1
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Patra T, Arepally S, Seitz J, Wirth T. Electrocatalytic continuous flow chlorinations with iodine(I/III) mediators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6329. [PMID: 39068163 PMCID: PMC11283512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemistry offers tunable, cost effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to carry out redox reactions with electrons as traceless reagents. The use of organoiodine compounds as electrocatalysts is largely underdeveloped, despite their widespread application as powerful and versatile reagents. Mechanistic data reveal that the hexafluoroisopropanol assisted iodoarene oxidation is followed by a stepwise chloride ligand exchange for the catalytic generation of the dichloroiodoarene mediator. Here, we report an environmentally benign iodine(I/III) electrocatalytic platform for the in situ generation of dichloroiodoarenes for different reactions such as mono- and dichlorinations as well as chlorocyclisations within a continuous flow setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Patra
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales, UK
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha, India
| | - Sagar Arepally
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales, UK.
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2
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Shao W, Lu B, Cao J, Zhang J, Cao H, Zhang F, Zhang C. The Use of Redox Mediators in Electrocatalysis and Electrosynthesis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201093. [PMID: 36577711 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis, which convert the electrical energy and store them in the chemical forms, have been considered as promising technologies to utilize green renewable energy sources. Most of the studies focused on developing novel active molecules or advanced electrodes to improve the performance. However, the direct acquisition and electron transferring will be limited by the intrinsic characters of the electrodes. The introduce of redox mediators, which are served as the intermediate electron carriers or reservoirs without changing the final products, provide a unique approach to accelerate the electrochemical performance of these energy conversions. This review provides an overview of the recent development of electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis by using redox mediators, and provides a comprehensive discussion toward focusing on the principles and construction of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weide Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Biao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Hairu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, P. R. China
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3
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Liu W, Hao L, Zhang J, Zhu T. Progress in the Electrochemical Reactions of Sulfonyl Compounds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102557. [PMID: 35174969 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis has recently attracted more and more attention due to its great potential to replace chemical oxidants or reductants in molecule-electrode electron transfer. Sulfonyl compounds such as sulfonyl hydrazides, sulfinic acids (and their salts), sulfonyl halides have been discovered as practical precursors of several radicals. As electrochemical redox reactions can provide green and efficient pathways for the activation of sulfonyl compounds, studies for electrosynthesis have rapidly increased. Several types of radicals can be generated from anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction of sulfonyl compounds and can initiate fluoroalkylation, benzenesulfonylation, cyclization or rearrangement. In this Review, we summarize the electrosynthesis developments involving sulfonyl compounds mainly in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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4
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Doobary S, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Intramolecular Alkene Fluoroarylation of Phenolic Ethers Enabled by Electrochemically Generated Iodane. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16095-16103. [PMID: 34766770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 3-substituted chromane core is found in several bioactive natural products. Herein, we describe a route to 3-fluorinated chromanes from allylic phenol ethers. Our external oxidant-free approach takes advantage of an electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine species, difluoro-λ3-tolyl iodane, which mediates the alkene fluoroarylation. High yields and selectivity for this transformation are achieved for electron poor substrates. The redox chemistry has been characterized for the electrochemical generation of the iodane in the presence of fluoride, and insights into the mechanism are given. The transformation has been demonstrated on gram scales, which indicates the potential broader utility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicines Design, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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5
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Kong X, Lin L, Chen X, Chen Y, Wang W, Xu B. Electrochemical Oxidative Syntheses of NH-Sulfoximines, NH-Sulfonimidamides and Dibenzothiazines via Anodically Generated Hypervalent Iodine Intermediates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3277-3282. [PMID: 34292660 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a general method for the synthesis of NH-sulfoximines and NH-sulfonimidamides through direct electrochemical oxidative catalysis involving an iodoarene(I)/iodoarene(III) redox couple. In addition, dibenzothiazines can be synthesized from [1,1'-biaryl]-2-sulfides under standard conditions. Notably, only a catalytic amount of iodoarene is required for the generation in situ of an active hypervalent iodine catalyst, which avoids the need for an excess of a hypervalent iodine reagent relative to conventional approaches. Moreover, this protocol features broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance, delivering the target compounds with good-to-excellent yields even for a scale of more than 10 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou, 213032, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Long Lin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou, 213032, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou, 213032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, Changzhou, 213032, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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6
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Shimazaki Y, Wata C, Hashimoto T, Maruoka K. Enantioselective Hydrative
para‐
Dearomatization of Sulfonanilides by an Indanol‐based Chiral Organoiodine Catalyst. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Shimazaki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Sakyo Japan
| | - Chisato Wata
- Chiba Iodine Resource Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi, Inage 263-8522 Chiba Japan
| | - Takuya Hashimoto
- Chiba Iodine Resource Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Chiba University 1–33, Yayoi, Inage 263-8522 Chiba Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Sakyo Japan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou Panyu District P. R. China
