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Li T, Lei Z, Wei L, Yang K, Shen J, Hu L. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6 and Human Cancer: A Systematic Review of Mechanistic Insights, Functional Roles, and Therapeutic Potential. J Cancer 2024; 15:560-576. [PMID: 38169510 PMCID: PMC10758021 DOI: 10.7150/jca.90059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer imposes a substantial burden and its incidence is persistently increasing in recent years. Cancer treatment has been difficult due to its inherently complex nature. The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes a complex interplay of cellular and noncellular constituents surrounding neoplastic cells, intricately contributing to the tumor initiation and progression. This critical aspect of tumors involves a complex interplay among cancer, stromal, and inflammatory cells, forming an inflammatory TME that promotes tumorigenesis across all stages. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is implicated in modulating various critical processes linked to tumor pathogenesis, including but not limited to the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and survival. Furthermore, TRAF6 prominently contributes to various immune and inflammatory pathways. The TRAF6-mediated activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in immune cells governs the production of proinflammatory cytokines. These cytokines sustain inflammation and stimulate tumor growth by activating NF-κB in tumor cells. In this review, we discuss various types of tumors, including gastrointestinal cancers, urogenital cancers, breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, uterine fibroids, and glioma. Employing a rigorous and systematic approach, we comprehensively evaluate the functional repertoire and potential roles of TRAF6 in various cancer types, thus highlighting TRAF6 as a compelling and emerging therapeutic target worthy of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhe Lei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jinhong Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Otolaryngology Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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Yang W, Cui X, Sun D, Sun G, Yan Z, Wei M, Wang Z, Yu W. POU5F1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by reducing the ubiquitination level of TRAF6. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:802. [PMID: 38062041 PMCID: PMC10703809 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
POU5F1 plays an important role in maintaining the cancer stem cell (CSC) -like properties of gastric cancer (GC) cells. The impact of POU5F1 on the proliferation and metastasis of GC was examined, along with the potential of ATRA as a specific therapeutic agent for GC. The dysregulation of POU5F1 expression in GC tissues was analyzed using public databases and bioinformatics techniques, and the disparity in POU5F1 expression between normal gastric tissues and GC tissues was further assessed through western blot, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of POU5F1 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Additionally, the effects of ATRA on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells were examined using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our findings revealed a significant upregulation of POU5F1 in GC tissues, which was found to be associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with GC. Moreover, POU5F1 was observed to enhance the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro, as well as promote subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis of GC cells in vivo. The overexpression of POU5F1 mechanistically triggers the process of Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by down-regulating E-Cadherin and up-regulating N-Cadherin and VIM. POU5F1 hinders the ubiquitination of TRAF6 through negative regulation of TRIM59, thereby facilitating the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the administration of ATRA effectively impedes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells by suppressing the expression of POU5F1. The upregulation of POU5F1 elicits EMT, fosters the initiation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in GC cells, and stimulates the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of GC cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can impede these POU5F1-induced effects, thereby potentially serving as an adjunctive therapeutic approach for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Danping Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guorui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhibo Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoyang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Bai Y, Tang Y, Zhu Y, Yuan F, Xu H, Yao W. Associations of Gastrointestinal Tract Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6 Expression with Clinical Features and Prognosis of Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 34:593-602. [PMID: 37162503 PMCID: PMC10441091 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have been conducted to explore the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 in eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients. Therefore, the expression profile of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 in the gastrointestinal tract of eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients and its associations with clinical features were explored in this study. METHODS Thirty-four eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients who presented in Ruijin Hospital from December 2012 to May 2019 and had accepted gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations were recruited. Medical records and endoscopic biopsies were collected, and the prognosis was followed up by telephone. Healthy persons were selected as the control group. Hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining were performed in both eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients and healthy persons. The final results were analyzed by skilled pathologists, and mean optical density values of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 were calculated by Image J software. Final results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software 22.0. