzi 661199, China.
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Yang Z, Liu C, Dou L, Chen X, Zhao L, Su L, Jin Y. Effects of Feeding Regimes and Postmortem Aging on Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Composition, and Volatile Flavor of Longissimus Thoracis Muscle in Sunit Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223081. [PMID: 36428309 PMCID: PMC9686687 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different feeding regimes on antioxidant activity, meat quality, fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, and volatile matter production in the longissimus thoracis (LT) of Sunit sheep at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postmortem were investigated. The results showed that the activity of antioxidant enzymes, tenderness, water retention, and percentage of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in the pasture-fed sheep (PF) than in the concentrate-fed sheep (CF) (p < 0.05). During postmortem aging, antioxidant activity, water retention, and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids decreased in the PF and CF (p < 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the proportion of saturated fatty acids, and the content of flavor substances resulting from fat oxidation increased. After 24 h of LT muscle aging, the pH and shear force of the meat started to increase and the color stabilized. The differences between shear force values and lipid volatile flavor substance content of sheep meat under different feeding regimes disappeared with increasing aging time. PF had better oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. Postmortem aging changed the oxidative stability of sheep meat, thus affecting meat quality and fatty acid composition and consequently meat flavor composition, while aging also eliminated to some extent the differences caused by feeding regimes.
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Ren Q, Li H, Xu F, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Fan T, Wei Z, Yuan F, Han F, Cong R. Effect of high-concentrate diets on mRNA expression of genes related to muscle fiber type and metabolism of psoas major muscle in goats. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13725. [PMID: 35508764 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the process of modern breeding, high-concentrate diets are widely used to meet the high energy nutritional requirements of animals but change the form of access to energy and nutrients and the way the organism metabolizes them. Goat psoas major (PM) muscle is a hybrid skeletal muscle whose characteristics are important for the motility and meat quality of goats. However, there are few studies on the effects of high-concentrate diets on the muscle type and metabolic characteristics of PM in goats. In this study, two treatment groups were set up: high concentrate group (HC) and control group (C). The expression of genes related to muscle type and metabolism of the PM was examined by quantitative PCR. The results showed that high concentrate promoted the conversion of PM fibers from intermediate to slow type at the mRNA level, improved the absorption, transport, and oxidation of fat by PM, and upregulated the expression of calpain system. These changes may be regulated by the involvement of differential expression of MSTN, Myf-5, and IGF-2. These results suggest that high concentrate may exert a positive effect on skeletal muscle function, metabolism, and meat quality in goats by affecting the expression of muscle type and metabolism-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Ren
- Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | - Yihan Zhu
- Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Fei Han
- Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Xianyang, China
| | - Rihua Cong
- Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Merayo M, Pighin D, Cunzolo S, Grigioni G. Is beef quality affected by the inclusion of distiller grains in cattle diets? Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13761. [PMID: 35959958 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of including increasing levels of distiller grains (DG) in beef cattle feeding diets on meat quality from an integral approach. To this end, we analyzed the meat from 36 yearling steers fed with four dietary treatments: 0DG (control corn-based diet), 15DG, 30DG, and 45DG (containing 15%, 30%, or 45% of DG on DM basis). Crude protein, ash, and fat contents of diets increased with DG level. The fatty acid profile of DG diets was reflected in the fatty acid profile of plasma samples. Feeding diets with DG had no effect on the biochemical parameters analyzed in plasma. In addition, it did not influence the water holding capacity, the muscle or fat color at 72 h post mortem or at retail display, or the contents of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs in beef. The DG diets led to lower values of cooking loss. Meat from 15DG and 30DG showed greater percentage of troponin C and fragments of 30 to 27 kDa than meat from 45DG. Also, meat from 30DG showed the lowest values of Warner-Bratzler shear force. Hence, including up to 30% corn DG in beef cattle feeding diets had positive effects on meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Merayo
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Argentina.,Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, CABA, Argentina
| | - Darío Pighin
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Argentina.,Universidad de Morón, Morón, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cunzolo
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Argentina.,Universidad de Morón, Morón, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Grigioni
- Instituto Tecnología de Alimentos - Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Sistemas Alimentarios Sustentables, UEDD INTA CONICET, Castelar, Argentina.,Universidad de Morón, Morón, Argentina
