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Feasibility of continuous epidural analgesia in patients with failed back surgery syndrome and spinal stenosis. J Anesth 2022; 36:246-253. [PMID: 35044493 PMCID: PMC8967747 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-022-03039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to outline the feasibility of continuous epidural analgesia in the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) or spinal stenosis. METHODS We queried our prospective collected institutional database to include all consecutive patients, who underwent continuous epidural analgesia with accompanying intensive physiotherapeutic exercise within a timeframe of 4 years. Patients suffered from FBSS or spinal stenosis; protocolled continuous epidural analgesia was planned for 4 days within the framework of an inpatient multimodal pain therapy concept. The instillation technique of the epidural catheter, the capability to attend in accompanying physiotherapy, and the peri-interventional complications were evaluated. RESULTS 153 patients with an average age of 57.4 years (± 11.9) were enrolled in this study. 105 patients suffered from FBSS and 48 patients had spinal stenosis. Overall, 148 patients (96.7%) reported the pain reduction and were able to perform daily intensified physiotherapeutic exercise. There were no serious adverse events, neither infection nor bleeding, no cardiopulmonary complication or permanent neurological deficits. The most common side effect was neurological impairment, such as numbness, dysesthesia, or weakness of the lower limbs with complete regression after flow rate adjustment. Patients with FBSS were more likely to develop dysesthesia (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Continuous epidural analgesia is feasible in patients with FBSS or spinal stenosis. This treatment enables extensive physiotherapeutic treatment even in patients with severe pain conditions and can be considered as an alternative to epidural injections. An increased complication rate in comparison to short-term perioperative or perinatal application was not observed.
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El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Salem GI, LeQuang JAK, Pergolizzi JV, Christo PJ. Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: An Update with Emphasis on Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Pain Ther 2021; 10:181-209. [PMID: 33575952 PMCID: PMC8119532 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-021-00235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain is a challenging condition for both patients and physicians. Many adults have experienced one or more episodes of musculoskeletal pain at some time of their lives, regardless of age, gender, or economic status. It affects approximately 47% of the general population. Of those, about 39–45% have long-lasting problems that require medical consultation. Inadequately managed musculoskeletal pain can adversely affect quality of life and impose significant socioeconomic problems. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. It briefly explores the background, classifications, patient assessments, and different tools for management according to the recently available evidence. Multimodal analgesia and multidisciplinary approaches are fundamental elements of effective management of musculoskeletal pain. Both pharmacological, non-pharmacological, as well as interventional pain therapy are important to enhance patient’s recovery, well-being, and improve quality of life. Accordingly, recent guidelines recommend the implementation of preventative strategies and physical tools first to minimize the use of medications. In patients who have had an inadequate response to pharmacotherapy, the proper use of interventional pain therapy and the other alternative techniques are vital for safe and effective management of chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah N El-Tallawy
- Anesthesia and Pain Management Department, King Khalid University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Faculty of Medicine, Minia University and NCI, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rohit Nalamasu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gehan I Salem
- Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.,Rehabilitation Medicine Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Paul J Christo
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cho PG, Ji GY, Yoon YS, Shin DA. Clinical Effectiveness of Percutaneous Epidural Neuroplasty According to the Type of Single-Level Lumbar Disc Herniation : A 12-Month Follow-Up Study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2019; 62:681-690. [PMID: 31591998 PMCID: PMC6835144 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2019.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether the outcomes of percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) are influenced by the type of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and evaluate the effectiveness of PEN in patients with single-level LDH.
Methods This study included 430 consecutive patients with single-level LDH who underwent PEN. Before treatment, the LDH type was categorized as bulging, protrusion, extrusion, and sequestration, while Pfirrmann grades were assigned according to imaging findings. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain and success rates (Odom’s criteria) were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment.
Results The mean preoperative VAS scores for back and leg pain were 6.90 and 4.23, respectively; these decreased after PEN as follows : 2.25 and 1.45, respectively, at 1 month; 2.61 and 1.68, respectively, at 3 months; 2.28 and 1.48, respectively, at 6 months; and 2.88 and 1.48, respectively, at 12 months (p<0.001). The decrease in VAS scores for leg pain was significantly greater in the extrusion and sequestration groups than in the other two groups (p<0.05); there were no other significant differences among groups. More than 70% patients exhibited good or excellent 12-month outcomes according to Odom’s criteria. Subsequent surgery was required for 59 patients (13.7%), with a significantly higher rate in the extrusion (25.0%) and sequestration (30.0%) groups than in the bulging (7.3%) and protrusion (13.8%) groups (p<0.05). Nevertheless, subsequent surgery was not required for >70% patients with extrusion or sequestration. Patients with Pfirrmann grades 1–3 (14.0–21.5%) showed a significantly higher rate of subsequent surgery than those with Pfirrmann grade 0 (4.9%; p<0.05).