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (mean age: 25.56 ± 21.14 years, 61.76% males) were recruited for this study. There was no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 mean optical density values of gastric tissues in eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients and healthy people (0.22 ± 0.16 vs. 0.14 ± 0.05, P > .05). Eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients had a significantly lower level of intestinal tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 mean optical density values than that of healthy people (0.16 ± 0.05 vs. 0.23 ± 0.06, P < .05). Intestinal tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 mean optical density values negatively linearly correlated with serum interleukin-10 level (r = -0.618, P = .043 < .05). There were no differences between eosinophilic gastroenteritis patients with or without relapse regarding the expression level of intestinal tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (P = .227 > .05). CONCLUSION Patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis might have a deficiency of intestinal tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
| | - Haimin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyan Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Shanghai, China
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Sampson C, Wang Q, Otkur W, Zhao H, Lu Y, Liu X, Piao H. The roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer progression and targeted therapy. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1204. [PMID: 36881608 PMCID: PMC9991012 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications which plays a significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination process, ubiquitin is conjugated to target protein substrates for degradation, translocation or activation, dysregulation of which is linked to several diseases including various types of cancers. E3 ubiquitin ligases are regarded as the most influential ubiquitin enzyme owing to their ability to select, bind and recruit target substrates for ubiquitination. In particular, E3 ligases are pivotal in the cancer hallmarks pathways where they serve as tumour promoters or suppressors. The specificity of E3 ligases coupled with their implication in cancer hallmarks engendered the development of compounds that specifically target E3 ligases for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the role of E3 ligases in cancer hallmarks such as sustained proliferation via cell cycle progression, immune evasion and tumour promoting inflammation, and in the evasion of apoptosis. In addition, we summarise the application and the role of small compounds that target E3 ligases for cancer treatment along with the significance of targeting E3 ligases as potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzo Sampson
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiuping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Wuxiyar Otkur
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of OrthopedicsDalian Second People's HospitalDalianChina
| | - Yun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- Department of StomatologyDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hai‐long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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MCPIP1 Suppresses the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Through Negative Regulation of K63-Linked Ubiquitylation of TRAF6 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:96-107. [PMID: 36076064 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway is an important precipitating factor for the inception and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common tumors worldwide. As a pro-apoptotic transcription factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) has been closely associated with many tumor types. In the present study, the expression of MCPIP1 was firstly discovered reduced in CRC tissues and correlated with poor patient prognosis. The decreased expression was caused by promoter hypermethylation. Overexpressed MCPIP1 was found to inhibit the proliferative and migratory abilities of CRC cells, whereas knockdown of MCPIP1 produced the opposite result. The subsequent investigation demonstrated that MCPIP1 exerted its "anti-cancer" effect by suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway through negative regulation of K63-linked ubiquitylation of TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Therefore, our results indicate a prognostic marker for CRC and a theoretical basis for MCPIP1 as a treatment.
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Shi L, Su Y, Zheng Z, Qi J, Wang W, Wang C. miR‑146b‑5p promotes colorectal cancer progression by targeting TRAF6. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:231. [PMID: 35222708 PMCID: PMC8815033 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the multiple roles of microRNAs (miRs) in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the molecular mechanism, particularly the target of miR-146b-5p in CRC has not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of miR-146b-5p via regulating tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in CRC. The expression levels of miR-146b-5p and TRAF6 in CRC tissue and cells were determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting. Binding between miR-146b-5p and TRAF6 was examined using a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The impact of miR-146b-5p and TRAF6 on proliferation and migration of CRC cells was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays, respectively. An animal model of CRC was established to determine the carcinogenic effect of the miR-146b-5p-TRAF6 axis. The results demonstrated that miR-146b-5p