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Calise SJ, Chan EKL. Anti-rods/rings autoantibody and IMPDH filaments: an update after fifteen years of discovery. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102643. [PMID: 32805424 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to unknown subcellular rod and ring-shaped structures were first discovered in sera from hepatitis C patients in 2005. Early studies showed a strong association between these anti-rods/rings antibodies (anti-RR) and the standard of care interferon-α plus ribavirin combination therapy (IFN/RBV), suggesting that anti-RR are drug-induced autoantibodies. In the context of hepatitis C, anti-RR have been linked with relapse from or lack of response to IFN/RBV in some patient cohorts. However, examples of anti-RR in other diseases and healthy individuals have also been reported over the years, although anti-RR remains a rare autoantibody response in general. The advent of new direct-acting antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis C and studies of anti-RR from different parts of the world are also beginning to change the perception of anti-RR. The nucleotide biosynthetic enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) has been identified as the major autoantigen recognized by anti-RR. Coincidentally, the assembly of IMPDH into micron-scale rod and ring-shaped structures was discovered around the same time as anti-RR. Knowledge of the fundamental biological properties and cellular functions of these structures, referred to as "IMPDH filaments" by cell biologists, has advanced in parallel to anti-RR antibodies. Recent studies have revealed that IMPDH filament assembly is a mechanism to prevent feedback inhibition of IMPDH and is therefore important for the increased nucleotide production required in hyperproliferating cells, like activated T cells. Fifteen years later, we review the history and current knowledge in both the anti-RR autoantibody and IMPDH filament fields. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE: Anti-rods/rings are recognized as an example of a drug-induced autoantibody in hepatitis C patients treated with interferon and ribavirin, although new studies suggest anti-rods/rings may be detected in other contexts and may depend on unknown environmental or genetic factors in different populations. Recent data suggest that the assembly of IMPDH into rod and ring structures, the targets of anti-rods/rings autoantibody, is a mechanism for hyperproliferating cells, like activated T cells, to maintain increased guanine nucleotide levels to support rapid cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- S John Calise
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
| | - Edward K L Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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Dehghani-Dehej F, Hosseini Z, Mortazkar P, Khanaliha K, Esghaei M, Fakhim A, Bokharaei-Salim F. Prevalence of HCV and/or HBV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected patients. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7273902 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim: HIV-infected patients risk coinfection with HBV and HCV. This study aimed to investigate molecular epidemiology of HBV and HCV coinfection in Iranian HIV-infected individuals. Materials & methods: In this cross-sectional study, serological markers of HBV and HCV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B e-antigen [HBeAg], hepatitis B e-antibody [HBeAb] and hepatitis B core antibody [HBcAb]) and anti-HCV antibodies [anti-HCV Abs] were tested in 198 Iranian HIV-infected patients. From plasma, HBV viral load was determined using COBAS TaqMan 48, and HCV-RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-nested PCR. Results: 85 out of 198 (42.9%) patients were anti-HCV Ab positive and 42/198 (21.2%) had detectable HCV-RNA. Eight (4.0%) had traceable HBV-DNA. All these patients were infected by HBV genotype D. 55 (27.8%) were HBcAb positive. Nine (4.4%) were HBsAg and anti-HCV Ab positive. Conclusion: None were HIV-RNA/HCV-RNA/HBV-DNA positive, 21.2% were HIV-RNA/HCV-RNA positive and 4.0% were HIV-RNA/HBV-DNA positive. Therefore, studies on diagnosing these infections in HIV-infected individuals may be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Dehghani-Dehej
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Master of Science of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zinat Hosseini
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- General Medical Student, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poupak Mortazkar
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD Student of Virology, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Assistant Professor of Parasitology, Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Associate Professor of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Fakhim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
- Student of Architectural Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Assistant Professor of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Feldrihan V, Benea A, Junie ML. Long-term antiviral hepatitis C treatment associated with Rods and Ring Cytoplasmic antibodies. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:87-90. [PMID: 30957093 PMCID: PMC6448485 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Clinical description of a patient diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, which associated a rare anti-cytoplasmic pattern, known as “Rods and Ring”. Method Clinical case report. Results A 76-year old female patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection under treatment for several months with pegylated Interferon-Ribavirin (started eight months ago) presented for clinical and biological evaluation of the therapeutic response. Conclusion This is the first reported clinical case of a patient with cytoplasmic filamentous rods and rings autoantibodies associated with chronic hepatis C from the Clinical Hospital IRGH Prof. Dr. O. Fodor Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The presence of these antibodies appears to be triggered by antiviral therapy. Although these are newly identified antibodies, they could be used as serological markers for detecting patients at risk of developing associated autoimmune pathologies or nonresponders to the antiviral therapy. Likewise, their detection could identify patients with occult hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Feldrihan
- Functional Biosciences, Immunology and Allergy Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Benea
- Immunology Laboratory of Prof. Dr. O. Fodor Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Lia Junie
- Molecular Sciences, Microbiology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kahyesh-Esfandiary R, Sadigh ZA, Esghaei M, Bastani MN, Donyavi T, Najafi A, Fakhim A, Bokharaei-Salim F. Detection of HCV genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Iranian seropositive and HCV RNA negative in plasma of patients with beta-thalassemia major: Occult HCV infection. J Med Virol 2018; 91:107-114. [PMID: 30091793 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta (β) thalassemia major is a genetic blood disorder with a deficiency in the hemoglobin beta chain, requiring blood transfusion therapy. Multiple blood transfusions increase the risk of transmitting blood-borne infections. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Iranian individuals with β-thalassemia major. A total of 164 patients with β-thalassemia major were recruited for this study. HCV RNA testing was done on plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the HCV seropositive samples (with reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] method using primers from the 5'-untranslated region [UTR]), and all HCV RNA positive samples were genotyped by the restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. For confirmation of the HCV genotyping in PBMCs of occult HCV infection [OCI]-positive patients, the PCR products of two different regions of HCV (5'-UTR and nonstructural protein 5B [NS5B]) were sequenced. Of 164 patients, 29.3% were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, and HCV RNA was detected in the plasma specimens of 13.4% patients and in the PBMC samples of 15.2% participants. The genomic HCV-RNA was detected in PBMC samples in 3 (6.3%) of the total 48 individuals who were HCV seropositive, and plasma HCV-RNA negative (occult HCV infection). The subtypes of HCV in the plasma and PBMC samples of three participants were not identical. This study shows that among this group of Iranian patients with β-thalassemia major, 13.4% had active HCV infection and 6.3% had occult HCV infection as evidenced by HCV RNA detected in PBMC specimens. Therefore, the design of a prospective study that focuses on the diagnosis of OCI can be very valuable and provide more information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh-Azita Sadigh
- Human Viral Vaccine Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Navid Bastani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Donyavi
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Fakhim
- Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,HIV Laboratory of National Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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