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Panahi R, Osmani F, Javanmardi K, Ramezankhani A, Dehghankar L, Amini R, Haeri Mehrizi AA, Amjadian M, Anbari M, Hosseini N. The Relationship between Different Levels of Health Literacy and Smoking Prevention Among Medical Sciences Student. Int J Prev Med 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 34760135 PMCID: PMC8551777 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_460_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higher rates of Smoking among university students have been reported in various studies. On the other hand, health literacy (HL) can improve health behaviors. In fact, identifying factors affecting the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors such as HL can help prevent and reduce the prevalence of smoking among people. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between different levels of HL and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among university student in 2016. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Three hundred and forty-seven dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran were selected through single-stage cluster sampling for the study. Data were collected using a measure of HL (the HL inventory for adults-HELIA) and a designed questionnaire to assess the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version. 16 and descriptive statistical and Logistic regression test. Results The mean (SD) of the score for adoption of smoking preventive behaviors and HL were 45.91 (12.99) and 70.52 (14.12) out of 100, respectively. The results showed that the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors had significant relationship with variables such as HL, gender, father's education and not smoking (P < 0.05). Conclusions Less adoption of smoking preventive behaviors was seen in students with lower levels of HL, female students, students with illiterate fathers and smokers. Therefore, it seems essential to take these factors into consideration in designing preventive programs for smoking in target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Panahi
- Ph.D. in Health Education and Promotion, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Osmani
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Keyhan Javanmardi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Kordistan University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Ramezankhani
- Department of Health Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dehghankar
- Lecture of Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Roohola Amini
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Haeri Mehrizi
- Health Metrics Research Center, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohiadin Amjadian
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohamad Anbari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Hosseini
- Department of Health Education, School of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
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Jafari A, Rajabi A, Gholian-Aval M, Peyman N, Mahdizadeh M, Tehrani H. National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:5. [PMID: 33419408 PMCID: PMC7796590 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12199-020-00924-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolhalim Rajabi
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholian-Aval
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Peyman
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrsadat Mahdizadeh
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Tehrani
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Khodadost M, Maajani K, Noroozi A, Motevalian SA, Naserbakht M, Sarvi F, Seddigh R, Jamshidi L, Yavari S, Khoramdad M, Ghodusi E, Hajebi A. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among college students in Iran: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:165. [PMID: 33816364 PMCID: PMC8004567 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.34.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoking is known as a gateway drug for illicit drug use in youth. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the college students in Iran.
Methods: We searched electronic databases including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science, and national databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, Medlib, Irandoc, and IranPsych from 1946 to 21st July 2018 without any language restriction using a proper search strategy. We used a random effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking in college students in Iran. Chi-square test and I2 index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the studies. We used the meta-regression and subgroup analysis to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, TX) was used for all statistical analysis.
Results: We included 60 eligible articles in our study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime was 19% (95%CI: 17-22). The I2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 =98%, p<0.001). The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime in males and females was 28% (95% CI: 23-34) and 9% (95% CI: 6-13), respectively. In multivariable meta-regression, a significant association was shown between the year of study (β=-13.1, p=0.011) and sampling method (β=-12.8 p=0.017) and daily use in the last month.
Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students is an important health priority. Increasing preventive and health education programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Khodadost
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadije Maajani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Noroozi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroscience and Addiction Studies Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Motevalian
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sarvi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Roohollah Seddigh
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jamshidi
- Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Yavari
- Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Khoramdad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghodusi
- Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO), Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hajebi
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu Y, Fan H, Guo Z, Wei L. Factors Associated With Smoking Intentions Among Chinese College Students. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988318818285. [PMID: 30813857 PMCID: PMC6775548 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318818285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking intention is a strong predictor of future smoking behavior. The aim of this study is to identify the significant factors associated with smoking intention among Chinese college students. A total of 2,827 students in Eastern, Middle, and Western regions of China, randomly selected using a multistage sampling method, completed the self-administered questionnaires. The association of independent variables with smoking intention was evaluated using the logistic regression model. Overall, the proportion of college students with a strong smoking intention was 6.9%. Male students (odds ratio [OR] 2.205, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.374, 3.538]), those students whose mothers smoked (OR 3.328, 95% CI [1.527, 7.252]), those whose mothers had a higher educational level (OR 0.583, 95% CI [0.346, 0.984]), current smokers (OR 14.081, 95% CI [9.306, 21.307]), former smokers (OR 3.824, 95% CI [1.728, 8.463]), and those for whom most (OR 2.663, 95% CI [1.348, 5.261]) or a few (OR 1.826, 95% CI [1.045, 3.191]) of their closest friends were smokers had statistically significant associations with the smoking intentions of Chinese college students. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms and pathways across various factors, and these factors should be incorporated into future multilevel interventions designed to decrease smoking intention among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- 1 Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- 1 Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyou Guo
- 2 College of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Liangmin Wei
- 1 Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Shalaby SF, Soliman MA. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical students regarding smoking and substance abuse, Cairo University, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2019; 94:11. [PMID: 32813081 PMCID: PMC7364688 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-019-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Involving medical personnel in all aspects of smoking control in the community is indispensable. In a trial to enhance the participation of healthcare professionals in smoking cessation activities, this study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, behavior, and attitude of medical school students regarding smoking and substance abuse. Perception of their future role “as physicians” in combating smoking and substance abuse was also explored. Subjects and methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire based on standardized questionnaires prepared by the World Health Organization covering sections about knowledge, beliefs, and practices of the students regarding smoking and substance abuse was submitted to 296 students enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of Cairo University, during the academic year 2014–2015. Results Most of the participants had correct knowledge about health hazards of smoking, where 83.4–93.6% correctly selected the answers, but still stated that they are in need for courses about this issue. Positive attitudes were also expressed towards smoking legislations and tobacco control policies. Cigarette and shisha smoking, bango, and addictive medications abuse were low among the studied group (13.5, 15.2, 2, 3–6.4%, respectively). Conclusion and recommendations The prevalence of smoking and substance abuse was relatively low among Cairo University medical students who had generally correct knowledge about the hazards of these practices and positive attitude towards their future role in helping their patients to quit. It may be appropriate to train students about stress management skills through organizing regular “stress coping strategies” sessions to assist them to cope with various stressors and consider implementing counseling programs to support students, especially medical students and the future doctors, who have a leading role in combating smoking and substance abuse in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Farouk Shalaby
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 131 Eltiar Fekri Street, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mona Adel Soliman
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 8th District, Madinet Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
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Nasser AMA, Salah BAM, Regassa LT, Alhakimy AAS, Zhang X. Smoking prevalence, attitudes and associated factors among students in health-related Departments of Community College in rural Yemen. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:31. [PMID: 31516430 PMCID: PMC6659497 DOI: 10.18332/tid/92547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking is a global concern and tobacco use is rising among the youth in Arab countries, such as Yemen, especially among university students. This study aims to examine the prevalence, attitudes and associated factors of smoking among college students in the rural area of Hajja, Yemen. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a community college in the Hajja province between August and December 2016. The data were collected from three health related departments (Nursing, Laboratory, and Assistant doctor). A questionnaire based on the Global Health Professional Survey and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey was answered by 380 randomly selected students. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated that sex (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8, p<0.05), family income (OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.2–3.3, p<0.05), and residence (OR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5, p<0.001), were statistically significant predictors of smoking. Smoking for peer pressure, recreation and proving manhood were all found to be highly significant (p<0.001). The results also revealed that smokers had more negative attitudes towards allowing children to smoke in the future and allowing smoking in the household (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to similar studies on the general population, the prevalence of smoking among college students in the rural area was lower. An indication of a growth in tobacco use can be concluded, accordingly, the need for anti-smoking programmes to prevent students from initiating smoking is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bassam A M Salah
