Fructose Consumption is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Risk: A Case-Control Study from Iran

Risk Factors of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Iranian Adult Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is progressing considerably worldwide. Identifying the risk factors of NAFLD is a critical step in preventing its progression. Methods: In November 2022, two independent researchers studied seven databases, including PubMed, ISI/WoS, ProQuest, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, and reference list of relevant articles, searching studies that assessed NAFLD risk factors in the Iranian adult population. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by Cochran’s test and its composition using I2 statistics. A random-effects model was used when heterogeneity was observed; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was applied. Egger’s regression test and Trim-and-Fill analysis were used to assess publication bias. Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (version 3) was used for the analyses of the present study. Results: The results of this study showed significant associations between NAFLD with age [n = 15, odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.79 - 2.51], body mass index (n = 46, OR = 5.00, 95% CI: 3.34 - 7.49), waist circumference (n = 20, OR = 6.37, 95% CI: 3.25 - 12.48), waist-to-hip ratio (n = 17, OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 3.93 - 5.66), total cholesterol (n = 39, OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.52 - 2.13), high-density lipoprotein (n = 37, OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.44 - 0.65), low-density lipoprotein (n = 31, OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.38 - 2.05), triglyceride (n = 31, OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 2.67 - 3.87), alanine aminotransferase (n = 26, OR = 4.06, 95% CI: 2.94 - 5.62), aspartate aminotransferase (n = 27, OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.50 - 3.12), hypertension (n = 13, OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 2.32 - 2.77), systolic blood pressure (n = 13, OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.53 - 2.18), diastolic blood pressure (n = 14, OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.48 - 2.20), fasting blood sugar (n = 31,OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.11- 4.01), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (n = 5, OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.48 - 2.59), diabetes mellitus (n = 15, OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 2.46 - 3.75), metabolic syndrome (n = 10, OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 2.79 - 4.55), and physical activity (n = 11, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.24 - 0.43) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, several factors are significantly associated with NAFLD. However, anthropometric indices had the strongest relationship with NAFLD in the Iranian adult population.