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Wu Y, Qin F, Zheng X. The Effects of Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Neuromuscular Control of Knee. Brain Sci 2024; 14:555. [PMID: 38928555 PMCID: PMC11201964 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, most studies examined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on neuromuscular control following exercise solely on measuring proprioception, no study explores changes in the brain and muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI following exercise on knee neuromuscular control capacity, and physiological and perceptual responses. In a crossover control design, fifteen participants performed an exhaustion exercise. Subsequently, they underwent a 10 min recovery intervention, either in the form of passively seated rest (CON) or CWI at 15 °C. The knee proprioception, oxygenated cerebral hemoglobin concentrations (Δ[HbO]), and muscle activation during the proprioception test, physiological and perceptual responses were measured. CWI did not have a significant effect on proprioception at the post-intervention but attenuated the reductions in Δ[HbO] in the primary sensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex (p < 0.05). The root mean square of vastus medialis was higher in the CWI compared to the CON. CWI effectively reduced core temperature and mean skin temperature and improved the rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation. These results indicated that 10 min of CWI at 15 °C post-exercise had no negative effect on the neuromuscular control of the knee joint but could improve subjective perception and decrease body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyan Zheng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.W.); (F.Q.)
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Marouvo J, Tavares N, Dias G, Castro MA. The Effect of Ice on Shoulder Proprioception in Badminton Athletes. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:671-683. [PMID: 36975403 PMCID: PMC10047308 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of the application of cryotherapy on shoulder proprioception in badminton athletes. Thirty federated badminton athletes were included in this study, all of whom belonged to three of the teams currently competing in national competitions (Portugal). Their mean ages were 21.00 ± 5.60 years, and their experience in the modality was 8.40 ± 6.93 years. They practiced in an average of 2.93 ± 1.26 training sessions per week. All of them used their right hand to hold the racket. Each participant's dominant shoulder joint position and force senses were evaluated for four consecutive time points through the isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3. The experimental procedure consisted of applying ice for 15 min and the control procedure consisted of no therapeutic intervention. The proprioception outcomes were expressed using the absolute error, relative error, and variable error. All statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 18 software (IBM-SPSS Statistics). There were no statistically significant changes in the joint position and force senses after the intervention, as well as during the subsequent 30 min. We conclude that, after this cryotherapy technique, there is no increased risk of injury associated with a proprioception deficit that prevents athletes from immediately returning to badminton practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Marouvo
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Tavares
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Dias
- ESEC-UNICID-ASSERT, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- ROBOCORP, IIA, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3030-329 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2020), Universidade de Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria António Castro
- RoboCorp, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- Sector of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
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Effects of Adding Aquatic-to-Land-Based Physiotherapy Programs for Shoulder Joint Position Sense Rehabilitation. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020332. [PMID: 35206946 PMCID: PMC8871719 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the effects of aquatic-based physiotherapy on shoulder proprioception following post-traumatic injury to the joint. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of additional aquatic-based rehabilitation to a land-based physiotherapy program on shoulder joint position sense (JPS) rehabilitation. Forty-four individuals (mean age 44.50 ± 10.11) who had suffered a post-traumatic shoulder injury less than five months previously were pseudo-randomly allocated equally into a control group (9 females, 13 males) and experimental group (6 females, 16 males). Both groups received individualized standard land-based physiotherapy on average for 50 min per session, with five sessions per week for four consecutive weeks. The experimental group received an additional 30 min of personalized aquatic-based therapy during each session. Shoulder JPS was assessed by flexion (60°), extension (25°), abduction (60°), internal rotation (35°) and external rotation (35°) positions prior, halfway through, and after the intervention. Shoulder JPS improved significantly for all positions for both the control group (p < 0.03) and the experimental group (p < 0.01). No significant differences between the control group and the experimental group were found for change in shoulder JPS over time. Our results indicate that shoulder JPS can be significantly improved among individuals with post-traumatic injury to the joint through four weeks of personalized physiotherapy. The addition of aquatic-based exercises to standard land-based therapy did not, however, show significant benefits, and thus cannot be recommended for the improvement of shoulder JPS based on our findings.
