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Moulana MS, Haiaty S, Bazmani A, Shabkhizan R, Moslehian MS, Sadeghsoltani F, Mostafazadeh M, Asadi MR, Talebi M, Jafari Z, Morovati MR, Farzaei MH, Rahbarghazi R. Tumoricidal properties of thymoquinone on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via the modulation of autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:132. [PMID: 38532470 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is deadly anaplastic changes in the gastrointestinal tract with high-rate mortality. In recent years, the application of phytocompounds has been extended along with different therapeutic protocols. Here, we monitored the effects of Thymoquinone (TQ) on autophagy via mitochondrial function after modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.Human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells were treated with TQ (60 µM) and 15 µM Wnt3a inhibitor (LGK974) for 48 h. The survival rate was evaluated using an MTT assay. The expression of Wnt-related factors (c-Myc, and Axin), angiogenesis (VE-Cadherin), and mitophagy-related factors (PINK1, OPTN) was assessed using real-time PCR assay. Protein levels of autophagy factors (Beclin-1, LC3, and P62) were monitored using western blotting. Using flow cytometry analysis, the intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123 was evaluated. The migration properties were analyzed using a scratch wound healing assay.Data indicated that TQ can reduce the viability of HT-29 cells compared to the control cells (p < 0.05). The expression of VE-Cadherin was inhibited while the expression of PINK1 was induced in treated cells (p < 0.05). Both LGK974 and TQ-treated cells exhibited activation of autophagy flux (Beclin-1↑, LC3II/I↑, and p62↓) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). TQ can increase intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123, indicating the inhibition of efflux mechanisms in cancer cells. Along with these changes, the migration of cells was also reduced (p < 0.05).TQ is a potential phytocompound to alter the dynamic growth of human colorectal HT-29 cells via the modulation of autophagy, and mitophagy-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleh Moulana
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Shabkhizan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Sadat Moslehian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafari
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Morovati
- Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Jena BC, Das CK, Bharadwaj D, Mandal M. Cancer associated fibroblast mediated chemoresistance: A paradigm shift in understanding the mechanism of tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188416. [PMID: 32822826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the undeniable issues with cancer eradication is the evolution of chemoresistance in due course of treatment, and the mechanisms of chemoresistance have been the subject of extensive research for several years. The efficacy of chemotherapy is hindered by cancer epithelium, mostly in a cell-autonomous mechanism. However, recently the valid experimental evidence showed that the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) is equivalently responsible for the induction of chemoresistance. Of the verities of cells in the tumor microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major cellular component of TME and act as a key regulator in the acquisition of cancer chemoresistance by providing a protective niche to the cancer cells against the anti-cancer drugs. Moreover, the symbiotic relationship between the tumor and CAFs to obtain key resources such as growth factors and nutrients for optimal tumor growth and proliferation favors the chemoresistance phenotype. Here, in this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of our knowledge of the role of the CAFs in inducing chemoresistance and tumor progression. We also further delineated the emerging events leading to the CAF origins and activation of normal fibroblasts to CAFs. Along with this, we also discuss the novel area of research confined to the CAF targeted therapies of cancer. The identification of CAF-specific markers may allow unveiling new targets and avenues for blunting or reverting the detrimental pro-tumorigenic potential of CAFs in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Deblina Bharadwaj
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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Janji B, Berchem G, Chouaib S. Targeting Autophagy in the Tumor Microenvironment: New Challenges and Opportunities for Regulating Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:887. [PMID: 29922284 PMCID: PMC5996896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve in the tumor microenvironment, which is now well established as an integral part of the tumor and a determinant player in cancer cell adaptation and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Despite the remarkable and fairly rapid progress over the past two decades regarding our understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development, its precise contribution to cancer resistance is still fragmented. This is mainly related to the complexity of the “tumor ecosystem” and the diversity of the stromal cell types that constitute the tumor microenvironment. Emerging data indicate that several factors, such as hypoxic stress, activate a plethora of resistance mechanisms, including autophagy, in tumor cells. Hypoxia-induced autophagy in the tumor microenvironment also activates several tumor escape mechanisms, which effectively counteract anti-tumor immune responses mediated by natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, strategies aiming at targeting autophagy in cancer cells in combination with other therapeutic strategies have inspired significant interest to overcome immunological tolerance and promote tumor regression. However, a number of obstacles still hamper the application of autophagy inhibitors in clinics. First, the lack of selectivity of the current pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy makes difficult to draw a clear statement about its effective contribution in cancer. Second, autophagy has been also described as an important mechanism in tumor cells involved in presentation of antigens to T cells. Third, there is a circumstantial evidence that autophagy activation in some innate immune cells may support the maturation of these cells, and it is required for their anti-tumor activity. In this review, we will address these aspects and discuss our current knowledge on the benefits and the drawbacks of targeting autophagy in the context of anti-tumor immunity. We believe that it is important to resolve these issues to predict the use of autophagy inhibitors in combination with immunotherapies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, Department of Hemato-Oncology, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U1186, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine - Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Synergistic effect of a novel autophagy inhibitor and Quizartinib enhances cancer cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:138. [PMID: 29374185 PMCID: PMC5833862 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug combinations have been increasingly applied in chemotherapy as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment. The appropriate drug combinations may achieve synergistic effects beyond monotherapies alone. AC220 (Quizartinib), an FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, developed for the treatment of AML, has been tested in phase II human clinical trials. However, AC220 as a monotherapy is not efficacious enough. In this study, we performed a small-molecule screening of 12 640 compounds in order to find a compound that increase the AC220 efficacy in chemotherapy. We identified that TAK-165, a HER2 inhibitor, even when used at low nanomolar doses in combination with AC220, was able to induce cell death in different cancer cells, but not in non-cancer cell lines. We showed that TAK-165 and AC220 act synergistically to downregulate key signaling