was highly expressed in CRC tissue samples compared with in normal adjacent tissue samples and in CRC cells compared with in the normal NCM460 cell line, whereas TRAF6 was expressed at low levels. Overexpression of miR-146b-5p decreased TRAF6 expression in CRC HT29 and SW620 cells. miR-146b-5p targeted and inhibited TRAF6 expression in CRC cells. Furthermore, transfection with a miR-146b-5p mimic promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells and tumor growth; however, these effects were abolished by TRAF6 overexpression. Transfection with a miR-146b-5p inhibitor suppressed the proliferation of CRC cells. Taken together, the results from the present study demonstrated that miR-146b-5p could enhance the initiation and tumorigenesis of CRC by targeting TRAF6. These results will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying CRC development and will facilitate the development of targeted therapy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpan Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Qi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Song G, Zhang Y, Tian J, Ma J, Yin K, Xu H, Wang S. TRAF6 Regulates the Immunosuppressive Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor-Bearing Host. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649020. [PMID: 33717204 PMCID: PMC7946975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature heterogeneous cells derived from the bone marrow and they are the major component of the tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, catalyzes the polyubiquitination of target proteins. TRAF6 plays a critical role in modulating the immune system. However, whether TRAF6 is involved in the regulation of MDSCs has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we found that the expression of TRAF6 in MDSCs derived from tumor tissue was significantly upregulated compared with that of MDSCs from spleen of tumor-bearing mice. Knockdown of TRAF6 remarkably attenuated the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs. Mechanistically, TRAF6 might improve the immunosuppression of MDSCs by mediating K63-linked polyubiquitination and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Additionally, it was discovered that the accumulation of MDSCs was abnormal in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. TRAF6 and arginase 1 were highly expressed in MDSCs of patients with lung cancer. Taken together, our study demonstrated that TRAF6 participates in promoting the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs and provided a potential target for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
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Zhu G, Cheng Z, Huang Y, Zheng W, Yang S, Lin C, Ye J. TRAF6 promotes the progression and growth of colorectal cancer through nuclear shuttle regulation NF-kB/c-jun signaling pathway. Life Sci 2019; 235:116831. [PMID: 31487530 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TRAF6 is an intracellular signal adapter molecule plays a significant role in tumor development. However, the specific mechanism causes and promotes of colorectal cancer keep largely unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the roles and the molecular mechanisms of TRAF6 in regulation colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS The immunohistochemistry analyzed the expression of TRAF6 in colorectal cancer samples and analyzed the effects of expression of TRAF6 on the prognosis in colorectal cancer. The roles of TRAF6 in regulating colorectal cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, cell wound healing and cell invasion were evaluated in vitro. Animal studies were performed to investigate the effects of TRAF6 on tumor growth. mRNA abundance of key genes was analyzed via qPCR. Protein level of TRAF6 and NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways was examined by Western blot. Luciferase reporter and Immunofluorescence assays were used to identify the activities NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathways. KEY FINDINGS TRAF6 high expression in colorectal cancer tissues. And colorectal cancer patients with high expression of TRAF6 had a poor survival rate. TRAF6 knockdown can inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo experiments. TRAF6 activates the TRAF6-NF-κB/AP-1 signaling pathway by entering the nucleus, causing biobehavioral changes in colorectal cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE TRAF6 plays a vital role in the progression of colorectal cancer. What's more, research elucidating the biological mechanisms of TRAF6 can treated as potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Yongjian Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Shugang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Chunlin Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, China
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The Role of Ubiquitination in Regulating Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112667. [PMID: 31151253 PMCID: PMC6600158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates nearly every aspect of cellular events in eukaryotes. It modifies intracellular proteins with 76-amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin (Ub) and destines them for proteolysis or activity alteration. Ubiquitination is generally achieved by a tri-enzyme machinery involving ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases (E3). E1 activates Ub and transfers it to the active cysteine site of E2 via a transesterification reaction. E3 coordinates with E2 to mediate isopeptide bond formation between Ub and substrate protein. The E1-E2-E3 cascade can create diverse types of Ub modifications, hence effecting distinct outcomes on the substrate proteins. Dysregulation of ubiquitination results in severe consequences and human diseases. There include cancers, developmental defects and immune disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the ubiquitination machinery and discuss the recent progresses in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer biology.