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Effects of TRX Suspension Training on Proprioception and Muscle Strength in Female Athletes with Functional Ankle Instability. Asian J Sports Med 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional ankle instability (FAI) is a common consequence of ankle sprain injury, especially in high-impact sports. Objectives: To investigate the effect of six weeks of suspension training with total resistance exercises (TRX) on proprioception and muscle strength in female athletes with FAI. Methods: Thirty female athletes with FAI (age: 21.9 ± 2.2 years, height: 169.3 ± 4.2 cm, and weight: 59.8 ± 6.1 kg) were randomly assigned to two equally numbered groups: TRX training and controls based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the pre-test, the anthropometric variables and also proprioception accuracy and muscle strength of subjects were evaluated by joint angle reset test (JART) and manual muscle testing (MMT) in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions. The training group completed three sessions per week with progressive load for six weeks, and each training session lasted 15 - 20 minutes, whilst control subjects continued with their normal activity without special sport activities. After six weeks of training, all tests performed in the pre-test phase were also performed in the post-test phase. The t-test was used for statistic analysis (α ≤ 0.05). Results: The findings showed that TRX training significantly improved the proprioception accuracy (P ≤ 0.001) and muscle strength (P ≤ 0.001) in the training group rather than the control group. No statistically significant difference was found in any of the tests between pre-test and post-test for the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Six weeks of TRX suspension training had a positive effect on strength and proprioception accuracy in female athletes with FAI.
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The effects of cryotherapy on athletes’ muscle strength, flexibility, and neuromuscular control: A systematic review of the literature. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:175-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Romero-Morales C, Martín-Llantino PJ, Calvo-Lobo C, San Antolín-Gil M, López-López D, Pedro MBD, Sanz DR. Vibration increases multifidus cross-sectional area versus cryotherapy added to chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy eccentric exercise. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 42:61-67. [PMID: 31927349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess multifidus muscle thickness, cross-sectional area (CSA) and disability in patients with chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy (AT) who developed an eccentric exercise (EE) vibration program compared to an EE program with cryotherapy. DESIGN Single-blinded randomized clinical trial. SETTING Outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS A total sample of 61 patients diagnosed with chronic non-insertional AT was recruited and randomly divided into two groups. A group (n = 30) developed the EE program plus vibration and B group (n = 31) received the EE program plus cryotherapy for 12 weeks. Multifidus thickness and CSA were measured at rest and during maximal isometric contraction by ultrasound imaging. The Victorian Institute for Sport Assessment (VISA-A) was used to asses functionality. RESULTS Multifidus CSA was statistically significant increased (P < 0.05) for the EE vibration program group with respect to EE plus cryotherapy during maximal isometric contraction and at rest at 12-weeks after intervention in individuals with chronic non-insertional AT. Despite both interventions showed differences for the multifidus thickness and AT disability variables over time, there were not between-groups differences. CONCLUSIONS Authors encourage the use of vibration with respect to cryotherapy added to EE programs in order to enhance multifidus CSA in addition to lower limb functionality in individuals who suffer from chronic non-insertional AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - César Calvo-Lobo
- School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta San Antolín-Gil
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group. Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol, Spain.
| | - María Benito-de Pedro
- School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez Sanz
- School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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The Thermal Effects of Water Immersion on Health Outcomes: An Integrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071280. [PMID: 30974799 PMCID: PMC6479732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrotherapy is widely used for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients, but it can also be applied to prevent diseases in healthy people. This review investigates the health effects of water immersion, a form of hydrotherapy, and the mechanisms by which the properties of water elicit such an effect. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL to identify relevant articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Various factors of water immersion were investigated in the 13 selected articles, including water temperature, immersion height, and application area. With respect to health effects, warm and cold water immersion affects the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems, respectively. Nine articles focused on the effects of warm water immersion, explaining its thermal effect in relation to changes in disease-related serum substance levels and hemodynamic changes. While the sample population in most studies comprised young adults, two articles applied partial water immersion to the legs of elderly subjects to assess its effect on sleep. Because the water immersion protocols applied in the 13 articles were inconsistent, the health benefits could not be clearly explained. However, we expect the present findings to be beneficial for providing research guidelines for studies on the application of water immersion.