pathways and potently induce cancer cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TAK-165 inhibited autophagy in a HER2-independent manner. Finally, we showed that the combination of TAK-165 and AC220 induced cell death in cancer cells through the activation of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Overall, these findings support the strategy for using AC220 and an autophagy inhibitor such as TAK-165 in a combinatorial treatment to enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Targeting autophagy in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2017; 59:97-104. [PMID: 28599191 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in plasma cell ontogeny and in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma. Autophagy is usually considered a pro-survival mechanism, and cooperates with the ubiquitin proteasome system in maintaining the homeostasis of myeloma cells by degrading excessive and misfolded proteins for energy recycling. Therefore, the inhibition of autophagy could effectively induce death in myeloma cells, and could synergize with proteasome inhibitors. However, the excessive activation of autophagy could also lead to the extreme degradation of the organelles that induce autophagic cell death. Hence, the activation of autophagic cell death might also represent a promising approach for treating myeloma. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy also mediates drug resistance in myeloma cells and the complications of myeloma, while the inhibition of autophagy may reverse the response to drugs. In this study, we have mainly reviewed recent research on autophagy in relationship to the therapeutic effect, the reversal of drug resistance, and the mediation of complications.
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DT-13, a saponin monomer of dwarf lilyturf tuber, induces autophagy and potentiates anti-cancer effect of nutrient deprivation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zeng Y, Huo G, Mo Y, Wang W, Chen H. MIR137 Regulates Starvation-Induced Autophagy by Targeting ATG7. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:815-821. [PMID: 25687327 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic mechanism in response to stress conditions and has been implicated in the progression and chemoresistance of various cancers. Human microR-137 (MIR137) is involved in neuronal maturation and neurogenesis, while little is known about its role in cancer. In this study, we showed that starvation increased the formation of autophagic marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) without significant change of MIR137 level in U87 cells. In addition, overexpression of MIR137 decreased LC3 expression and inhibited the degradation of the autophagy receptor sequestosome 1(SQSTM1/p62), while the MIR137 antagomirs showed the opposite effect on these autophagic markers. Moreover, MIR137 overexpression decreased, while its antagomirs increased the expression of autophagy-related 7(ATG7) mRNA and protein. MIR137-mediated inhibition of autophagy was prevented by ATG7. Finally, MIR137 promoted the sensitivity of U87 cells to adriamycin, an anticancer drug. Taken together, our study demonstrated that MIR137 attenuated starvation-induced autophagy by regulating the expression of ATG7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yongbiao Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Xu DW, Zhang GQ, Wang ZW, Xu XY, Liu TX. Autophagy in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2167-75. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Li JP, Yang YX, Liu QL, Pan ST, He ZX, Zhang X, Yang T, Chen XW, Wang D, Qiu JX, Zhou SF. The investigational Aurora kinase A inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) induces cell cycle G2/M arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via p38 MAPK and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in human breast cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1627-52. [PMID: 25834401 PMCID: PMC4365748 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s75378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alisertib (ALS) is an investigational potent Aurora A kinase inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of hematological and non-hematological malignancies. However, its antitumor activity has not been tested in human breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ALS on the growth, apoptosis, and autophagy, and the underlying mechanisms in human breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In the current study, we identified that ALS had potent growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic, and pro-autophagic effects in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. ALS arrested the cells in G2/M phase in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells which was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1/cell division cycle (CDC) 2, CDK2, and cyclin B1 and upregulation of p21 Waf1/Cip1, p27 Kip1, and p53, suggesting that ALS induces G2/M arrest through modulation of p53/p21/CDC2/cyclin B1 pathways. ALS induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells; ALS significantly decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), but increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax) and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and increased the expression of cleaved caspases 3 and 9. ALS significantly increased the expression level of membrane-bound microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and beclin 1 and induced inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells as indicated by their altered phosphorylation, contributing to the pro-autophagic activities of ALS. Furthermore, treatment with wortmannin markedly downregulated ALS-induced p38 MAPK activation and LC3 conversion. In addition, knockdown of the p38 MAPK gene by ribonucleic acid interference upregulated Akt activation and resulted in LC3-II accumulation. These findings indicate that ALS promotes cellular apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells via modulation of p38 MAPK/Akt/mTOR pathways. Further studies are warranted to further explore the molecular targets of ALS in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yin-Xue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Lun Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ting Pan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University, Shunde, Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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The importance of autophagy regulation in breast cancer development and treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:710345. [PMID: 25317422 PMCID: PMC4182068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/710345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a potentially life-threatening malignant tumor that still causes high mortality among women. One of the mechanisms through which cancer development could be controlled is autophagy. This process exerts different effects during the stages of cancer initiation and progression due to the occurring superimposition of signaling pathways of autophagy and carcinogenesis. Chronic inhibition of autophagy or autophagy deficiency promotes cancer, due to instability of the genome and defective cell growth and as a result of cell stress. However, increased induction of autophagy can become a mechanism which allows tumor cells to survive the conditions of hypoxia, acidosis, or chemotherapy. Therefore, in the development of cancer, autophagy is regarded as a double-edged sword. Determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy regulation and its role in tumorigenesis is an essential component of modern anticancer strategies. Results of scientific studies show that inhibition of autophagy may enhance the effectiveness of currently used anticancer drugs and other therapies (like radiotherapy). However, in some cases, the promotion of autophagy can induce death and, hence, elimination of the cancer cells and reduction of tumor size. This review summarizes the current knowledge on autophagy regulation in BC and up-to-date anticancer strategies correlated with autophagy.