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Wei C, Lei L, Hui H, Tao Z. MicroRNA-124 regulates TRAF6 expression and functions as an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:856-863. [PMID: 31289563 PMCID: PMC6540425 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have confirmed that miR-124 exhibits a suppressive role in glioblastoma, cervical cancer and breast cancer; however, the function of miR-124 in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, miR-124 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 80 colorectal tissues and para-cancerous tissues. The influence of altered miR-124 expression was analyzed by statistical approaches including Cox multivariate regression analysis and the Kaplan-Meier method, and the target genes of miR-124 were confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Immunohistochemical techniques were also performed in order to measure the expression levels of target proteins. miR-124 expression was observed to be decreased in colorectal tissue samples, and this phenomenon was correlated with adverse clinical indicators and poor patient survival time. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-124 directly regulated TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) 3′-untranslated region (UTR). Hence, it was proposed that miR-124 dysregulation may negatively influence the expression of TRAF6 and therefore serve as a biomarker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CRC tissues. In summary, the present study demonstrated that miR-124 regulates the expression of TRAF6, and may potentially function as an independent prognostic factor and therapeutic target in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Liu Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Huang Hui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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Oncogenic potential of truncated RXRα during colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis by promoting IL-6-STAT3 signaling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 30931933 PMCID: PMC6443775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) is a potent regulator of inflammatory responses; however, its therapeutic potential for inflammatory cancer remains to be explored. We previously discovered that RXRα is abnormally cleaved in tumor cells and tissues, producing a truncated RXRα (tRXRα). Here, we show that transgenic expression of tRXRα in mice accelerates the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). The tumorigenic effect of tRXRα is primarily dependent on its expression in myeloid cells, which results in interleukin-6 (IL-6) induction and STAT3 activation. Mechanistic studies reveal an extensive interaction between tRXRα and TRAF6 in the cytoplasm of macrophages, leading to TRAF6 ubiquitination and subsequent activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. K-80003, a tRXRα modulator derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac, suppresses the growth of tRXRα-mediated colorectal tumor by inhibiting the NF-κB-IL-6-STAT3 signaling cascade. These results provide new insight into tRXRα action and identify a promising tRXRα ligand for treating CAC.
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12
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Shi GH, Zhou L. Emodin suppresses angiogenesis and metastasis in anaplastic thyroid cancer by affecting TRAF6‑mediated pathways in vivo and in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5191-5197. [PMID: 30272291 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin has been recognized to be an anti‑cancer agent against a number of types of human cancer. It was demonstrated that TNF receptor‑associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was correlated with cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. The present study confirmed the association between TRAF6 and the angiogenesis/metastasis of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). The anti‑angiogenesis and metastatic effects of emodin, in addition to its molecular mechanisms in ATC, were investigated. A total of two ATC cell lines, namely 8505c and SW1736, were studied. ATC cells were implanted into nude mice to form xenografts or to establish lung metastasis models. Emodin was used to incubate ATC cells or to treat animals orally. An MTT assay was used to assess cell proliferation. A wound healing assay was employed to evaluate cell migration. ELISA analysis was used to detect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) content. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression levels. In the in vivo study, cancer angiogenesis was assessed by micro vascular density measurement. The lung metastatic rate was the criterion for cancer metastasis. The results of the present study demonstrated that the proliferation of ATC was inhibited by emodin. The activation of the TRAF6/hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‑1α/VEGF and TRAF6/basigin (CD147)/matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP9) pathways were associated with the angiogenesis and metastasis of ATC. In a concentration‑dependent manner, emodin inhibited the TRAF6/HIF‑1α/VEGF and TRAF6/CD147/MMP9 signaling pathways to suppress angiogenesis and metastasis. In conclusion, emodin exerted anti‑angiogenic and anti‑metastatic activities in ATC by affecting TRAF6‑mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Wu YH, Wu WS, Lin LC, Liu CS, Ho SY, Wang BJ, Huang BM, Yeh YL, Chiu HW, Yang WL, Wang YJ. Bortezomib enhances radiosensitivity in oral cancer through inducing autophagy-mediated TRAF6 oncoprotein degradation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:91. [PMID: 29703234 PMCID: PMC5921410 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant tumor that may occur anywhere within the oral cavity. The survival rate of OSCC patients has not improved over the past decades due to its heterogeneous etiology, genetic aberrations, and treatment outcomes. We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in OSCC cells treated with bortezomib (a proteasome inhibitor) combined