Ferrocene-based derivatization in analytical chemistry

Ferrocene-based derivatization has raised considerable interest in many fields of analytical chemistry. This is due to the well-established chemistry of ferrocenes, which allows rapid and easy access to a large number of reagents and derivatives. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of ferrocenes are attractive with respect to their detection. This paper summarizes the available reagents, the reaction conditions and the different approaches for detection. While electrochemical detection is still most widely used to detect ferrocene derivatives, e.g., in the field of DNA analysis, the emerging combination of analytical separation methods with electrochemistry, mass spectrometry and atomic spectroscopy allows ferrocenes to be applied more universally and in novel applications where strongly improved selectivity and limits of detection are required.

Microchip-based amperometric immunoassays using redox tracers

A new chip-based electrochemical immunoassay protocol, based on the use of a ferrocene redox label, is described. Two reaction formats, based on direct (noncompetitive) and competitive modes of operation, were employed for illustrating the use of redox tracers in chip-based electrochemical immunoassays. The direct assay consisted of mixing the ferrocene-tagged antibody and the antigen analyte, a rapid electrophoretic separation of labeled free antibody and the labeled antigen/antibody complex, and a downstream anodic detection of the ferrocene tracer at gold-plated carbon screen-printed electrode detector. The competitive assay integrates precolumn reactions of the labeled antigen and the target antigen with the antibody with electrophoretic separation of the free and bound labeled antigens, along with amperometric detection of the redox tag. An internal standard has been used to normalize the peak area for the construction of calibration plots. Fundamental operating variables are examined and optimized. The use of a redox tracer offers the advantages of simplified protocol, wider linear range, higher stability, and higher separation efficiency compared to an analogous use of enzyme tags. The direct mouse-immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay and the competitive 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T(3)) one were accomplished within less than 150 and 130 s (with field strengths of 256 and 192 V/cm), and offer minimum detectable concentrations of 2.5 x 10(-12) and 1 x1 0(-6) g/mL, respectively. Such use of redox labels for chip-based amperometric immunoassay protocols offers considerable promise for decentralized clinical or environmental testing.