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Viry E, Paggetti J, Baginska J, Mgrditchian T, Berchem G, Moussay E, Janji B. Autophagy: an adaptive metabolic response to stress shaping the antitumor immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:31-42. [PMID: 25044308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental-associated stress conditions, including hypoxia, starvation, oxidative stress, fast growth and cell death suppression, modulate both cellular metabolism and autophagy to enable cancer cells to rapidly adapt to environmental stressors, maintain proliferation and evade therapies. It is now widely accepted that autophagy is essential to support cancer cell growth and metabolism and that metabolic reprogramming in cancer can also favor autophagy induction. Therefore, this complex interplay between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism will provide unique opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets. As the regulation of the autophagic activity is related to metabolism, it is important to elucidate the exact molecular mechanism which drives it and the functional consequence of its activation in the context of cancer therapy. In this review, we will summarize the role of autophagy in shaping the cellular response to an abnormal tumor microenvironment and discuss some recent results on the molecular mechanism by which autophagy plays such a role in the context of the anti-tumor immune response. We will also describe how autophagy activation can behave as a double-edged sword, by activating the immune response in some circumstances, and impairing the anti-tumor immunity in others. These findings imply that defining the precise context-specific role for autophagy in cancer is critical to guide autophagy-based therapeutics which are becoming key strategies to overcome tumor resistance to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Viry
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Jerome Paggetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Joanna Baginska
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Takouhie Mgrditchian
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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Biasoli D, Kahn SA, Cornélio TA, Furtado M, Campanati L, Chneiweiss H, Moura-Neto V, Borges HL. Retinoblastoma protein regulates the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, and favors glioblastoma resistance to etoposide. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e767. [PMID: 23949216 PMCID: PMC3763445 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are devastating tumors of the central nervous system, with a poor prognosis of 1-year survival. This results from a high resistance of GBM tumor cells to current therapeutic options, including etoposide (VP-16). Understanding resistance mechanisms may thus open new therapeutic avenues. VP-16 is a topoisomerase inhibitor that causes replication fork stalling and, ultimately, the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptotic cell death. Autophagy has been identified as a VP-16 treatment resistance mechanism in tumor cells. Retinoblastoma protein (RB) is a classical tumor suppressor owing to its role in G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, but recent data have shown RB participation in many other cellular functions, including, counterintuitively, negative regulation of apoptosis. As GBMs usually display an amplification of the EGFR signaling involving the RB protein pathway, we questioned whether RB might be involved in mechanisms of resistance of GBM cells to VP-16. We observed that RB silencing increased VP-16-induced DNA double-strand breaks and p53 activation. Moreover, RB knockdown increased VP-16-induced apoptosis in GBM cell lines and cancer stem cells, the latter being now recognized essential to resistance to treatments and recurrence. We also showed that VP-16 treatment induced autophagy, and that RB silencing impaired this process by inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Taken together, our data suggest that RB silencing causes a blockage on the VP-16-induced autophagic flux, which is followed by apoptosis in GBM cell lines and in cancer stem cells. Therefore, we show here, for the first time, that RB represents a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis, and a resistance marker in GBM, a discovery with potential importance for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biasoli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S A Kahn
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T A Cornélio
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Furtado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L Campanati
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H Chneiweiss
- Glial Plasticity Laboratory, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894 Inserm, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - V Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H L Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wu XY, Chen J, Cao QH, Dong M, Lin Q, Fan XJ, Xia Q, Chen ZH, Liu Q, Wan XB. Beclin 1 activation enhances chemosensitivity and predicts a favorable outcome for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 34:713-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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