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Konings E, Gill BD, Jakobsen J, Joseph G, Campos-Giménez E, Deborde JL, Wang W, Buis R, Indyk H. Limitations of current analytical reference methods to determine vitamins in foods: Challenges to support regulatory compliance and nutritional composition data. Food Chem 2024; 451:139383. [PMID: 38670025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Foods are analysed for their vitamin content to support the verification of regulatory compliance or to generate food composition data. Many international reference methods for the analysis of vitamins in foods originate from the 1990s. Advances in nutrition science and analytical technology and the continuing evolution of statutory regulations necessitate the need of new or supplementary regulatory standards. We have evaluated recent developments in these areas and conclude that most current international reference methods are no longer fit-for-purpose to accurately determine vitamin content in foods and food supplements. We have made recommendations to consider new and/or updated reference methods and regulatory standards for the analysis of vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C and carotenoids in foods and food supplements. This area of nutrients may benefit from globally harmonised definitions specifying what compounds to include or exclude for analysis, and applicable bioactivity factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Konings
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Bâtiment G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Brendon David Gill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand.
| | - Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - George Joseph
- AsureQuality, PO Box 41, Shortland Street, Auckland 1140, New Zealand.
| | - Esther Campos-Giménez
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé R&D Konolfingen, Nestlé-Strasse 3, 3510 Konolfingen, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Luc Deborde
- Laboratoire de Strasbourg (SCL), 13, chemin du routoir 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Wei Wang
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Nestlé Shanghai, 1600 Zhongshan West Rd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruben Buis
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Harvey Indyk
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand.
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Juneja S, Chang J, Nguyen T, Castaneda R, O'Connor TM, Musaad S, Moran NE. The relative validity of nutrition assessment methods for estimating infant carotenoid intake differs by assessment tool, nutrient database, and milk carotenoid adjustment method. Nutr Res 2024; 128:38-49. [PMID: 39033693 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Validated carotenoid assessment methods are needed to study infant carotenoid nutrition. This is a secondary analysis of repeated diet assessments of healthy participants collected at 4- (n = 21), 6- (n = 12), and 8- (n = 9) months of age in Houston, TX between April 2019 and June 2020. Intake was assessed with 3 assessment tools, analyzed with 3 nutrient databases, and underwent 3 adjustments to account for milk composition variability. We hypothesized that manual adjustment of milk carotenoid intake based on laboratory measurements would improve the validity of all assessment approaches and that using a database with greater coverage of infant food carotenoid compositions would improve accuracy. Generalized linear mixed models assessed associations between tool, nutrient database, age, and milk carotenoid adjustment variables with carotenoid, energy, fruit, and vegetable intakes. The effect of the number of food diary days on intake estimate precision was evaluated by testing the correlation between intake estimates derived from 1, 3, or 5, vs. 7 days. Visit age influenced energy intake estimates (p = .029), along with assessment tool (p = .020). Estimates of vegetable intake were influenced by tool (p = .009). Combined fruit and vegetable intake differed by nutrient database (p = .007). Carotenoid intake differed by age (p =<.0001), tool (p = .002), and nutrient database (p = .004). A minimum of 3 food diary days strongly correlated (rho = 0.79-1) with reference estimates across ages. Milk carotenoid adjustment was most influential in estimating 4-month olds' carotenoid intake, while nutrient database and tool were important for 6- and 8-month-olds', highlighting the dynamic nature of infant diet assessment validity across feeding stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanki Juneja
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jocelyn Chang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Castaneda
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresia M O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salma Musaad
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy E Moran
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Moran NE, Wade J, Stroh R, Stoll B, Guthrie G, Hair AB, Burrin DG. Preterm Pigs Fed Donor Human Milk Have Greater Liver β-Carotene Concentrations than Pigs Fed Infant Formula. J Nutr 2023; 153:3185-3192. [PMID: 37666415 PMCID: PMC10687614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk carotenoids may support preterm infant health and neurodevelopment. Infants fed human milk often have higher blood and tissue carotenoid concentrations than infants fed carotenoid-containing infant formula (IF). Donor human milk (DHM) is a supplement to mother's own milk, used to support preterm infant nutrition. OBJECTIVES We tested whether tissue and plasma β-carotene concentrations would be higher in preterm pigs fed pasteurized DHM versus premature IF. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of samples collected from a study of the effects of enteral diet composition on necrotizing enterocolitis incidence. Preterm pigs received partial enteral feeding of either DHM (n = 7) or premature IF (n = 7) from 2 to 7 d of age. The diets provided similar β-carotene (32 nM), but DHM had higher lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, whereas IF had higher total vitamin A. Plasma, liver, and jejunum carotenoid and vitamin A concentrations were measured by HPLC-PDA. Jejunal expression of 12 genes associated with carotenoid and lipid metabolism were measured. RESULTS Liver β-carotene concentrations were higher in DHM- than IF-fed piglets (23 ± 4 compared with 16 ± 2 μg/g, respectively, P = 0.0024), whereas plasma and jejunal β-carotene concentrations were similar between diets. Liver vitamin A stores were higher in piglets fed IF than DHM (50.6 ± 10.1 compared with 30.9 ± 7.2 μg/g, respectively, P=0.0013); however, plasma vitamin A was similar between groups. Plasma, liver, and jejunum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene were higher with DHM than IF feeding. Relative to piglets fed DHM, jejunal low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) expression was higher (61%, P = 0.018) and cluster determinant 36 (Cd36) expression (-27%, P = 0.034) was lower in IF-fed piglets. CONCLUSIONS Preterm pigs fed DHM accumulate more liver β-carotene than IF-fed pigs. Future studies should further investigate infant carotenoid bioactivity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Joshua Wade
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Stroh
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory Guthrie
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy B Hair
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Gannon BM, Glahn RP, Mehta S. Iron Bioavailability from Multiple Biofortified Foods Using an In Vitro Digestion, Caco-2 Assay for Optimizing a Cyclical Menu for a Randomized Efficacy Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab111. [PMID: 34604692 PMCID: PMC8483813 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate nutritional status contributes to substantial losses in human health and productivity globally. A multiple biofortified food crop trial targeting iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiencies among young children and their breastfeeding mothers is being conducted in India. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the relative iron bioavailability from biofortified and conventional crops and crop combinations representative of a cyclical menu using crops targeted for inclusion in the feeding trial. METHODS Crops were procured from India, cooked, freeze-dried, and analyzed with an established in vitro digestion/Caco-2 iron bioavailability assay using a fixed sample weight. Crop proportions representative of meals planned for the human study were determined and combined such that samples included either all biofortified or all control crops. Crops were analyzed as single crops (n = 4) or crop combinations (n = 7) by variety (biofortified or control) in triplicate. The primary outcome was iron uptake measured by Caco-2 ferritin production normalized to total Caco-2 protein (nanograms of ferritin/milligrams of cell protein) analyzed for effects of crop variety and crop proportion using generalized linear models. RESULTS Biofortified pearl millet alone demonstrated higher iron uptake than conventional varieties (5.01 ± 1.66 vs. 2.17 ± 0.96; P = 0.036). Addition of sweet potato or sweet potato + pulse improved iron uptake for all proportions tested in control varieties and select proportions for biofortified varieties (P ≤ 0.05). Two multiple crop combinations demonstrated modestly higher iron uptake from biofortified crops. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing total iron delivery should consider matrix effects, processing, and promoters/inhibitors of iron absorption in addition to total iron concentration. Future directions include evaluating recipes as prepared for consumption and comparison against human iron bioavailability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Raymond P Glahn
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Robert Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology (INSiGHT), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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