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Tan XR, Low ICC, Soong TW, Lee JKW. Pre-exercise hot water immersion increased circulatory heat shock proteins but did not alter muscle damage markers or endurance capacity after eccentric exercise. Temperature (Austin) 2024; 11:157-169. [PMID: 38846523 PMCID: PMC11152112 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2024.2313954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-exercise passive heating attenuates muscle damage caused by eccentric exercise in rats where the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) confers a myoprotective effect. We investigated whether pre-exercise hot water immersion (HWI) confers similar benefits in humans. Eleven recreational male athletes were immersed in 41°C water up to 60 min or until rectal temperatures reached 39.5°C. After a 6 h rest, the participants performed an eccentric downhill run for 1 h at -4% gradient to induce muscle damage. An endurance capacity test at 75% VO2max was conducted 18 h later. The control trial was similar except that participants were immersed at 34°C. Blood samples were collected to assess HSPs levels, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Plasma eHSP70 was higher post-immersion in HWI trials (1.3 ± 0.4 vs 1.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.005). Plasma eHSP27 was higher before (p = 0.049) and after (p = 0.015) endurance test in HWI. Leukocytic p-HSP27 was increased 18 h after HWI (0.97 ± 0.14 vs 0.67 ± 0.11; p = 0.04). Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased by 3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, after endurance test in HWI but did not differ across trials (p > 0.05). Mean heart rates were higher during eccentric run and endurance test in HWI as compared to control (p < 0.05). Endurance capacity was similar between trials (57.3 ± 11.5 min vs 55.0 ± 13.5 min; p = 0.564). Pre-exercise heating increased the expression of plasma eHSPs and leukocytic p-HSP27 but did not reduce muscle damage nor enhance endurance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren Tan
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan C. C. Low
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, Singapore
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Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Pérez-Quintero M, Robles-Gil MC, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. 3-Week passive acclimation to extreme environmental heat (100± 3 °C) in dry sauna increases physical and physiological performance among young semi-professional football players. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103048. [PMID: 34503795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript aims to evaluate the influence of a novel passive heat acclimation program among human participants in the physical performance, as well as in several physiological parameters. 36 male football players were acclimated using a dry sauna bath to extreme hot (100 ± 3 °C), performing a total of nine sauna sessions with a weekly frequency of three sessions. The players were randomly into the sauna group (SG; n = 18; age: 20.69 ± 2.09 years) and the control group (CG; n = 18; age: 20.23 ± 1.98 years). All participants performed maximal effort test until exhaustion as well as hamstring flexibility test before and after the acclimation program. Anthropometric, respiratory, circulatory, hematological and physiological variables were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the survey. Statistical analysis consisted of a Mann-Whitney U test to determine differences between groups at the beginning and at the end of the survey and a Wilcoxon test for paired samples to compare the differences for each group separately. Additionally, size effects of the pre-post acclimation changes were calculated. After the acclimation program SG participants experienced a diminution in body weight (p < 0.01), body mass index (p < 0.01), body fat (p < 0.05) and fat percentage (p < 0.05) decreased. Hamstring flexibility (p < 0.05) and work capacity (p < 0.05) increased. External basal temperature decreased (p < 0.05) as well as post-exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.05). Finally, maximal oxygen uptake (ml Kg-1 min-1) (p < 0.05), maximal minute ventilation (p < 0.05) and maximal breath frequency (p < 0.05) increased at the end of the intervention. There were no significant changes in the CG in any variable. Favorable adaptations have been observed in this survey, suggesting a beneficial effect of extreme heat acclimation on physical performance. Several of the observed responses seem interesting for sport performance and health promotion as well. However, this is a novel, extreme protocol which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J Siquier-Coll
