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Jo H, Kim BG. Standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement of pregnant sows under commercial conditions. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1880-1888. [PMID: 37871903 PMCID: PMC10623031 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present experiment aimed to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirements for pregnant sows individually housed under commercial farm conditions. METHODS Two hundred multiparous sows (parity = 5.1±2.0) on day 42 of gestation were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments with a balanced parity. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 0.22%, 0.32%, 0.42%, 0.52%, and 0.62% of SID Lys for the mid-gestation period (days 42 to 76) and 0.36%, 0.46%, 0.56%, 0.66%, and 0.76% of SID Lys for the late gestation period (days 77 to 103). All indispensable amino acids except Lys were provided at 110% of their requirement estimates. Daily feed allowance per sow was determined based on the back-fat thickness and body condition score at the second pregnancy check and on day 90 of gestation. Three different statistical models were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement. RESULTS Total born piglets alive per litter increased linearly and quadratically (p<0.001) as dietary SID Lys increased. For total born piglets alive per litter, the SID Lys requirement estimates ranged from 9.69 to 12.4 g/d for the mid-gestation period (1.19 to 1.52 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.39% to 0.49%) and 14.6 to 17.4 g/d for the late gestation period (1.62 to 1.93 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.52% to 0.62%). CONCLUSION The mean values of the SID Lys requirement for the mid-gestation period and the late gestation period are 11.1 and 16.1 g/d (1.36 and 1.79 g/Mcal metabolizable energy; 0.44% and 0.58%), respectively, for maximal total born piglets alive per litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoong Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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2
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Theil PK, Krogh U, Bruun TS, Feyera T. Feeding the modern sow to sustain high productivity. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:517-532. [PMID: 35451142 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for hyper-prolific sows has increased the litter size by more than 50% during the last three decades, and proper nutrition of the female pigs has concomitantly changed due to improved prolificacy and productivity of gilts and sows. This review summarizes the physiological characteristics and nutritional challenges associated with feeding modern hyper-prolific sows during the gilt rearing period and during gestation, transition, and lactation periods. The review presents up-to-date knowledge of the energy and lysine requirements of female pigs and focuses on how nutrition may increase fat gain and limit protein and weight gain in the gilt rearing period and in early and mid-gestation. In late gestation, fetal and mammary growth should be considered and during the transition, colostrum yield and farrowing performance need to be optimized. Finally, milk production should be optimized and body mobilization should be minimized in the lactation period to achieve high feed efficiency in hyper-prolific sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Livestock, SEGES Innovation, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Takele Feyera
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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3
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Johannsen J, Eskildsen M, Kongsted A, Theil P. Effect of reduced dietary protein on productivity and plasma, urine, and milk metabolites in organic sows during winter conditions. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Liu Y, He Q, Azad MAK, Xiao Y, Yin Y, Kong X. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Physiological Stage, Breed, and Diet Effects on the Intramuscular Metabolism of Amino Acids and Related Nutrients in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:681192. [PMID: 34447801 PMCID: PMC8382954 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.681192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a complex tissue that exhibits considerable plasticity in response to nutrients, animal, or its growth stage, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of physiological stage, breed, and diet on the metabolome of the skeletal muscle of pigs. Ninety-six barrows, including 48 purebred Bama mini-pigs, representing the fat type, and 48 Landrace pigs, representing the lean type, were randomly assigned to either a low- or adequate-protein diet (n = 24 per group). The experimental period commenced at 5 weeks of age and extended to the finishing period. Psoas major muscles (PMMs) were collected at the nursery, growing, and finishing stages; and the contents of amino acids (AAs), fatty acids (FAs), and metabolites were analyzed using a nuclear magnetic resonance-based approach. Results showed that most AAs and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs; including C16:1 and C18:1) contents were increased (p < 0.05) gradually, while those of polyunsaturated FAs (including C18:2, C20:4n−6, C20:5n−3, and C22:6n−3) were decreased (p < 0.05) in the PMM with increasing age. Compared with Landrace pigs, Bama mini-pigs had higher (p < 0.05) contents of flavor-related AAs (including methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, and serine) in the nursery and growing stages and higher (p < 0.05) percentages of saturated FAs and MUFAs throughout the trial. Dietary protein levels affected the muscular profiles of AAs and FAs in an age-dependent manner. In addition, the adequate-protein diet increased (p < 0.05) the muscular contents of α-ketoglutarate in the two breeds. These findings indicate that the dynamic profiles of AAs, FAs, and metabolites in pig muscle tissues are regulated by breed, diet, and physiological stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Genetic Analysis of Local Pig Breeds Germplasm Resources, Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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5
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Fang LH, Jin YH, Jeong JH, Hong JS, Chung WL, Kim YY. Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on reproductive performance in gestating sows and growth of their progeny. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:154-162. [PMID: 31333872 PMCID: PMC6582926 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.3.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude
protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk
quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows
(Yorkshire × Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness
(BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per
treatment using a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and completely randomized
design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME)
density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein
levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and
13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as
CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in
the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born
(p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased
(p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect
on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat
concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP
level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p
= 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04;
lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids:
p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p =
0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant
effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant
differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed
different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21
day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p
= 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when
dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21
days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p
< 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also
increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours
postpartum (p < 0.01, and p <
0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and
10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and
colostrum quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu Fang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ying Hai Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Jilin Sheng 133000, China
| | - Jae Hark Jeong
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Su Hong
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woo Lim Chung
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Saidj D, Ainbaziz H, Iles I, Dahmani Y, Hornick JL, Moula N. Productive performance, metabolic, and hematologic parameters of pregnant nulliparous rabbit does according to dietary protein level. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:18-24. [PMID: 31453166 PMCID: PMC6702936 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims at investigating the productive performance, metabolic, and hematological profiles of Algerian local rabbits does during their first pregnancy and according to dietary protein content. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 52 nulliparous rabbit does, 3,116 ± 72.9 g live weight, were allocated individually to three groups (17/18 females per group) being on isoenergetic diets [2,600 kcal Digestible Energy (DE)/kg] that differ in their digestible protein content by 15%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, for L, M, and H diets. All these diets were provided ad libitum. RESULTS The use of a high protein diet did not affect does weight and feed intake during the pregnancy period. Statistically, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in born or alive litter size and birth weight. There was no effect of diet and sampling time (p > 0.05) on plasma metabolites but there were significant effects of sampling time (p < 0.0001) on the metabolic parameters studied with prolificacy used as a covariate. Hematologic indices in pregnant rabbits were not affected by the diet exceeded the red blood cells rate that increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase in dietary protein content during the different periods of gestation. CONCLUSION The use of a high protein diet has no effect on weight during the pregnancy period. No effect of diet and sampling time on plasma metabolites and hematological profiles are recorded; however, significant effects of sampling time are recorded on the metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahia Saidj
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, Saad Dahlab University, Blida 1, Algeria
- Laboratory Research “Animals health and Production”, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hacina Ainbaziz
- Laboratory Research “Animals health and Production”, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Imene Iles
- Laboratory Research “Animals health and Production”, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yamina Dahmani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean Luc Hornick
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Nassim Moula
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
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Zhang S, Heng J, Song H, Zhang Y, Lin X, Tian M, Chen F, Guan W. Role of Maternal Dietary Protein and Amino Acids on Fetal Programming, Early Neonatal Development, and Lactation in Swine. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9010019. [PMID: 30642135 PMCID: PMC6356768 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary protein is an important nutrient source for sows, necessary for not only growth and production, but also other physiological functions. Protein limitations in maternal diets have the potential to impair fetal myogenesis, while excess maternal dietary protein appears to only have minor effects on early fetal muscle formation. Effects of maternal protein deficiency on increased fat deposition in porcine neonates is inconsistent with gene expressions in the neonates. Sufficient maternal dietary protein can enhance porcine milk protein and fat concentration. Understanding the function of protein and amino acids in sows and the effects on their offspring can provide rational approaches for the regulation of piglet growth and further improvements in meat quality in the future. Abstract Maternal nutrition plays a vital role in fetal development, early development of neonates, and lactation and regulates the lifetime productivity of offspring. During pregnancy, maternal nutrition alters expression of the fetal genome and the development of tissues and organs via fetal