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Georgiyeva K, Kumar H, Fernandez VE. A Decade of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Following Orthopedic Wrist Surgery: A Case Report and a Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e42540. [PMID: 37637569 PMCID: PMC10460122 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Every day, people of all ages in the United States break bones, with traumatic injury being the most common way, and wrist injury being in the top five most common areas in which bones break. Traumatic fractures are managed with either surgical or nonsurgical approaches. The surgical approach utilizes ortho procedures such as internal fixation and reduction, while the nonsurgical approach consists of procedures like RICE, ace bandage, and so on. However, in rare cases, patients are left with a peculiar constellation of symptoms, which cause edema, pain, skin changes, and loss of function at the trauma site. This occurrence is termed complex regional pain syndrome. Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old female patient who suffered a traumatic wrist injury. The trauma was fixed by pinning ORIF orthopedic surgery, and the patient developed manifestations of complex regional pain syndrome around 10 days postoperatively. In this case report, we describe the variation and complexity of symptoms in the patient over the course of a decade after the original injury. The case report explains the pain management therapies that reduced the patient's symptoms and highlights the ones that were ineffective. We have included some less frequently used yet effective treatments and shed light on how this disease affected the patient's overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Medicine and Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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Finnmann Munk AS, Petersen KK, Bødtker S, Walther-Larsen S, Aagaard GB, Arendt-Nielsen L, Wong C. Long-term biopsychosocial issues and health-related quality of life in young adolescents and adults treated for childhood Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, type 1. Scand J Pain 2022; 22:473-482. [PMID: 35639860 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treatment for childhood Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is associated with long-term recovery. The present study aimed to investigate the long-term biopsychosocial status and quality of life in young adolescents and adults after the treatment of childhood CRPS. METHODS A 4 year follow-up of individuals with childhood-CRPS, type 1 (n=22; age:12 years (years) [median] at treatment and 17 years at follow-up) was completed. Biopsychosocial status and quality of life were assessed with structured interviews, using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Pediatric Pain Coping Inventory (PPCI), and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Comparisons were made with normative samples of age-matched controls. RESULTS CRPS at follow-up was still present in seven out of 22, and non-CRPS pain symptoms were found in 12 out of 22 individuals. Signs of mental health pain-related problems, including phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder, were observed in ten out of 19 individuals. Mental well-being, social functioning, and quality of life (SDQ and PedsQL) were independent of pain status (p>0.05). Adaptive pain coping strategies were utilized regardless of pain status (PPCI). Social functioning (p<0.01) and the quality of life (p=0.01) were attenuated and statistically significantly poorer than healthy age-matched young adults but better than for fibromyalgia subjects. CONCLUSIONS A subset of individuals treated for childhood-CRPS, type 1 experiences long-term consequences of persistent pain, a decrease in quality of life indicators, and demonstrates significant psychosocial issues. Childhood-CRPS is suggested to be associated with long-term psychosocial consequences and poorer quality of life than found in age-related healthy peers. Subjects treated for childhood CRPS may need a longer clinical follow-up attempting to preclude relapse of CRPS and non-CRPS pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Kjær Petersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Translational Biomarkers in Pain and Precision Medicine, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bødtker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Søren Walther-Larsen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and The Paediatric Pain Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Bruun Aagaard
- Department of Anaesthesiology and The Paediatric Pain Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Mech-Sense, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Wong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Algoneurodystrophy in a Patient with Major Depressive Disorder. Case Rep Psychiatry 2021; 2021:9981521. [PMID: 34664021 PMCID: PMC8520495 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9981521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Not infrequently, in patients with a psychiatric illness who have concomitant physical symptoms, these symptoms are often wrongly attributed to a psychiatric illness. Consequently, there is a delay in establishing the correct diagnosis, which may have an impact on the prognosis of the disease. The authors aim to present a case report of a patient with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and conversion disorder that was later correctly diagnosed with algoneurodystrophy. The authors intend to draw attention to the importance of a careful medical history and this entity. Case Presentation. A patient went to the emergency department multiple times with complaints of decreased strength and pain in the right upper limb, concomitantly with depressive symptoms. The patient was first diagnosed with conversion disorder and major depressive disorder. After the worsening of the clinical condition with the appearance of neuropathic pain and the exclusion of other organic pathologies, the probable diagnosis of algoneurodystrophy was made. At that time, the patient started treatment and a favorable clinical evolution was observed. Discussion. The clinical case highlights the importance of conducting a careful medical history in a patient with a psychiatric illness, so as not to mistakenly exclude the presence of an organic disease. The absence or delay in making a correct diagnosis can have adverse consequences in terms of the prognosis of the disease.
