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Sharifuzzaman M, Mun HS, Ampode KMB, Lagua EB, Park HR, Kim YH, Hasan MK, Yang CJ. Technological Tools and Artificial Intelligence in Estrus Detection of Sows-A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:471. [PMID: 38338113 PMCID: PMC10854728 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal farming, timely estrus detection and prediction of the best moment for insemination is crucial. Traditional sow estrus detection depends on the expertise of a farm attendant which can be inconsistent, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Attempts and trials in developing and implementing technological tools to detect estrus have been explored by researchers. The objective of this review is to assess the automatic methods of estrus recognition in operation for sows and point out their strong and weak points to assist in developing new and improved detection systems. Real-time methods using body and vulvar temperature, posture recognition, and activity measurements show higher precision. Incorporating artificial intelligence with multiple estrus-related parameters is expected to enhance accuracy. Further development of new systems relies mostly upon the improved algorithm and accurate data provided. Future systems should be designed to minimize the misclassification rate, so better detection is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharifuzzaman
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiven Mark B. Ampode
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong 9800, Philippines
| | - Eddiemar B. Lagua
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rang Park
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea; (M.S.); (H.-S.M.); (K.M.B.A.); (E.B.L.); (H.-R.P.); (M.K.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
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Chang SC, Wu XR, Kuan HY, Peng SY, Chang CY. Using deep learning to accurately detect sow vulva size in a group pen with a single camera. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skad407. [PMID: 38071666 PMCID: PMC10876038 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a non-contact method for the detection of changes in sow vulva size in a group pen. The traditional approach to estrus detection is manually pressing down on the back of the sow to elicit standing responses; however, this method causes undue distress for sows not in estrus. When a sow is in estrus, the vulva is red and swollen due to the presence of endocrine. Monitoring changes in vulva size to detect estrus with as little impact on the sow as possible is the focus of this study. This is achieved using a single camera combined with a deep learning framework. Our approach comprises two steps: vulva detection and vulva size conversion. Images of sows of Yorkshire, Landrace, and Duroc breeds were collected in group housing, and the vulva was detected through artificial markers and the network architecture of YOLO v4. Based on the internal and external parameters of the camera, the detected size was converted into millimeters and the results of manual measurement (MM) and automatic calculation combined to calculate the size of the vulva. Analysis of the calculated size compared with MM indicates that the object recognition rate of the system exceeds 97.06%, with a size error of only + 1.70 to -4.47 mm and high-calculation efficiency (>2.8 frames/s). Directions for future research include the automatic detection of pig width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Chang Chang
- Southern Region Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Pingtung 91247, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Ru Wu
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yuan Kuan
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Chang
- Bachelor of Program in Scientific Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Tucker BS, Jorquera-Chavez M, Petrovski KR, Craig JR, Morrison RS, Smits RJ, Kirkwood RN. Comparing surface temperature locations with rectal temperature in neonatal piglets under production conditions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2176310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony S. Tucker
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Kiro R. Petrovski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
- Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Craig
- Research and Innovation, Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd., Corowa, Australia
| | | | - Robert J. Smits
- Australia Research and Innovation, Australian Pork Limited, Barton, Australia
| | - Roy N. Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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Gulliksen SM, Framstad T, Kielland C, Velazquez MA, Terøy MM, Helland EM, Lyngstad RH, Delgado AJO, Oropeza-Moe M. Infrared thermography as a possible technique for the estimation of parturition onset in sows. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36721224 PMCID: PMC9890875 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the possibility of using infrared thermography to estimate the onset of parturition in sows. Infrared camera (IRC) and infrared laser thermometer (IRT) were used to obtain the auricular skin temperature of sows along with rectal temperatures, from approximately one week before the anticipated farrowing until 24 h post-partum. Three commercial piglet producing farms were included in the study. RESULTS There were large variations in observed auricular skin temperature, both by IRC and IRT per time point. Graphical exploration of the observed auricular skin temperature measured by the two methods showed the same parallel patterns, although temperatures measured by IRC were higher at any time point compared to IRT. Auricular skin thermography revealed a clear