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Romero-Morales C, Javier Martín-Llantino P, Calvo-Lobo C, Palomo-López P, López-López D, Fernández-Carnero J, Rodríguez-Sanz D. Ultrasonography effectiveness of the vibration vs cryotherapy added to an eccentric exercise protocol in patients with chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: A randomised clinical trial. Int Wound J 2019; 16:542-549. [PMID: 30790440 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a very common disease in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of the present study was to examine the tendon thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) in subjects with chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT) who engaged in either an eccentric exercise (EE) programme with vibration training or an EE programme combined with cryotherapy. A sample of 61 patients with chronic mid-portion AT were recruited and divided into two groups: EE programme vibration training (n = 30) and EE programme combined with cryotherapy (n = 31). Three ultrasound assessments were performed: pre-intervention and at 4, and at 12 weeks. The comparison of thickness and CSA measures at baseline, 4, and 12 weeks showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm in maximal isometric contraction and at rest in subjects with chronic mid-portion AT. The EE vibration training resulted in a statistically significant CSA increase compared with the cryotherapy group in patients with chronic mid-portion AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Insitute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | | | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Unit. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Josué Fernández-Carnero
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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Alexander J, Richards J, Attah O, Cheema S, Snook J, Wisdell C, May K, Selfe J. Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. Gait Posture 2018; 62:173-178. [PMID: 29554515 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Delayed effects of a 20-min crushed ice application on knee joint position sense assessed by a functional task during a re-warming period. INTRODUCTION The effect of cryotherapy on joint positioning presents conflicting debates as to whether individuals are at an increased risk of injury when returning to play following cryotherapy application at the lower limb. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 20 min application of crushed ice at the knee affects knee joint kinematics immediately post and up to 20 mins post ice removal, during a small knee bend. METHOD 17 healthy male participants took part in the study performing a functional task. Using three-dimensional motion analysis (Qualisys Medical AB Gothenburg, Sweden), kinematics of the knee were measured during a weight bearing functional task pre and immediately post, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min post cryotherapy intervention. Skin surface temperature (Tsk) cooling was measured via infrared non-contact thermal imaging (Flir Systems, Danderyd, Sweden) over the anterior and medial aspect of the knee. RESULTS Results demonstrated significant reductions in the ability to accurately replicate knee joint positioning. A significant increase (P ≧ 0.05) in rotational movement in the transverse plane occurred, 20 min post ice removal. DISCUSSION A 20-min application of crushed ice to the anterior aspect of the non-dominant knee has an adverse effect on knee joint repositioning and dynamic stability, 20 min after ice is removed. In consideration of returning a land-based athlete to dynamic functional activities, post cryotherapeutic intervention at the knee, clinicians should consider these findings due to the potential increase risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Alexander
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jim Richards
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Obed Attah
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Cheema
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Snook
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Wisdell
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Karen May
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Brook Building, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - James Selfe
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Health Professions, Manchester, Brooks Building, M15 6GX, United Kingdom