- Movement, Brain and Health Research Group (MOBhE), Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Comillas Pontifical University), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M C Robles-Gil
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Faculty of Language and Education, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248, Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Wang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Yan F, Han L, Ma Y. Heat and cold therapy reduce pain in patients with delayed onset muscle soreness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:177-187. [PMID: 33493991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of heat and cold therapy on the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). METHODS We followed our protocol that was registered in PROSPERO with ID CRD42020170632. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted. Nine databases were searched up to December 2020. Data was extracted from the retained studies and underwent methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 32 RCTs involving 1098 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that, the application of cold therapy within 1 h after exercise could reduce the pain of DOMS patients within 24 h (≤24 h) after exercise (SMD -0.57,95%CI -0.89 to -0.25, P = 0.0005) and had no obvious effect within more than 24 h (>24 h) (P = 0.05). In cold therapies, cold water immersion (SMD -0.48, 95%CI -0.84 to -0.13, P = 0.008) and other cold therapies (SMD -0.68, 95%CI -1.28 to -0.08, P = 0.03) had the significant effects within 24 h. Heat treatment could reduce the pain of patients. It had obvious effects on the pain within 24 h (SMD -1.17, 95%CI -2.62 to -0.09, P = 0.03) and over 24 h (SMD -0.82, 95%CI -1.38 to -0.26, P = 0.004). Hot pack effect was the most obvious, which reduced the pain within 24 h (SMD -2.31, 95%CI -4.33 to -0.29, P = 0.03) and over 24 h (SMD -1.78, 95%CI -2.97 to -0.59, P = 0.003). Other thermal therapies were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both cold and heat showed effect in reducing pain of patients, however there was no significant difference between cold and heat group (P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS The current evidence indicated that the application of cold and heat therapy within 1 h after exercise could effectively reduce the pain degree of DOMS patients for 24 h cold water immersion and hot pack therapy, which had the best effect, could promote the recovery of DOMS patients. But more high-quality studies are needed to confirm whether cold or heat therapy work better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutan Wang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sijun Li
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fanghong Yan
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lin Han
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Nursing, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Moore J, Kressler J, Buono MJ. Hand heating lowers postprandial blood glucose concentrations: A double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial. Complement Ther Med 2020; 49:102280. [PMID: 32147036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examine effect of single hand heating with and without negative pressure on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG). DESIGN Double-blind randomized controlled trial with crossover design. SUBJECTS FBG experiment: 17 healthy subjects (4 males). PBG experiment: 13 healthy subjects (1 males). INTERVENTIONS Devices included one providing heat only, one heat and negative pressure, and one acting as a sham. For the FBG experiment the devices were used for 30 min. For the PBG experiment the devices were used for one hour during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). OUTCOME MEASURES Blood glucose measurements were used to determine change in FBG, peak PBG, area under the curve (AUC), and incremental AUC (iAUC). RESULTS Temperature: Change in tympanic temperature was ≤ 0.15 °C for all trials. FBG: There was no effect on FBG. PBG: Compared to the sham device the heat plus vacuum and heat only device lowered peak blood glucose by 16(31)mg/dL, p = 0.092 and 18(28)mg/dL, p = 0.039, respectively. AUC and iAUC: Compared to the sham device, the heat plus vacuum device and heat only device lowered the AUC by 5.1(15.0)%, p = 0.234 and 7.9(11.1)%, p = 0.024 respectively and iAUC by 17.2(43.4)%, p = 0.178 and 20.5(34.5)%, p = 0.054, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Heating a single hand lowers postprandial blood glucose in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Moore
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, United States.
| | - Jochen Kressler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, United States.
| | - Michael J Buono
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, United States; Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, United States.