increase in temperatures before farrowing. Statistical analyses, adjusting for differences between farms, sow activity and respiration rate, confirmed this increase. When controlling for these variables, and comparing the baseline temperatures to temperatures at farrowing, the difference was 3.9 and 4.1 °C measured with IRT and IRC, respectively. The greatest increase, of more than 2 °C, was found between 16 and 8 h and 8 to 4 h before farrowing. Rectal temperature increased by 0.5 °C in the same time interval and reached a temperature peak after farrowing. CONCLUSION Sows showed a more than 2 °C increase in auricular skin temperature, measured by either IRC or IRT, 8 to16 hours before the first piglet was born. Hence, monitoring auricular skin temperatures of sows using infrared thermography one week before expected farrowing may provide a baseline temperature for each sow from which a sudden rise is indicative of parturition in the following 8 to 16 h. This may lead to more efficient allocation of human assistance during farrowing time and thereby improve farrowing management and the welfare of sows and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Gulliksen
- grid.457522.30000 0004 0451 3284Norwegian Pig Health Service, Animalia AS, P.O. Box 396, Økern, Norway
| | - T. Framstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - C. Kielland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - M. A. Velazquez
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - M. M. Terøy
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - E. M. Helland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - R. H. Lyngstad
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - M. Oropeza-Moe
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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Gómez-Prado J, Pereira AMF, Wang D, Villanueva-García D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Avalos I, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas-Alvarado A, Olmos-Hernández A, Ramírez-Necoechea R, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Hernández A, Torres F, Mota-Rojas D. Thermoregulation mechanisms and perspectives for validating thermal windows in pigs with hypothermia and hyperthermia: An overview. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1023294. [PMID: 36532356 PMCID: PMC9751486 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1023294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anatomical characteristics make the porcine species especially sensitive to extreme temperature changes, predisposing them to pathologies and even death due to thermal stress. Interest in improving animal welfare and porcine productivity has led to the development of various lines of research that seek to understand the effect of certain environmental conditions on productivity and the impact of implementing strategies designed to mitigate adverse effects. The non-invasive infrared thermography technique is one of the tools most widely used to carry out these studies, based on detecting changes in microcirculation. However, evaluations using this tool require reliable thermal windows; this can be challenging because several factors can affect the sensitivity and specificity of the regions selected. This review discusses the thermal windows used with domestic pigs and the association of thermal changes in these regions with the thermoregulatory capacity of piglets and hogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Polo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Ramírez-Necoechea
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Astrid Hernández
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Torres
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Xochimilco Campus, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
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De la Cruz‐Vigo P, Rodriguez‐Boñal A, Rodriguez‐Bonilla A, Córdova‐Izquierdo A, Pérez Garnelo SS, Gómez‐Fidalgo E, Martín‐Lluch M, Sánchez‐Sánchez R. Morphometric changes on the vulva from proestrus to oestrus of nulliparous and multiparous HYPERPROLIFIC sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57 Suppl 5:94-97. [PMID: 35689465 PMCID: PMC9796286 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether vulvar morphometric changes occurring in female pigs during proestrus and oestrus could be objective, accurate and predictive indicators of the onset to oestrus and thus performed artificial inseminations at the most appropriate time. For that purpose, pictures of vulvas from 60 hyperprolific females (30 gilts and 30 sows) during proestrus and oestrus were taken once a day. Vulva measurements (area, perimeter, length and width) on these pictures were performed using the image processing ImageJ software. Gilts and sows showed statistical differences (p < .01) in all vulvar morphometric measurements between proestrus and oestrus. Statistical differences in vulvar metrics were detected 24 h before the onset to oestrus, affecting all vulvar measurements in gilts, whereas only vulvar width was affected in sows. The image analysis used in this study may contribute to the development of smart technology in swine farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma De la Cruz‐Vigo
- Department of Animal ReproductionNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | | | | | | | - Sonia S. Pérez Garnelo
- Department of Animal ReproductionNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Ernesto Gómez‐Fidalgo
- Department of Animal ReproductionNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Mercedes Martín‐Lluch
- Department of Animal ReproductionNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Sánchez
- Department of Animal ReproductionNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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