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Furmanek MP, Słomka KJ, Sobiesiak A, Rzepko M, Juras G. The Effects of Cryotherapy on Knee Joint Position Sense and Force Production Sense in Healthy Individuals. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:39-51. [PMID: 29599858 PMCID: PMC5873335 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprioceptive information received from mechanoreceptors is potentially responsible for controlling the joint position and force differentiation. However, it is unknown whether cryotherapy influences this complex mechanism. Previously reported results are not universally conclusive and sometimes even contradictory. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of local cryotherapy on knee joint position sense (JPS) and force production sense (FPS). The study group consisted of 55 healthy participants (age: 21 ± 2 years, body height: 171.2 ± 9 cm, body mass: 63.3 ± 12 kg, BMI: 21.5 ± 2.6). Local cooling was achieved with the use of gel-packs cooled to -2 ± 2.5°C and applied simultaneously over the knee joint and the quadriceps femoris muscle for 20 minutes. JPS and FPS were evaluated using the Biodex System 4 Pro apparatus. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not show any statistically significant changes of the JPS and FPS under application of cryotherapy for all analyzed variables: the JPS’s absolute error (p = 0.976), its relative error (p = 0.295), and its variable error (p = 0.489); the FPS’s absolute error (p = 0.688), its relative error (p = 0.193), and its variable error (p = 0.123). The results indicate that local cooling does not affect proprioceptive acuity of the healthy knee joint. They also suggest that local limited cooling before physical activity at low velocity did not present health or injury risk in this particular study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz P Furmanek
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kajetan J Słomka
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobiesiak
- University of Windsor, Department of Mechanical, Automotive & Materials Engineering Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marian Rzepko
- University of Rzeszow, Faculty of Physical Education, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Juras
- Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Department of Human Motor Behavior, Katowice, Poland
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Romero-Morales C, Martín-Llantino PJ, Calvo-Lobo C, Beltran-Alacreu H, López-López D, Sánchez-Gómez R, Rodríguez-Sanz D. Effectiveness of Eccentric Exercise and a Vibration or Cryotherapy Program in Enhancing Rectus Abdominis Muscle Thickness and Inter-Rectus Distance in Patients with Chronic Mid-Portion Achilles Tendinopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1764-1770. [PMID: 30588201 PMCID: PMC6299416 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.28656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Abdominal muscles are key in maintaining body stability and balance and an improvement in the functioning of these muscles could influence the rehabilitation process in lower limb pathologies such as Achilles Tendinopathy (AT). The aim was to explore whether calf eccentric exercise (EE) with vibration training was more effective at causing adaptation to the rectus anterior (RA) thickness and inter-rectus distance (IRD) than calf EE with cryotherapy. Methods: The investigation was a single-blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial (NCT03515148). Sixty-one individuals diagnosed with mid-portion AT were recruited and divided in two groups: group A (n = 30) followed an EE with vibration program and group B (n = 31) an EE program with cryotherapy, for 12-weeks. RA muscle thickness and IRD were measured in maximal isometric contraction and at rest as an indication of superficial abdominal muscle activation. Results: IRD measures showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease at baseline, 4 and at 12-weeks in both groups, but no significant differences were observed between the intervention groups. RA thickness was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in measures at baseline, 4 and 12-weeks showed a significant increase in maximal isometric contraction and at rest in favor of the EE vibration program group. Conclusions: The present study showed a RA thickness increase in both groups in favor of the EE vibration program with respect to cryotherapy added to EE in short and mid term in maximal isometric contraction and at rest in subjects with chronic mid-portion AT. IRD was decreased in both groups without between-groups differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Hector Beltran-Alacreu
- Departamento de Fisioterapia. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group. Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento. Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Daniel López-López
- Department of Health Sciences; Research, Health and Podiatry Unit. Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