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Fleckenstein J, Banzer W. A review of hands-on based conservative treatments on pain in recreational and elite athletes. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Correlations between Repeated Use of Dry Sauna for 4 x 10 Minutes, Physiological Parameters, Anthropometric Features, and Body Composition in Young Sedentary and Overweight Men: Health Implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7535140. [PMID: 30800676 PMCID: PMC6360547 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7535140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background The effect of thermal stress on the physiological parameters of young overweight and sedentary men who sporadically use the sauna remains insufficiently investigated. Aim The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sauna bathing on the physiological parameters of young overweight, physically inactive men and to test the correlations between physiological parameters versus anthropometric features and body composition parameters. Materials and Methods Forty-five overweight and sedentary men aged 20.76±2.4 y were exposed to four sauna sessions of 10 minutes each (temperature: 90-91°C; relative humidity: 14-16 %) with four 5-minute cool-down breaks. Body composition was determined before sauna, and body mass and blood pressure were measured before and after sauna. Physiological parameters were monitored during four 10-minute sauna sessions. Results A significant (p<0.0001) increase in all analyzed physiological parameters was observed during four successive 10-minute sauna sessions. Heart rate, energy expenditure, blood pressure, and body mass loss were most strongly correlated with anthropometric parameters (body mass, body mass index, and body surface area) and body composition parameters (percent body fat, body fat mass, and visceral fat level). The 60-minute treatment resulted in a significant reduction in body mass (0.65 kg). Conclusions Repeated use of Finnish sauna induces significant changes in the physiological parameters of young sedentary overweight men, and these changes are intensified during successive treatments. Deleterious cardiovascular adaptations were most prevalent in men characterized by the highest degree of obesity and the largest body size.
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McGorm H, Roberts LA, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Turning Up the Heat: An Evaluation of the Evidence for Heating to Promote Exercise Recovery, Muscle Rehabilitation and Adaptation. Sports Med 2018; 48:1311-1328. [PMID: 29470824 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically, heat has been used in various clinical and sports rehabilitation settings to treat soft tissue injuries. More recently, interest has emerged in using heat to pre-condition muscle against injury. The aim of this narrative review was to collate information on different types of heat therapy, explain the physiological rationale for heat therapy, and to summarise and evaluate the effects of heat therapy before, during and after muscle injury, immobilisation and strength training. Studies on skeletal muscle cells demonstrate that heat attenuates cellular damage and protein degradation (following in vitro challenges/insults to the cells). Heat also increases the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and upregulates the expression of genes involved in muscle growth and differentiation. In rats, applying heat before and after muscle injury or immobilisation typically reduces cellular damage and muscle atrophy, and promotes more rapid muscle growth/regeneration. In humans, some research has demonstrated benefits of microwave diathermy (and, to a lesser extent, hot water immersion) before exercise for restricting muscle soreness and restoring muscle function after exercise. By contrast, the benefits of applying heat to muscle after exercise are more variable. Animal studies reveal that applying heat during limb immobilisation attenuates muscle atrophy and oxidative stress. Heating muscle may also enhance the benefits of strength training for improving muscle mass in humans. Further research is needed to identify the most effective forms of heat therapy and to investigate the benefits of heat therapy for restricting muscle wasting in the elderly and those individuals recovering from serious injury or illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish McGorm
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, The Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Association of High Cardiovascular Fitness and the Rate of Adaptation to Heat Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1685368. [PMID: 29682518 PMCID: PMC5850892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1685368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare changes in genes expression associated with inflammation and apoptosis in response to heat stress caused by sauna between people with varying cardiorespiratory fitness levels. We hypothesis that high cardiorespiratory level caused higher positive changes after four weeks of sauna bathing. Blood samples were taken at rest before and after the first and last sauna sessions and 48 hours after the last sauna session and used to assay HSP70 (HSPA1A), HSP27 (HSPB1), interleukin 6 (IL6), and interleukin 10 (IL10) genes expression in blood with quantitative real-time qRT-PCR. Overall, small decreases in rest values of HSPA1A and IL6 mRNA, increase in HSPB1 mRNA, and a significant increase in IL10 mRNA were observed after four weeks of exposure to heat stress. Our findings suggest that an adaptive response to heat stress (an anti-inflammatory response) occurs faster in people with higher cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Heat adaptation from regular hot water immersion decreases proinflammatory responses, HSP70 expression, and physical heat stress. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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