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University 606-8501 Kyoto Sakyo Japan
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7
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Kakiuchi F, Kochi T. Palladium-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Functionalizations Utilizing Electrochemical Oxidations. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2320-2331. [PMID: 33835682 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalizations have been extensively studied as atom- and step-economical clean methods in organic synthesis. In this account, we described our efforts on the palladium-catalyzed electrochemical C-H functionalizations, including C-H halogenations of arylpyridines and benzamide derivatives using HCl/HBr and I2 as a halogen source, a one-pot process giving teraryls via the palladium-catalyzed electrochemical C-H iodination and subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, and an iodine-mediated oxidative homo-coupling reaction of arylpyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
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8
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Zu B, Ke J, Guo Y, He C. Synthesis of Diverse Aryliodine(
III
) Reagents by Anodic Oxidation
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150080 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jie Ke
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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9
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Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of 2-iodobenzoic acid and 2-iodosobenzoic acid anodic oxidation in aqueous environment. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Maity A, Frey BL, Hoskinson ND, Powers DC. Electrocatalytic C–N Coupling via Anodically Generated Hypervalent Iodine Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4990-4995. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brandon L. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nathanael D. Hoskinson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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11
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Nishiyama S. Natural Products Chemistry, from Sugars to Electrochemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Doobary S, Sedikides AT, Caldora HP, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical Vicinal Difluorination of Alkenes: Scalable and Amenable to Electron‐Rich Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alexi T. Sedikides
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Henry P. Caldora
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicines Design GSK Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Rd Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
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13
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Doobary S, Sedikides AT, Caldora HP, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Electrochemical Vicinal Difluorination of Alkenes: Scalable and Amenable to Electron-Rich Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1155-1160. [PMID: 31697872 PMCID: PMC6973232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated alkyl groups are important motifs in bioactive compounds, positively influencing pharmacokinetics, potency and conformation. The oxidative difluorination of alkenes represents an important strategy for their preparation, yet current methods are limited in their alkene‐types and tolerance of electron‐rich, readily oxidized functionalities, as well as in their safety and scalability. Herein, we report a method for the difluorination of a number of unactivated alkene‐types that is tolerant of electron‐rich functionality, giving products that are otherwise unattainable. Key to success is the electrochemical generation of a hypervalent iodine mediator using an “ex‐cell” approach, which avoids oxidative substrate decomposition. The more sustainable conditions give good to excellent yields in up to decagram scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alexi T Sedikides
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Henry P Caldora
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- Medicines Design, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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14
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Cardenal AD, Maity A, Gao WY, Ashirov R, Hyun SM, Powers DC. Iodosylbenzene Coordination Chemistry Relevant to Metal-Organic Framework Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10543-10553. [PMID: 31241320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine compounds formally feature expanded valence shells at iodine. These reagents are broadly used in synthetic chemistry due to the ability to participate in well-defined oxidation-reduction processes and because the ligand-exchange chemistry intrinsic to the hypervalent center allows hypervalent iodine compounds to be applied to a broad array of oxidative substrate functionalization reactions. We recently developed methods to generate these compounds from O2 that are predicated on diverting reactive intermediates of aldehyde autoxidation toward the oxidation of aryl iodides. Coupling the aerobic oxidation of aryl iodides with catalysts that effect C-H bond oxidation would provide a strategy to achieve aerobic C-H oxidation chemistry. In this Forum Article, we discuss the aspects of hypervalent iodine chemistry and bonding that render this class of reagents attractive lynchpins for aerobic oxidation chemistry. We then discuss the oxidation processes relevant to the aerobic preparation of 2-(tert-butylsulfonyl)iodosylbenzene, which is a popular hypervalent iodine reagent for use with porous metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts because it displays significantly enhanced solubility as compared with unsubstituted iodosylbenzene. We demonstrate that popular synthetic methods to this reagent often provide material that displays unpredictable disproportionation behavior due to the presence of trace impurities. We provide a revised synthetic route that avoids impurities common in the reported methods and provides access to material that displays predictable stability. Finally, we describe the coordination chemistry of hypervalent iodine compounds with metal clusters relevant to MOF chemistry and discuss the potential implications of this coordination chemistry to catalysis in MOF scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Cardenal
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Wen-Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Rahym Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Sung-Min Hyun
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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15
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9811-9815. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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16
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Elektrochemischer Durchlaufgenerator für hypervalente Iodreagenzien: Synthetische Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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17
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Möckel R, Babaoglu E, Hilt G. Iodine(III)-Mediated Electrochemical Trifluoroethoxylactonisation: Rational Reaction Optimisation and Prediction of Mediator Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:15781-15785. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Möckel