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Houten D, Cooper D. How does cryotherapy effect ankle proprioception in healthy individuals? Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:158-171. [PMID: 28952410 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1372739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how a 15-min cryotherapy intervention effects proprioception by measuring joint positional sense (JPS) and static single legged balance. Design Repeated measures design. Setting Laboratory. Participants Eighteen healthy university sports team students (11 males, 7 females) aged between 20 and 21 years old. Main outcome measures Participants were treated with 15 min of Aircast Cryo-cuff. The subject's skin temperature was measured before and immediately after 15 min of cryotherapy treatment. Ankle active joint positional sense (A-JPS) and passive joint positional sense (P-JPS) were measured at pre-test, immediately post-test, and 5 min post-test. Static balance was measured by centre of pressure (CoP) mean path length, medial-lateral (ML) CoP mean deviation, and anterior-posterior (AP) CoP mean deviation and mean time-to-boundary (TtB) minima for AP and ML directions. Results No significant differences were found for the variables of JPS and static single balance testing after 15 min of cryotherapy treatment. However, mean differences for CoP mean path length and ML mean deviation were shown to improve following cryotherapy treatment, results not previously found in the literature. Conclusion Results suggest that 15 min of Cryo-cuff treatment does not significantly affect proprioception. Although the effect of cryotherapy on proprioception depends on cooling modality used, time frame applied, and joint applied to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Houten
- a Sports Therapy , University of Worcester , Worcester , UK
| | - Darren Cooper
- b Institute of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Worcester , Worcester , UK
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13
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Chang YW, Wu HW. Effect of cryotherapy on ankle proprioception and balance in subjects with chronic ankle instability. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-170657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chang
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wen Wu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Salehi R, Zarei M, Alizadeh MH, Karimi N. Effect of Lower Leg Cold Immersion on Dynamic Balance of Athletes and Nonathlete. JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.21859/jrehab-1702148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Tano SS, Fernandes KBP, Moser ADL, Pires-Oliveira DADA, Gil AWO, Oliveira RFD. Effects of cold water immersion on variables of balance in healthy subjects with open and closed eyes. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.028.003.ao05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction Cryotherapy is the use of cold as therapeutic approach. Although often used, its impact on the postural balance is not well-known.Objectives To analyze the effects of cold water immersion in the postural balance on single-leg balance in healthy subjects through the variables of center-of-pressure, velocity anteroposterior and medial-lateral oscillations, comparing conditions open and closed eyes in the moments before, immediately, 20 and 40 minutes after cold water immersion.Material and methods Cross-sectional study with 30 male subjects, cold water immersion at 5 °C during 15 minutes assessed in a force platform, protocol of 3 trials of 30 seconds each with 10 seconds of rest, the average of the 3 trials was used for analysis. The software GraphPad Prisma 5.0 was used for statistical analysis, with the ANOVA test for repeated measures and comparisons with test of Friedman and post-test of Dunn.Results It was observed improvement of the balance by the results of the following variables: in the condition Open Eyes (OE) it was observed significant difference only in the velocity anteroposterior (AP) in the moment before immersion when compared to the 40-minute moment. Significant differences were observed in the condition Closed Eyes (CE) in the following comparisons: in the Center-of-Pressure (COP) only at the immediate moment when compared to the 40-minute moment; in the velocity AP in the moment before when compared to the 40-minute moment, in the immediate moment when compared to the 20-minute and 40-minute moments; and in the medial-lateral velocity (Vel-ML) in two comparisons: in the moment before immersion when compared to the 20-minute and 40-minute moments after cryotherapy. Results show safety in performing activities after cryotherapy.Conclusion Improvement of the postural balance after cold water immersion on the predetermined conditions of this study.
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Muniz TB, Moraes R, Guirro RRJ. Lower limb ice application alters ground reaction force during gait initiation. Braz J Phys Ther 2015; 19:114-21. [PMID: 25993625 PMCID: PMC4481831 DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy is a widely used technique in physical therapy clinics and sports.
However, the effects of cryotherapy on dynamic neuromuscular control are
incompletely explained. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of cryotherapy applied to the calf, ankle and sole of the
foot in healthy young adults on ground reaction forces during gait initiation.