with irradiation (IR) treatment. Methods The effects of combined treatment in OSCC cells were investigated using assays of cell viability, autophagy, apoptosis, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The ubiquitination of proteins was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Stable knockdown of TRAF6 in OSCC cells was constructed with lentivirus. The xenograft murine models were used to observe tumor growth. Results We found synergistic effects of bortezomib and IR on the viability of human oral cancer cells. The combination of bortezomib and IR treatment induced autophagic cell death. Furthermore, bortezomib inhibited IR-induced TRAF6 ubiquitination and inhibited TRAF6-mediated Akt activation. Bortezomib reduced TRAF6 protein expression through autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation. TRAF6 played an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis of human oral cancer cells and oral tumor growth was suppressed by bortezomib and IR treatment. In addition, OSCC patients with expression of TRAF6 showed a trend towards poorer cancer-specific survival when compared with patients without TRAF6 expression. Conclusions A combination of a proteasome inhibitor, IR treatment and TRAF6 inhibition could be a novel therapeutic strategy in OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0760-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Syuan Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Shin Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yow Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan.,Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bour-Jr Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lei Yang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Chen L, Li YC, Wu L, Yu GT, Zhang WF, Huang CF, Sun ZJ. TRAF6 regulates tumour metastasis through EMT and CSC phenotypes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1337-1349. [PMID: 29193723 PMCID: PMC5783876 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with metastasis formation, generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the regulatory mechanisms of CSCs have not been clarified. This study aims to investigate the role of TNF receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6) on EMT and CSC regulation in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). We found TRAF6 was overexpressed in human SCCHN tissues, and high TRAF6 expression was associated with lymphatic metastasis and resulted in poor prognosis in patients with SCCHN. In addition, elevated TRAF6 expression was observed in several HNSCC cell lines, and wound healing and transwell assay results showed that TRAF6 knockdown inhibited the migration and invasion ability of the SCCHN cells. Moreover, the expression of Vimentin, Slug and N‐cadherin was down‐regulated and that of E‐cadherin was elevated after TRAF6 knockdown but decreased by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and CAL27 similar to mesenchymal cells formed after TGF‐β1 induction. In addition, the expression levels of CD44, ALDH1, KLF4 and SOX2 were inhibited after TRAF6 knockdown, and the anchor‐dependent colony formation number and sphere number were remarkably reduced. Flow cytometry showed TRAF6 knockdown reduced ALDH1‐positive cancer stem cells. We also demonstrated that TRAF6 is closely associated with EMT process and cancer stem cells using a Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO mice SCCHN model and human SCCHN tissue microarray. Our findings indicate that TRAF6 plays a role in EMT phenotypes, the generation and maintenance of CSCs in SCCHN, suggesting that TRAF6 is a potential therapeutic target for SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Cun Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Fa Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) &, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Functional significance and therapeutic implication of ring-type E3 ligases in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2017; 37:148-159. [PMID: 28925398 PMCID: PMC5770599 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative studies revealed that E3 ubiquitin ligases have important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. The pathogenic mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression are complex and heterogeneous, involving somatic mutations, abnormal gene fusion, deletion or amplification and epigenetic alteration, which may cause aberrant expression or altered function of E3 ligases in CRC. Defects of E3 ligases have been reported to be involved in the molecular etiology and pathogenesis of CRC. The aberrant expressed E3 ligases can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on ubiquiting target substrates in CRC. Recently, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the potential roles of E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. There are mainly two subtypes of E3 ubiquitin ligases in humans, as defined by the presence of either a HECT domain or a RING finger domain on the basis of structural similitude. Most cancer-associated E3 ligases participate in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, gene transcription, cell signaling and DNA repair, the critical parts of CRC tumorigenesis. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of abnormally expressed E3 ligases and their related pivotal mechanistic effects in CRC. In particular, we have highlighted the function of RING-type E3 ubiquitin enzymes in modulating cancer signaling pathways, immunity and tumor microenvironment in CRC development and progression; their mechanism(s) of action in CRC involving both ubiquitylation-dependent and ubiquitylation-independent effects; and the potential of RING E3 ligases as molecular biomarkers for predicting patient prognosis and as therapeutic targets in CRC. A better understanding of E3 ligase-mediated substrates' ubiquitylation involved in the development of CRC will provide new insights into the pathophysiology mechanisms of CRC, and unravel novel prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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