programming. After parturition, maternal nutrition continues to regulate growth and development of piglets through maternal milk, which contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and oligosaccharides. Thus, deficiencies in maternal nutrition are detrimental to development of piglets, which can lead to inefficient growth and decreased carcass merit. Protein is an important nutritional component for sows, which not only functions in muscle development, but also plays a vital role in embryonic and neonatal development and lactation. Although effects of maternal undernutrition on neonatal development have been widely studied in sows, the function of different maternal dietary protein levels on fetal development, neonatal growth and lactation performance of sows is largely unknown. Determination of the effects and underlying mechanisms of maternal dietary protein levels on development of piglets is vital to the pork industry. Therefore, we summarized recent reports regarding mechanisms of effects of maternal protein levels on regulation of conceptus growth and early postnatal development though uterine fetal programming and lactation in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jinghui Heng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hanqing Song
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Min Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Jin SS, Jin YH, Jang JC, Hong JS, Jung SW, Kim YY. Effects of dietary energy levels on physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating sows over three consecutive parities. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:410-420. [PMID: 28728398 PMCID: PMC5838347 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This experiment was to evaluate the effects of the dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance during gestation over three parities in sows. METHODS A total of 52 F1 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. The treatments contained 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg diet but feed was provided at 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 kg/d in the first, second and third parity, respectively. RESULTS The body weight and body weight gain during gestation increased as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05, and p<0.01) in the first parity. In the second parity, the body weight of sows was the lowest (p<0.05) when 3,100 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet was provided. The body weight was higher as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05) during the gestation period in the third parity. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease when gilts were fed higher energy treatment diet (p = 0.08) and the body weight, body weight gain were increased by dietary energy level during gestation (p< 0.05). Backfat thickness was not affected by dietary treatment during the gestation period in three parities, interestingly backfat change from breeding to d 110 of gestation was higher as the dietary energy level increased at the first parity (p<0.05). When gilts were fed 3,400 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet a higher number of weaning piglets was observed in the first parity (p<0.05). The highest culling rate (69%) was seen when gestating sows were fed 3,100 kcal/kg ME treatment diet during three parities. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the adequate energy intake of gestating sows should be 6,400 or 6,600 kcal of ME/d, 7,040 or 7,260 kcal of ME/d, and 7,680 or 7,920 kcal of ME/d for parity 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Y. H. Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 13300,China
| | - J. C. Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - J. S. Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - S. W. Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Y. Y. Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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9
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Jin SS, Jung SW, Jang JC, Chung WL, Jeong JH, Kim YY. Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on the Physiological Parameters and Reproductive Performance of Gestating Gilts. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1004-12. [PMID: 27282975 PMCID: PMC4932577 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating first parity sows. A total of 52 F1 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained diets with 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, and the daily energy intake of the gestating gilts in each treatment were 6,200, 6,400, 6,600, and 6,800 kcal of ME, respectively. During gestation, the body weight (p = 0.04) and weight gain (p = 0.01) of gilts linearly increased with increasing dietary energy levels. Backfat thickness was not affected at d110 of gestation by dietary treatments, but increased linearly (p = 0.05) from breeding to d 110 of gestation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of sows tended to decrease when the dietary energy levels increased (p = 0.08). No difference was observed in backfat thickness of the sows within treatments; increasing energy levels linearly decreased the body weight of sows (p<0.05) at d 21 of lactation and body weight gain during lactation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the chemical compositions of colostrum and milk. Therefore, these results indicated that high-energy diets influenced the bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation. NRC (2012) suggested that the energy requirement of the gestation gilt should be between 6,678 and 7,932 kcal of ME/d. Similarly, our results suggested that 3,100 kcal of ME/kg is not enough to maintain the reproductive performance for gilts during gestation with 2 kg feed daily. Gilts in the treatment 3,400 kcal of ME/kg have a higher weaning number of piglets, but bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. But bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. Consequently, an adequate energy requirement of gestating gilts is 6,400 kcal of ME/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Jin
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - S W Jung
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - J C Jang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - W L Chung
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - J H Jeong
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Y Y Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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