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Emre Babaoglu
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Oldenburg; Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
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18
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Bal A, Maiti S, Mal P. Iodine(III)-Enabled Distal C–H Functionalization of Biarylsulfonanilides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11278-11287. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Bal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Saikat Maiti
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
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19
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Elsherbini M, Wirth T. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents by Anodic Oxidation: A Powerful Green Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:13399-13407. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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21
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Bystron T, Horbenko A, Syslova K, Hii KKM, Hellgardt K, Kelsall G. 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid Synthesis by Oxidation of 2-Iodobenzoic Acid at a Boron-Doped Diamond Anode. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bystron
- Department of Inorganic Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology. Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Anastasiia Horbenko
- Department of Inorganic Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology. Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Syslova
- Department of Organic Technology; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Kelsall
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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22
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Yoshida JI, Shimizu A, Hayashi R. Electrogenerated Cationic Reactive Intermediates: The Pool Method and Further Advances. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4702-4730. [PMID: 29077393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry serves as a powerful method for generating reactive intermediates, such as organic cations. In general, there are two ways to use reactive intermediates for chemical reactions: (1) generation in the presence of a reaction partner and (2) generation in the absence of a reaction partner with accumulation in solution as a "pool" followed by reaction with a subsequently added reaction partner. The former approach is more popular because reactive intermediates are usually short-lived transient species, but the latter method is more flexible and versatile. This review focuses on the latter approach and provides a concise overview of the current methods for the generation and accumulation of cationic reactive intermediates as a pool using modern techniques of electrochemistry and their reactions with subsequently added nucleophilic reaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Ryutaro Hayashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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23
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Correia VG, Abreu JC, Barata CAE, Andrade LH. Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Oxindoles: Application to the Preparation of Pyrroloindolines. Org Lett 2017; 19:1060-1063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valquírio G. Correia
- Departament of Fundamental
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Abreu
- Departament of Fundamental
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio A. E. Barata
- Departament of Fundamental
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro H. Andrade
- Departament of Fundamental
Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Turygin VV, Tomilov AP. Possible trends in the development of applied electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds (Review). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Mitsudo K, Tanaka H, Suga S. Development of Cross-Coupling Reactions Including Electro-oxidative Processes and Their Applications to the Synthesis of π-Extended Compounds. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2015. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.73.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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26
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Mitsudo K, Suga S. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2015; 83:477-482. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.83.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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27
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Lu NN, Zhang NT, Zeng CC, Hu LM, Yoo SJ, Little RD. Electrochemically Induced Ring-Opening/Friedel–Crafts Arylation of Chalcone Epoxides Catalyzed by a Triarylimidazole Redox Mediator. J Org Chem 2014; 80:781-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5022184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-ning Lu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ni-tao Zhang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cheng-Chu Zeng
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Li-Ming Hu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Seung Joon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - R. Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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28
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Francke R. Recent advances in the electrochemical construction of heterocycles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2858-73. [PMID: 25550752 PMCID: PMC4273298 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that the major portion of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals contains heterocyclic units and since the overall number of commercially used heterocyclic compounds is steadily growing, heterocyclic chemistry remains in the focus of the synthetic community. Enormous efforts have been made in the last decades in order to render the production of such compounds more selective and efficient. However, most of the conventional methods for the construction of heterocyclic cores still involve the use of strong acids or bases, the operation at elevated temperatures and/or the use of expensive catalysts and reagents. In this regard, electrosynthesis can provide a milder and more environmentally benign alternative. In fact, numerous examples for the electrochemical construction of heterocycles have been reported in recent years. These cases demonstrate that ring formation can be achieved efficiently under ambient conditions without the use of additional reagents. In order to account for the recent developments in this field, a selection of representative reactions is presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Francke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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29
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Francke R, Little RD. Redox catalysis in organic electrosynthesis: basic principles and recent developments. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2492-521. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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