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Luba T Regassa
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical Collage, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xinping Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical Collage, Wuhan, China
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Hossain S, Hossain S, Ahmed F, Islam R, Sikder T, Rahman A. Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking and Factors Associated with the Initiation of Smoking among University Students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2017; 6:244. [PMID: 29138736 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2017.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introuduction Tobacco smoking is considered to be the key preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality at the global level. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking and factors associated with the initiation of smoking among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with 264 students of Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2015. A standard, self-administered questionnaire consisting of questions on socio-demographic variables, tobacco smoking status, family and peer tobacco smoking history, attitudes and beliefs about tobacco smoking, as well as knowledge about the negative health consequences of tobacco smoking was administered to participants. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models, chi square, and Fisher exact tests. Results The overall prevalence of tobacco smoking was 60.2%, where males smoked at higher rates than females (68.81% and 19.56%, respectively). The influence of friends was the most significant reason for initiating tobacco smoking (OR: 0.862; CI: 0.810-0.917). Perception regarding tobacco smoking was significantly related to continuing tobacco use. Logistic regression models identified that smoking-related attitudes, potential health problems, and family members dying from cardiovascular disease and cancer were significantly associated with tobacco smoking. Conclusion The current tobacco smoking prevalence among university students in Bangladesh is over 60%. We suggest adopting WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) policies, especially for university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahadat Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shakhaoat Hossain
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rabiul Islam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Fathimoghadam F, Eftekharzadeh-Mashhadi I, Pourafzali SJ. Epidemiology of Tobacco and Substance Abuse Among University Students in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran, in 2008. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/rijm27085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ansarin K, Attaran D, Jamaati H, Masjedi MR, Abtahi H, Alavi A, Aliyali M, Asnaashari AMH, Farid-Hosseini R, Ghayumi SMA, Ghobadi H, Ghotb A, Halvani A, Nemati A, Rahimi Rad MH, Rahimian M, Sami R, Sohrabpour H, Tavana S, Torabi-Nami M, Vahedi P. Approach to Patients with Severe Asthma: a Consensus Statement from the Respiratory Care Experts' Input Forum (RC-EIF), Iran. TANAFFOS 2015; 14:73-94. [PMID: 26528362 PMCID: PMC4629434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Challenges in the assessment, diagnosis and management of severe, difficult-to-control asthma are increasingly regarded as clinical needs yet unmet. The assessments required to determine asthma severity, comorbidities and confounding factors, disease phenotypes and optimal treatment are among the controversial issues in the field. The respiratory care experts' input forum (RC-EIF), comprised of an Iranian panel of experts, reviewed the definition, appraised the available guidelines and provided a consensus for evaluation and treatment of severe asthma in adults. A systematic literature review followed by discussions during and after the forum, yielded the present consensus. The expert panel used the appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation-II (AGREE-II) protocol to define an initial locally-adapted strategy for the management of severe asthma. Severe asthma is considered a heterogeneous condition with various phenotypes. Issues such as assessment of difficult-to-control asthma, phenotyping, the use of blood and sputum eosinophil count, exhaled nitric oxide to guide therapy, the position of anti-IgE antibody, methotrexate, macrolide antibiotics, antifungal agents and bronchial thermoplasty as well as the use of established, recently-developed and evolving treatment approaches were discussed and unanimously agreed upon in the panel. A systematic approach is required to ensure proper diagnosis, evaluate compliance, and to identify comorbidities and triggering factors in severe asthma. Phenotyping helps select optimized treatment. The treatment approach laid down by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) needs to be followed, while the benefit of using biological therapies should be weighed against the cost and safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Attaran
- Lung Disease Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Abtahi
- Advanced Thoracic Research Center, Pulmonary and Critical Care Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Alavi
- Department of Pulmonology, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Aliyali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Reza Farid-Hosseini
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Ghayumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghobadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Division, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Atabak Ghotb
- Behphar Scientific Committee, Behphar Group, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Nemati
- Department of Pulmonology, Artesh University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Rahimian
- Department of Internal medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ramin Sami
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hamid Sohrabpour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Tavana
- Clinical Research & Development Center, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Torabi-Nami
- Behphar Scientific Committee, Behphar Group, Tehran, Iran,Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence to: Torabi-Nami M, Address: Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Email address:
| | - Parviz Vahedi
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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