Conclusion Our findings suggest that PEN is an effective treatment for back and leg pain caused by single-level LDH, with the outcomes remaining unaffected by the LDH type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Goo Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyu Yeul Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cham Teun Teun Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sul Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ah Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Park YH, Choi EJ. Current strategy for chronic pain after spinal surgery. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2018. [DOI: 10.17085/apm.2018.13.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hyo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Acupuncture and Neural Mechanism in the Management of Low Back Pain-An Update. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030063. [PMID: 29941854 PMCID: PMC6164863 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, the percentage of low back pain (LBP) prevalence increased by 18%. The management and high cost of LBP put a tremendous burden on the healthcare system. Many risk factors have been identified, such as lifestyle, trauma, degeneration, postural impairment, and occupational related factors; however, as high as 95% of the cases of LBP are non-specific. Currently, LBP is treated pharmacologically. Approximately 25 to 30% of the patients develop serious side effects, such as drowsiness and drug addiction. Spinal surgery often does not result in a massive improvement of pain relief. Therefore, complementary approaches are being integrated into the rehabilitation programs. These include chiropractic therapy, physiotherapy, massage, exercise, herbal medicine and acupuncture. Acupuncture for LBP is one of the most commonly used non-pharmacological pain-relieving techniques. This is due to its low adverse effects and cost-effectiveness. Currently, many randomized controlled trials and clinical research studies have produced promising results. In this article, the causes and incidence of LBP on global health care are reviewed. The importance of treatment by acupuncture is considered. The efforts to reveal the link between acupuncture points and anatomical features and the neurological mechanisms that lead to acupuncture-induced analgesic effect are reviewed.
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Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in the treatment of chronic low back pain: cost utility analysis based on a randomized controlled trial. Korean J Pain 2018; 31:27-38. [PMID: 29372023 PMCID: PMC5780212 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2018.31.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Related to escalating health care costs and the questionable effectiveness of multiple interventions including lumbar facet joint interventions, cost effectiveness or cost utility analysis has become the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine influencing coverage decisions. Methods Cost utility of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain was performed utilizing data from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up, with direct payment data from 2016. Based on the data from surgical interventions, utilizing the lowest proportion of direct procedural costs of 60%, total cost utility per quality adjusted life year (QALY) was determined by multiplying the derived direct cost at 1.67. Results Patients in this trial on average received 5.6 ± 2.6 procedures over a period of 2 years, with average relief over a period of 2 years of 82.8 ± 29.6 weeks with 19 ± 18.77 weeks of improvement per procedure. Procedural cost for one-year improvement in quality of life showed USD $2,654.08. Estimated total costs, including indirect costs and drugs with multiplication of direct costs at 1.67, showed a cost of USD $4,432 per QALY. Conclusions The analysis of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in the treatment of chronic low back pain shows clinical effectiveness and cost utility at USD $2,654.08 for the direct costs of the procedures, and USD $4,432 for the estimated overall cost per one year of QALY, in chronic persistent low back pain non-responsive to conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan D Kaye
- LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joshua A Hirsch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hossieni B, Dadkhah P, Moradi S, Hashemi SM, Safdari F. The Results of Treating Failed Back Surgery Syndrome by Adhesiolysis: Comparing the One- and Three-Day Protocols. Anesth Pain Med 2017; 7:e60271. [PMID: 29696119 PMCID: PMC5903221 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.60271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is controversial. Limited studies have demonstrated the satisfactory outcomes of percutaneous adhesiolysis in FBSS, which can be performed as a 1 day or 3 days procedure. In the current randomized clinical trial, we compared the clinical and functional outcomes of these 2 techniques. Methods In this study, 60 patients with FBSS were randomly assigned into 2 equal groups: 1 day group and 3 days group. Before and at 4 and 12 weeks after the procedure, pain intensity was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS). The Oswestry disability index (ODI) was also completed. Pain reduction of 50% or more was defined as treatment success. Results Significant pain relief and ODI improvement were obtained in the 2 groups with adhesiolysis (P < 0.001). However, pain intensity remained the same before and at 4 and 12 weeks after adhesiolysis. ODI score was significantly lower in 1 day group in the 1 month visit (P < 0.001). Treatment was successful in 76.7% and 83.3% of the patients in 1 day and 3 days groups, respectively (P = 0.519). Conclusions Adhesiolysis is an effective treatment for pain relief and functional improvement in FBSS. The results of 1 day and 3 days procedures are comparable. Based on these findings, the authors recommend using 1 day technique, which can potentially decrease the patients' discomfort, hospital stay, and cost of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hossieni
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Dadkhah
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Moradi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hashemi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Dr. Seyed Masoud Hashemi, Akhtar Hospital, Elahieh, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2188444408, E-mail:
| | - Farshad Safdari
- Orthotist and Prosthetist, Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain after spinal surgery, the so-called failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), is a frequently observed troublesome disease entity. Although medications may be effective to some degree, many patients continue experiencing intolerable pain and functional disability. Only gabapentin has been proven effective in patients with FBSS. No relevant studies regarding manipulation or physiotherapy for FBSS have been published. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been widely investigated as a treatment option for chronic neuropathic pain, including FBSS. SCS was generally accepted to improve chronic back and leg pain, physical function, and sleep quality. Although the cost effectiveness of SCS has been proved in many studies, its routine application is limited considering that it is invasive and is associated with safety issues. Percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis has also shown good clinical outcomes; however, its effects persisted for only a short period. Because none of the current methods provide absolute superiority in terms of clinical outcomes, a multidisciplinary approach is required to manage this complex disease. Further studies concerning the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and cost effectiveness of FBSS are warranted to deepen our understanding of this condition.
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