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Mbangiwa T, Kasvosve I, Anderson M, Thami PK, Choga WT, Needleman A, Phinius BB, Moyo S, Leteane M, Leidner J, Blackard JT, Mayondi G, Kammerer B, Musonda RM, Essex M, Lockman S, Gaseitsiwe S. Chronic and Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Botswana. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050259. [PMID: 29772814 PMCID: PMC5977199 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global problem; however, the burden of HBV infection in pregnant women in Botswana is unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence of chronic and occult HBV infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and -uninfected pregnant women in Botswana. Samples from 752 pregnant women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HBsAg-positive samples were tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA load. Samples that were HBsAg negative were screened for occult HBV infection by determining the HBV DNA load. HBV genotypes were determined based on a 415-base-pair fragment of the surface gene. Among the 752 women tested during pregnancy or early postpartum, 16 (2.1%) (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0–2.2) were HBsAg-positive. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection was higher (3.1%) among HIV-infected (95% CI: 3.0–3.2) compared with HIV-uninfected women (1.1%) (95% CI: 1.07–1.1, p = 0.057). Among the 622 HBsAg-negative women, the prevalence of occult HBV infection was 6.6% (95% CI: 6.5–6.7). Three of thirteen HBsAg-positive participants were HBeAg-positive, and all were HIV-negative. Of the 11 maternal samples successfully genotyped, five (45.5%) were genotype D3, five (45.5%) were genotype A1, and one was genotype E (9%). Low and similar proportions of HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant women in Botswana had occult or chronic HBV infection. We identified a subset of HIV-negative pregnant women who had high HBV DNA levels and were HBeAg-positive, and thus likely to transmit HBV to their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Mbangiwa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Motswedi Anderson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Prisca K Thami
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Wonderful T Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | | | - Bonolo B Phinius
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Jean Leidner
- Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Jason T Blackard
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45627, USA.
| | - Gloria Mayondi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | - Betsy Kammerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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