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Luo Y, Xu W, Ou W, Wang T, Yang C, Xie S, Yu J, Xu J. Hospital-based case control study and animal study on the relationship between nonylphenol exposure and depression. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11384. [PMID: 34046258 PMCID: PMC8139269 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this work is to explore the association between chronic exposure to nonylphenol (NP), a representative environmental endocrine disruptor (EED), and the risk of depression and its potential mechanism. Methods A hospital-based case control study was conducted from August to December 2018. Forty-one patients with confirmed depression and 47 healthy volunteers were recruited. In vitro, 20 rats were randomly divided into the control group (corn oil) and NP exposure group (n=10 per group), which were gavaged at a dose of 4 mg/kg w/day for 180 days. Results The depressed patient group had higher Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) (P<0.001) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) (P<0.001) scores than the healthy group. The serum NP level (P=0.009) in the depressed group was higher than that in the healthy group, and the BDNF level (P=0.001) was lower. The serum levels of monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) (P=0.070), epinephrine (E) (P=0.001), and noradrenaline (NE) (P=0.000) were lower than those in the healthy group. In the sucrose preference test, the sucrose preference time for the exposure group of rats was lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). In the forced swim test, a longer resting time was measured for the exposure group of rats as compared to the control group (P<0.05). The level of NP (P<0.001) in the brain tissue of the NP exposure group was higher than that in the control group, and the serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (P=0.004) was lower. Histopathological examination of the brain biopsies illustrated that the neuronal cells and nuclei in the hippocampus of the exposed group exhibited slight shrinkage. Conclusion Chronic exposure to NP at environmental doses will result in the accumulation of NP in the brain and blood, and induction of depression, which might be associated with the alterations in the expression levels of BDNF and monoamine neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weihong Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Wei Ou
- Department of Medicopsychology, School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Changwei Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Songying Xie
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
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Duong HP, Konzelmann M, Vuistiner P, Burrus C, Léger B, Stiefel F, Luthi F. Psychiatric Comorbidity and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Through the Lens of the Biopsychosocial Model: A Comparative Study. J Pain Res 2020; 13:3235-3245. [PMID: 33311997 PMCID: PMC7725070 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s278614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity between patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) of the hand and non-CRPS patients and to assess the association between biopsychosocial (BPS) complexity profiles and psychiatric comorbidity in a comparative study. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included a total of 103 patients with CRPS of the hand and 290 patients with chronic hand impairments but without CRPS. Psychiatric comorbidities were diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and BPS complexity was measured by means of the INTERMED. The odds ratios (OR) of having psychiatric comorbidities according to BPS complexity were calculated with multiple logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex, and pain). RESULTS Prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was 29% in CRPS patients, which was not significantly higher than in non-CRPS patients (21%, relative risk=1.38, 95% CI: 0.95 to 2.01 p=0.10). The median total scores of the INTERMED were the same in both groups (23 points). INTERMED total scores (0-60 points) were related to an increased risk of having psychiatric comorbidity in CRPS patients (OR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.23-1.73) and in non-CRPS patients (OR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.13-1.30). The four INTERMED subscales (biological, psychological, social, and health care) were correlated with a higher risk of having psychiatric comorbidity in both groups. The differences in the OR of having psychiatric comorbidity in relation to INTERMED total and subscale scores were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION The total scores, as well as all four dimensions of BPS complexity measured by the INTERMED, were associated with psychiatric comorbidity, with comparable magnitudes of association between the CRPS and non-CRPS groups. The INTERMED was useful in screening for psychological vulnerability in the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Phuoc Duong
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Michel Konzelmann
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Vuistiner
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Burrus
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Léger
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Stiefel
- Psychiatric Liaison Service, Lausanne University and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Luthi
- Department of Medical Research, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Hôpital Orthopédique, University and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lo Bianco G, Thomson S, Vigneri S, Shapiro H, Schatman ME. Abdominal Epilepsy, a Rare Cause of Abdominal Pain: The Need to Investigate Thoroughly as Opposed to Making Rapid Attributions of Psychogenic Causality. J Pain Res 2020; 13:457-460. [PMID: 32161489 PMCID: PMC7049739 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s247767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Lo Bianco
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche (BIOMETEC), Catania, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. CROB Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy.,Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHSFT, Orsett Hospital, Pain Management and Neuromodulation, London, Essex, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHSFT, Orsett Hospital, Pain Management and Neuromodulation, London, Essex, UK
| | - Simone Vigneri
- Pain Medicine Department, Santa Maria Maddalena Hospital, Occhiobello, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Hannah Shapiro
- Department of Biopsychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Schatman
