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Regulation of Dietary Protein Solubility Improves Ruminal Nitrogen Metabolism In Vitro: Role of Bacteria-Protozoa Interactions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142972. [PMID: 35889928 PMCID: PMC9325197 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision dietary interventions (e.g., altering proportions of dietary protein fractions) has significant implications for the efficiency of nutrient use in ruminants, as well as lowering their environmental footprint, specifically nitrogen (N) emissions. Soluble protein (SP) is defined as the protein fraction that is rapidly degraded in the rumen (e.g., non-protein N and true protein), and our previous study found that regulating SP levels could improve N efficiency in Hu sheep. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore in vitro how protein fractions with different SP levels modulate the rumen microbial community and its association with N metabolism. Four dietary treatments with different SP proportions and similar crude protein (CP) content (~14%) were formulated (% of CP): 20 (S20), 30 (S30), 40 (S40) and 50 (S50). Results showed that NH3-N content increased with increasing SP levels at 4, 12 and 24 h; TVFA, acetate, propionate and valerate were higher in S30 and S40 (p < 0.05) and had quadratic effects (p < 0.05). Moreover, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and N digestibility (ND) were all decreased with S20 and S50 (p < 0.05). The S30 and S40 treatments increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Prevotella (Prevotella_ruminicola) but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (p < 0.05). Bacterial pathways related to amino acid and fatty acid metabolism also were enriched with S30 and S40. The abundance of Entodinium was increased with S30 and S40 and had a positive correlation with Prevotella, and these two genera also played an important role in N metabolism and VFA synthesis of this study. In conclusion, bacterial and protozoal communities were altered by the level of SP (% of CP), with higher SP levels (~50% of CP) increasing the microbial diversity but being detrimental to rumen N metabolism.
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Tan P, Liu H, Zhao J, Gu X, Wei X, Zhang X, Ma N, Johnston LJ, Bai Y, Zhang W, Nie C, Ma X. Amino acids metabolism by rumen microorganisms: Nutrition and ecology strategies to reduce nitrogen emissions from the inside to the outside. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149596. [PMID: 34426337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the ruminant animal industry, the emission of nitrogenous substances, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3), not only challenges environmental sustainability but also restricts its development. The metabolism of proteins and amino acids by rumen microorganisms is a key factor affecting nitrogen (N) excretion in ruminant animals. Rumen microorganisms that affect N excretion mainly include three types: proteolytic and peptidolytic bacteria (PPB), ureolytic bacteria (UB), and hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB). Microbes residing in the rumen, however, are influenced by several complex factors, such as diet, which results in fluctuations in the rumen metabolism of proteins and amino acids and ultimately affects N emission. Combining feed nutrition strategies (including ingredient adjustment and feed additives) and ecological mitigation strategies of N2O and NH3 in industrial practice can reduce the emission of nitrogenous pollutants from the ruminant breeding industry. In this review, the characteristics of the rumen microbial community related to N metabolism in ruminants were used as the metabolic basis. Furthermore, an effective strategy to increase N utilisation efficiency in combination with nutrition and ecology was reviewed to provide an inside-out approach to reduce N emissions from ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xueling Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA
| | - Yueyu Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China.