METHOD: This study evaluated the gait initiation forces, maximum propulsion, braking
forces and impulses of 21 women volunteers through a force platform, which
provided maximum and minimum ground reaction force values. To assess the effects
of cooling, the task - gait initiation - was performed before ice application,
immediately after and 30 minutes after removal of the ice pack. Ice was randomly
applied on separate days to the calf, ankle and sole of the foot of the
participants. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that ice application for 30 minutes to the sole of the foot
and calf resulted in significant changes in the vertical force variables, which
returned to their pre-application values 30 minutes after the removal of the ice
pack. Ice application to the ankle only reduced propulsion impulse. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that although caution is necessary when performing
activities that require good gait control, the application of ice to the ankle,
sole of the foot or calf in 30-minute intervals may be safe even preceding such
activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago B Muniz
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Moraes
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo R J Guirro
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Santos VBDC, Cardoso CDS, Figueiredo CP, Macedo CDSG. Effect of cryotherapy on the ankle temperature in athletes: ice pack and cold water immersion. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.028.001.ao02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cryotherapy is often used for rehabilitation of injured athletes. Objective To compare the effectiveness of ice pack (IP) and cold water immersion (CWI) on lowering the ankle skin surface temperature in athletes. Materials and methods Thirteen athletes (seven women and six men), age 19.53 (± 2.9) years. IP and CWI were applied on the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) of the dominant leg for 30 minutes. The skin surface temperature was measured with an infrared digital thermometer prior to the application and during cryotherapy (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes) and up to two hours of rewarming. During rewarming, the athletes remained at rest and the temperature was measured every 1 minute until 10 minutes, every 5 minutes for up to an hour and every 15 minutes until 2 hours. Results The two types of cold application were effective in lowering the skin surface temperature after the 30-minute procedure. Significant differences were observed among the following temperatures: pre-application (IP = 29.8 ± 2.4 °C and CWI = 27.5 ± 3 °C – P < 0.05); after 30 minutes (IP = 5 ± 2.4 °C and CWI = 7.8 ± 3 °C – P < 0.01). For rewarming, after 25 minutes (IP = 20.8 ± 3.3 °C and CWI = 18.2 ± 2.7 °C – P < 0.04); after 45 minutes (IP = 24.5 ± 2.3 °C and IP = 22.1 ± 3.5 °C – P < 0.05); after 75 minutes (IP = 26.4 ± 2.2 °C and CWI = 24 ± 2.7 °C – P < 0.02). Conclusion After the 30-minute application, both IP and CWI produced the appropriate temperature; however the application of CWI produced the lowest temperature during rewarming.
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The effects of cryotherapy on proprioception system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:696397. [PMID: 25478573 PMCID: PMC4244933 DOI: 10.1155/2014/696397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proprioception plays an important role in the complex mechanism of joint control. Contemporary sport activities impose extremely high physical demands on athletes. Winter sports are played in areas with excessively low temperatures. Moreover, many athletes are subjected to treatments that involve local lowering of the body temperature before, during, and after physical activity. This work reviews the current knowledge regarding the influence of local cryotherapy on the proprioception system. The reviewed literature identified several tests that evaluate different aspects of proprioception. There is no universally agreed protocol, or clear set of criteria for test conditions. The outcomes of different tests and assessments of cryotherapy procedures using different cold modalities are poorly correlated. In general, the published results on the mechanism of cryotherapy effects on proprioception are not uniquely conclusive and are frequently contradictory. Additional high-quality research is required to explicitly answer the following questions: (1) whether local cryotherapy influences all aspects of proprioception; (2) whether the current methods of evaluation are adequate for the exploration of the relationship between cryotherapy and proprioception; and (3) whether the application of local cryotherapy is safe for athletes regarding proprioception. The review clearly showed that there is no comprehensive model relating cryotherapy and proprioception.