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Popkirov S, Hoeritzauer I, Colvin L, Carson AJ, Stone J. Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders - time for reconciliation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:608-614. [PMID: 30355604 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been many articles highlighting differences and similarities between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and functional neurological disorders (FND) but until now the discussions have often been adversarial with an erroneous focus on malingering and a view of FND as 'all in the mind'. However, understanding of the nature, frequency and treatment of FND has changed dramatically in the last 10-15 years. FND is no longer assumed to be only the result of 'conversion' of psychological conflict but is understood as a complex interplay between physiological stimulus, expectation, learning and attention mediated through a Bayesian framework, with biopsychosocial predisposing, triggering and perpetuating inputs. Building on this new 'whole brain' perspective of FND, we reframe the debate about the 'psychological versus physical' basis of CRPS. We recognise how CRPS research may inform mechanistic understanding of FND and conversely, how advances in FND, especially treatment, have implications for improving understanding and management of CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Popkirov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hoeritzauer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lesley Colvin
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Genomics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan J Carson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jon Stone
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hashemi SM, Rohanifar R, Azarfarin R, Razavi SS, Momenzadeh S. A Comparison of the Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Referring to a Pain Clinic with Subacute and Chronic Pain. Anesth Pain Med 2017; 6:e39373. [PMID: 28975072 PMCID: PMC5560577 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.39373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features of patients referring to a university hospital's pain clinic with chronic ( ≥ 12 weeks) and subacute pain ( < 12 weeks). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 426 patients were included. Demographic variables including education level, marital and employment status, and risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and opium addiction were recorded. Also, sites of pain, pain quality and associated symptoms, and pain severity were assessed using a numerical rating scale. Each one of these variables was compared between the chronic and subacute pain groups. RESULTS Of the 426 studied patients, 292 (69%) had chronic pain and 134 (31%) reported subacute pain. Patients with chronic pain were older and had higher body mass indices. Additionally, self-employment was less frequent among the chronic pain group. The patients with chronic pain had a higher prevalence of addiction. The most commonly reported site of pain in all patients was the lower back (62.4%), followed by pain in the leg and foot (39.9%), knee (24.4%), and hip (18.8%). There were no statistically significant differences in pain sites between the two groups, except for knee pain, which was more common among the chronic pain group. The patients with chronic pain had a higher incidence of obscure and persistent pain, while those with subacute pain experienced more night pain. CONCLUSIONS About one-third of the patients referring to the pain clinic had subacute pain. The patients with chronic pain were older and more obese, had a higher prevalence of addiction, had more cases of knee pain, and reported more instances of obscure and persistent pain than those with subacute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Hashemi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Rohanifar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran Clinic Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Azarfarin
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Razavi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Momenzadeh
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Sirous Momenzadeh, Department of Anesthesiology, Anesthesia Research Center and Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2122612252, Fax: +98-2122663293, E-mail:
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Nakajima F, Aratani S, Fujita H, Nakatani K, Makita K, Nakajima T. A case of fibromyalgia involving pain throughout the body treated with site-specific targeted pain control. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1027. [PMID: 27441146 PMCID: PMC4938810 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic pain and tenderness throughout the body. Patients with fibromyalgia are treated with pharmacotherapy and many other therapies. However, because the cause of fibromyalgia is unclear, there is currently no clinically effective treatment method. Case presentation We report the case of a patient who developed fibromyalgia after left femoral neck fracture. After several caudal epidural blocks for lumbar pain, the pain throughout the body and abnormal discomfort in the laryngopharyngeal region reduced. Site-specific targeted pain control was effective in treating his pain and discomfort. Conclusion The present case suggests that treatment targeting symptoms in one part of the body might produce a systemic therapeutic effect in patients with fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukami Nakajima
- Daiichi Rehabilitation Hospital, 2-14 Kutanda Kochi-shi, Kochi, 781-0112 Japan ; Department of Locomotor Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan ; Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Aratani
- Department of Locomotor Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan ; Physician, Student, and Researcher Support Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Fujita
- Future Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koshi Makita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshishiro Nakajima
- Daiichi Rehabilitation Hospital, 2-14 Kutanda Kochi-shi, Kochi, 781-0112 Japan ; Department of Locomotor Science, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402 Japan ; Future Medical Science Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan ; Bayside Misato Medical Center, Kochi, Japan
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An M, Gao Y. Urinary Biomarkers of Brain Diseases. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:345-54. [PMID: 26751805 PMCID: PMC4747650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood, urine is not subject to homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, greater fluctuations could occur in urine than in blood, better reflecting the changes in human body. The roadmap of urine biomarker era was proposed. Although urine analysis has been attempted for clinical diagnosis, and urine has been monitored during the progression of many diseases, particularly urinary system diseases, whether urine can reflect brain disease status remains uncertain. As some biomarkers of brain diseases can be detected in the body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood, there is a possibility that urine also contain biomarkers of brain diseases. This review summarizes the clues of brain diseases reflected in the urine proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxia An
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing 100875, China.
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Taba Taba Vakili S, Alam T, Sollinger H. Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:460-72. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.01.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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