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Pacheco RF, Machado DS, Viana AFP, Teixeira JS, Milani L. Comparison of the effects of slow-release urea vs conventional urea supplementation on some finishing cattle parameters: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mombach MA, da Silva Cabral L, Lima LR, Ferreira DC, Pedreira BCE, Pereira DH. Association of ionophores, yeast, and bacterial probiotics alters the abundance of ruminal microbial species of pasture intensively finished beef cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:172. [PMID: 33598856 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a group of animals kept on pasture that received low consumption supplementation (LS) and four groups that received for 98 days, 17.5 g concentrate kg-1 body weight. The supplements were composed of the association of additives: urea (U), slow-release non-protein nitrogen (U+SRN), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; U+SRN+Y), and bacterial probiotics (live strains of bacteria; U+SRN+Y+BP). All supplements also contained salinomycin and virginiamycin. After slaughtering the animals, samples of ruminal content were collected to quantify groups of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes), non-fibrolytic (Prevotella ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis), Archaea, and ciliate protozoa, using the qPCR technique. The abundance of F. succinogenes was the same for the LS animals and those that received the supplement U+SRN+Y (1.42×108 copies mL-1) but higher than the other treatments. Supplementation reduced by 90% the abundance of S. bovis compared to the LS. The inclusion of yeast increased the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria by 2.2-fold. For animals that received the supplement U+SRN+Y+BP and the LS, there was no difference for non-fibrolytic bacteria (3.07×109 copies mL-1). The use of yeasts and sources of non-protein nitrogen in high-concentrate diets for beef cattle stimulates the growth of fibrolytic bacteria, which can contribute to the reduction of digestive disorders and metabolic diseases in animals that receive diets with high concentrate in pasture intensive termination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircéia Angele Mombach
- Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Luciano da Silva Cabral
- Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Leni Rodrigues Lima
- Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalton Henrique Pereira
- Institute of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Alipour D, Saleem AM, Sanderson H, Brand T, Santos LV, Mahmoudi-Abyane M, Marami MR, McAllister TA. Effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea in a finishing beef diet on fermentation in an artificial rumen system. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa013. [PMID: 32705013 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea (SRU) on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis within two artificial rumens (Rusitec) fed a finishing concentrate diet. The experiment was a completely randomized, dose-response design with SRU substituted at levels of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.75% of dry matter (DM) in place of feed-grade urea, with four replicate fermenters per dosage. The diet consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% forage (DM basis). The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Dry matter and organic matter disappearances were determined after 48 h of incubation from day 9 to 12, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured from day 9 to 12. Microbial protein synthesis was determined on days 13-15. Increasing the level of SRU quadratically affected total VFA (Q, P = 0.031) and ammonia (Q, P = 0.034), with a linear increment in acetate (L, P = 0.01) and isovalerate (L, P = 0.05) and reduction in butyrate (L, P = 0.05). Disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was quadratically affected by levels of SRU, plateauing at 1% SRU. Inclusion of 1% SRU resulted in the highest amount of microbial nitrogen associated with feed particles (Q, P = 0.037). Responses in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis fluctuated (L, P = 0.002; Q, P = 0.001) and were the highest for 1% SRU. In general, the result of this study showed that 1% SRU in combination with 0.6% urea increased NDF and ADF digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryoush Alipour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Atef Mohamed Saleem
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haley Sanderson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tassilo Brand
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Animal Sciences, Ruminant Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laize V Santos
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Agricultural Science, State University of Southwestern of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi-Abyane
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Marami
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim Angus McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Yan X, Yan B, Ren Q, Dou J, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhou J, Long R, Ding L, Han J, Li Z, Qiu Q. Effect of slow-release urea on the composition of ruminal bacteria and fungi communities in yak. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Estrada-Angulo A, López-Soto MA, Rivera-Méndez CR, Castro BI, Ríos FG, Dávila-Ramos H, Barreras A, Urías-Estrada JD, Zinn RA, Plascencia A. Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Performance, Dietary Energetics and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Finishing Diets with Different Starch to Acid Detergent Fiber Ratios. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1725-1733. [PMID: 27221248 PMCID: PMC5088420 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (36.65±3 kg) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller’s grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, p≤0.03) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly (p≤0.02). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Estrada-Angulo
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - M A López-Soto
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - C R Rivera-Méndez
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - B I Castro
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - F G Ríos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - H Dávila-Ramos
- Veterinary and Animal Science School, University Autonomous of Sinaloa, Culiacán 1084, Sinaloa, México
| | - A Barreras
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - J D Urías-Estrada
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
| | - R A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A Plascencia
- Research Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Autonomous of Baja California, Tijuana 21100, México
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Ceconi I, Ruiz-Moreno MJ, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Crawford GI. Effect of slow-release urea inclusion in diets containing modified corn distillers grains on total tract digestibility and ruminal fermentation in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4058-69. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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López-Soto M, Aguilar-Hernández J, Dávila-Ramos H, Estrada-Angulo A, Ríos F, Urías-Estrada J, Barreras A, Calderón J, Plascencia A. Effects of a combining feed grade urea and a slow-release product on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of steers fed finishing diets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.963104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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