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Glasgow PD, Ferris R, Bleakley CM. Cold water immersion in the management of delayed-onset muscle soreness: Is dose important? A randomised controlled trial. Phys Ther Sport 2014; 15:228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Garcia LM, Soares AB, Simieli C, Boratino AVP, Guirro RRDJ. On the effect of thermal agents in the response of the brachial biceps at different contraction levels. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:881-7. [PMID: 25148950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess electromyographic features of the brachial biceps muscle after the application of cryotherapy and short-wave diathermy. Sixty healthy volunteers participated in the study and were equally divided into three groups: cryotherapy - application of ice packs for 30 min; short-wave diathermy for 20 min; and control. The thermal agents were applied to the anterior and posterior regions of the non-dominant arm. The electromyographic (EMG) signal from the brachial biceps was recorded before and after the application of thermal agents during flexion of the elbow joint at 25%, 50%, 75% of a maximum voluntary isometric contraction defined at least two days before the actual experiments (MVICbl). The volunteers also were asked to execute a free MVIC before and after the application of the thermal agents (MVIC free). A linear regression model with mixed effects (random and fixed) was used. Intra-group analysis showed a reduction in root mean square (RMS) at MVIC free, with no change in the median frequency of the EMG signal at any contraction level for the short-wave diathermy group. An increase on RMS values and a decrease on median frequencies were found after the application of cryotherapy for all contraction levels. The results imply that cryotherapy plays an important role on changing neuromuscular responses at various levels of muscle contraction. Therapists should be aware of that and carefully consider its use prior to activities in which neuromuscular precision is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Martins Garcia
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alcimar Barbosa Soares
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Lab, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Simieli
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Vairo Peres Boratino
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Macedo CSG, Alonso CS, Liporaci RF, Vieira F, Guirro RRJ. Cold water immersion of the ankle decreases neuromuscular response of lower limb after inversion movement. Braz J Phys Ther 2014; 18:93-7. [PMID: 24675918 PMCID: PMC4183238 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-35552012005000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryotherapy has been associated with a significant decrease in nerve
conduction velocity and muscle contraction with possible effects on exercise
and physical training. Objectives To quantify the electromyographic response of the lateral gastrocnemius,
tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, rectus femoris and gluteus medius to
ankle inversion following cold water immersion. Method The peak values of the root mean square (RMS) were obtained from 35 healthy
and active university subjects after the use of a tilt platform to force the
ankle into 30º of inversion before, immediately after, and 10, 20,
and 30 minutes after water immersion at 4±2ºC, for 20 minutes.
The Shapiro-Wilk test, repeated measures analysis, Bonferroni's post-hoc,
and linear regression analysis provided the results. Results Peak RMS was significantly lower at all times after cold water immersion,
with residual effect of up to 30 minutes, when compared to pre-immersion for
all muscles, except for immediate post-immersion for the gluteus medius.
Conclusions After cold water immersion of the ankle, special care should be taken in
activities that require greater neuromuscular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S G Macedo
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Alonso
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério F Liporaci
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital das Clinicas, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vieira
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital das Clinicas, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo R J Guirro
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Alonso CS, Macedo CDSG, Guirro RRDJ. Efeito da crioterapia na resposta eletromiográfica dos músculos tibial anterior, fibular longo e gastrocnemio lateral de atletas após o movimento de inversão do tornozelo. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1809-29502013000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A crioterapia é utilizada para tratamento de traumas no tornozelo/pé em atletas; entretanto, sua ação sobre o controle motor apresenta controvérsias. Este estudo objetivou verificar o efeito da crioterapia na resposta eletromiográfica dos músculos do tornozelo de atletas após inversão. A amostra foi composta por 20 voluntários: 10 universitários atletas de basquetebol e 10 universitários não atletas. Todos foram submetidos à inversão do tornozelo em plataforma para a análise do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos Gastrocnêmio Lateral (GL), Tibial Anterior (TA) e Fibular Longo (FL), pré e pós-crioterapia por imersão do tornozelo, a 4±2ºC, por 20 minutos. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de Shapiro Wilk, Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância em 5%. Considerou-se o pico de RMS, o RMS após 0,2 segundos e após 1,0 segundo da abertura da plataforma de inversão. Todos os dados foram normalizados pelo pico do RMS no momento pré-crioterapia. Evidenciou-se diminuição do pico do RMS e do RMS até 0,2 s para o TA nos atletas e nos músculos GL e FL dos não atletas. Após um segundo da abertura da plataforma houve menor recrutamento dos músculos GL, TA e FL para os não atletas. A comparação entre atletas e não atletas apontou, no RMS até 1 segundo, menor recrutamento para o GL dos atletas pré-crioterapia e TA pré e após o resfriamento. Conclui-se que a crioterapia diminuiu a resposta eletromiográfica do músculo TA de atletas e GL, TA e FL de não atletas.
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