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Coria MS, Pighin D, Grigioni G, Palma GA. Feeding strategies and ageing time alter calpain system proteins activities and meat quality of Braford steers. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:272-280. [PMID: 34696575 PMCID: PMC8738954 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ageing and feeding strategies on the calpain protease system and meat quality traits in Braford steers. Methods Thirty Braford steers were employed; 15 animals were supplemented with corn silage during finishing and 15 were kept only on pasture. Meat quality traits and calpain system protein activity were evaluated in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) steaks aged for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Aged meat showed higher pH and calcium content, while Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) decreased to day 21. No interaction between ageing and diet was seen for quality traits. Steers finished with corn silage showed higher values of water holding capacity, WBSF and free calcium, and lower values of pH and cooking loss. Calpain and calpastatin activities decreased with ageing. Finishing steers on pasture produced higher values of calpains and lower values of calpastatin activities. The higher values of calpain 1 activity were observed in muscles aged 2 days from pasture finished animals, and the lower activity of the inhibitor in the 21 days aged samples of the same group. Conclusion These results suggest a diet by ageing interaction in calpains and calpastatin and this interaction impact in Warner Bratzler Shear Force in Braford LTL muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sumampa Coria
- Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, NOA Institute of Bionanotechnology (INBIONATEC), Villa El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Argentina.,Institute for the Agricultural Development of the Semiarid (INDEAS), Faculty of Agronomy and Agroindustry (FAyA), National University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, G4200ABT, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Dario Pighin
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Food Technology Institute - Science and Technology Institute of Sustainable Food Systems, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Moron University, Morón, Buenos Aires, B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Grigioni
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Food Technology Institute - Science and Technology Institute of Sustainable Food Systems, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Moron University, Morón, Buenos Aires, B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Palma
- Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, NOA Institute of Bionanotechnology (INBIONATEC), Villa El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Argentina.,Institute for the Agricultural Development of the Semiarid (INDEAS), Faculty of Agronomy and Agroindustry (FAyA), National University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, G4200ABT, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Foggi G, Ciucci F, Conte M, Casarosa L, Serra A, Giannessi E, Lenzi C, Salvioli S, Conte G, Mele M. Histochemical Characterisation and Gene Expression Analysis of Skeletal Muscles from Maremmana and Aubrac Steers Reared on Grazing and Feedlot Systems. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030656. [PMID: 33801206 PMCID: PMC7999344 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Muscle fibre types and sizes are important factors affecting muscle growth potential and meat quality. Their variability depends on some factors like muscle type, animal breed, physical activity, and they could be going through morphological or metabolic modifications, throughout animal life. Two muscles from Maremmana, an autochthonous breed from Tuscany (Italy), was compared to those from Aubrac, a breed from the Massif Central (France), under histochemical and gene expression points of view. Both these breeds were poorly studied, and the results identified Maremmana muscles were more oxidative in comparison to Aubrac. Moreover, steers of each breed were proportionally divided and reared on grazing or feedlot systems. Conversely to what was expected, the voluntary physical activity on pasture, another aspect poorly studied, influenced neither histochemical characteristics nor the gene expression. Abstract This study aimed to characterise the fibre composition of Triceps brachii (TB) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles from 20 Maremmana (MA) and 20 Aubrac (AU) steers, and the effect of grazing activity in comparison with feedlot system. The histochemical method was performed with the m-ATPase method with an acid pre-incubation, thus allowing to distinguish type I, IIA, and IIB fibres. Additionally, on total RNA extracted from SM muscle, the expressions of atp1a1, mt-atp6, and capn1 genes were evaluated, in order to find potential associations with muscle fibre histochemical characteristics. In SM muscle, the MA steers had the greater frequency of oxidative fibres (type I and IIA) and the higher atp1a1 expression, in comparison to AU steers. Conversely, AU steers had a greater frequency of type IIB fibres, and the higher capn1 expression. A similar histochemical pattern was observed in TB muscle. The grazing activity was probably insufficient to determine differences both for fibre proportion and size, and gene expressions, except for mt-atp6 expression that was surprisingly highest in feedlot MA in comparison to other steers. These findings further the knowledge of muscle properties belonging to these breeds, and the effect of voluntary physical activity since few studies were available in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Foggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Ciucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Conte
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Laura Casarosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrea Serra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giannessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (A.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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