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Patowary P, Pathak MP, Barbhuiya PA, Karmakar S, Chattopadhyay P, Zaman K. Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Spray: An Assessment of Respiratory Health and its Management Following Accidental and Deliberate Exposures. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:1542-1556. [PMID: 38778617 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266298811240514061433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduced into law enforcement in 1976, the oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray has been labeled as one of the most significant and radical developments in law enforcement. However, epidemiological research on OC health effects is deficient, receiving little public support. The major responses to acute exposure to OC spray can be found in the pulmonary system. The molecular mechanism(s) involved in the action of capsaicinoids, the active constituents in OC, are complex cascades of reactions which end up in necrosis or apoptosis. OC may also damage and deplete biological redox systems in the epithelial lining fluids and within cells and mitochondria, modifying structural proteins and nucleic acids and leading to enzyme inactivation. Since there are no characteristic laboratory tests available for identification or confirmation of OC exposure, and on the basis of prevailing data, reassessment of the health risks of OC exposures in vulnerable populations and in-depth study of the molecular mechanics of receptors is the need of the hour for the development of effective countermeasures. This review aims to consider evidence for adverse effects of OC spray used in ways comparable to their application by law enforcement personnel and civilians, with possible treatment recommendations that are precedent for improved management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pompy Patowary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784 001, Assam, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786 004, Assam, India
| | - Manash Pratim Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Sankar Madhab Path, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Centre for Research on Ethnomedicine, Assam down town University, Sankar Madhab Path, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pervej Alom Barbhuiya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Sankar Madhab Path, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Centre for Research on Ethnomedicine, Assam down town University, Sankar Madhab Path, Gandhi Nagar, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeev Karmakar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784 001, Assam, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784 001, Assam, India
| | - Kamaruz Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786 004, Assam, India
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Pathogenesis and treatment principles ocular damage by self-defense gas weapons. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17816/ov105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the pathogenetic mechanisms of eye damage by gas self-defense weapons in detail. We discuss the mechanisms of eye damage and structural changes of the tissues after gas-trauma. The causes of these changes and the main clinical manifestations accompanying them are analyzed. We analyzed the factors, influencing the development of dystrophic changes of the ocular surface in detail. The information on various techniques for self-assistance, mutual aid and earlier specific treatment of this injury was summarized. An aqueous solution of pediphene substance promising for use is considered, which has a number of pharmacological properties that fundamentally affect the pathogenetic mechanisms of gas-weapon trauma. Its effectiveness was shown in the experiment in comparison with the control group without treatment and the group using the combined drug-dexamethasone in combination with an antibiotic.
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Effect of 5-Amino-1H-Tetrazole on Combustion Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of a Combustion Tear Gas Mixture. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Taking the combustion tear gas mixture as the research object, the system formula was optimized by adding a different mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole(5AT). TG-DSC, a thermocouple, and a laser smoke test system were used to characterize the characteristic combustion parameters such as combustion temperature and velocity, as well as the end-point effects such as smoke concentration and particle size. Starink’s method, the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, and the Coats–Redfern method were used to evaluate the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of the samples. The results show that when the mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole in the system is 10%, the maximum combustion temperature of the sample decreases by nearly 70 °C and the smoke concentration increases by 12.81%. The kinetic study also found that with a different mass fraction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole in the system, the main reaction model of the mixed agent in the first, third, and fourth stages of pyrolysis changed significantly, but for the second stage of sample pyrolysis, the main reaction model (the A4 model) showed a high degree of consistency, which can be considered as the thermal diffusion stage of the tear agent capsicum oleoresin (OC) (the temperature range is 220~350 °C), which is highly consistent with the results of the TG-DSC analysis. It was also confirmed that OC’s thermal diffusion is mainly concentrated in this stage. The results of this study show that adding an appropriate amount of the combustible agent 5-amino-1H-tetrazole to the combustion tear gas mixture can improve its combustion performance and smoking performance, which provides an important, new idea for the development of a new generation of safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly tear gas mixtures.
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Chemical Agents Encountered in Protests. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2022; 40:365-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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