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ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphisms in various diseases with special reference to its impact on COVID-19 disease. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104621. [PMID: 33278516 PMCID: PMC7709597 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background A carboxypeptidase protein called ACE2 is found in many organs. ACE2 protein can play a pivotal role to regulate the pathological changes of several diseases including COVID-19. TMPRSS2 gene is expressed in many human tissues and plays a critical role in spreading the infection of the viruses including coronavirus and progression of prostate cancer, and hence could be used as a potential drug target. There are limited reports on occurrence of genetic polymorphism of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in general population, expressions in pathological conditions, and its impact on COVID-19 disease. Hence we comprehended the occurrence of ACE2, TMPRSS2 polymorphism in general population, expression in various diseases and its impact on COVID-19 disease. Method We utilized multiple databases, PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Google Scholar for literature search. Description ACE2 polymorphisms have significant linkages with various diseases, including severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genetic variations of these genes contribute to individual's genetic susceptibility to viral infection and its subsequent clearance. The diversity and variations in the population distribution of these genes, might greatly influence and in turn reflect into the observed population and gender differences of the severity and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion There are diversities in distribution of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 polymorphisms among different populations. Analyzing the genetic variants and expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, in a population may provide the genetic marker for susceptibility or resistance against the coronavirus infection, which might be useful for identifying the susceptible population groups for targeted interventions and for making relevant public health policy decisions.
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PPARG Pro12Ala Polymorphism with CKD in Asians: A Meta-Analysis Combined with a Case-Control Study-A Key for Reaching Null Association. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060705. [PMID: 32604723 PMCID: PMC7349649 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND So far, numerous meta-analyses have been published regarding the correlation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) proline 12 alanine (Pro12Ala) gene polymorphism and chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the results appear to be contradictory. Hence, this study is formulated with the objective of using existing meta-analysis data together with our research population to study the correlation between PPARG Pro12Ala gene polymorphism and CKD and evaluate whether an accurate result can be obtained. METHODS First, literature related to CKD and PPARG Pro12Ala available on the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to December 2016 was gathered from 20 publications. Then, the gathered results were combined with our case-control study of 1693 enrolled subjects and a trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to verify existing evidence and determine whether a firm conclusion can be drawn. RESULTS The TSA results showed that the cumulative sample size for the Asian sample was 6078 and was sufficient to support a definite result. The results of this study confirmed that there is no obvious correlation between PPARG Pro12Ala and CKD for Asians (OR = 0.82 (95% CI = 0.66-1.02), I2 = 63.1%), but this was not confirmed for Caucasians. Furthermore, the case-control sample in our study was shown to be the key for reaching this conclusion. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis results of this study suggest no significant correlation between PPARG Pro12Ala gene polymorphism and CKD for Asians after adding our samples, but not for Caucasian.
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Ahmad N, Jamal R, Shah SA, Gafor AHA, Murad NAA. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Gene Polymorphisms and Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy in Asian Populations: An Updated Meta-analysis. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:263-276. [PMID: 29984662 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180709100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system candidate genes, namely Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Insertion/Deletion (I/D), Angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 (AGTR1) A1166C with Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) has been studied for decades. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to assess the updated pooled effects of these polymorphisms with DN among Asian populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The PubMed electronic database was searched without duration filter until August 2017 and the reference list of eligible studies was screened. The association of each polymorphism with DN was examined using odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval based on dominant, recessive and allele models. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on region, DN definition and DM duration. RESULTS In the main analysis, the ACE I/D (all models) and AGTR1 A1166C (dominant model) showed a significant association with DN. The main analysis of the AGT M235T polymorphism did not yield significant findings. There were significant subgroup differences and indication of significantly higher odds for DN in terms of DM duration (≥10 years) for ACE I/D (all models), AGT M235T (recessive and allele models) and AGTR1 A1166C (recessive model). Significant subgroup differences were also observed for DN definition (advanced DN group) and region (South Asia) for AGTR1 A1166C (recessive model). CONCLUSION In the Asian populations, ACE I/D and AGTR1 A1166C may contribute to DN susceptibility in patients with T2DM by different genetic models. However, the role of AGT M235T needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfazilah Ahmad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Azhar Shah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Paramasivam R, Reangasamy N, Arumugam D, Krishnan P. Association of ACE <i>DD</i> Genotype with Hypertension among the Tribal Populations of South India. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.56431/p-044q85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is an important regulator of the blood pressure (BP). The level of the vasoactive peptide Angiotensin-II, is mainly determined by the RAS enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1). Polymorphisms in ACE gene is reported to be associated with hypertension in various populations worldwide. We investigated the association of ACE I/D polymorphisms with hypertension among the tribal populations of South India. Samples were collected from hypertensive patients (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 37). Genotyping was performed using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with allele specific primers. The DD genotype is significantly observed among the cases (OR = 1.0). Specifically, the DD genotype is more evident among the females (OR = 0 .705) than males (OR = 1.22) and is analysed to be associated with hypertension among the tribal populations of South India.
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Paramasivam R, Rengasamy N, Arumugam D, Krishnan P. Association of ACE DD Genotype with Hypertension among the Tribal Populations of South India. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is an important regulator of the blood pressure (BP). The level of the vasoactive peptide Angiotensin-II, is mainly determined by the RAS enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1). Polymorphisms in ACE gene is reported to be associated with hypertension in various populations worldwide. We investigated the association of ACE I/D polymorphisms with hypertension among the tribal populations of South India. Samples were collected from hypertensive patients (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 37). Genotyping was performed using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with allele specific primers. The DD genotype is significantly observed among the cases (OR = 1.0). Specifically, the DD genotype is more evident among the females (OR = 0 .705) than males (OR = 1.22) and is analysed to be associated with hypertension among the tribal populations of South India.
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Yao XM, Ye SD, Xiao CC, Gu JF, Yang D, Wang S. Metformin alleviates high glucose-mediated oxidative stress in rat glomerular mesangial cells by modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:520-6. [PMID: 25760137 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of metformin in oxidative stress and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) cultured in a high glucose medium. Rat glomerular MCs (HBZY-1) were cultured in complete medium and divided into the following five groups: Normal control (NC), high glucose (HG), metformin-treated, SB203580-treated (SB) and N-acetylcysteine-treated (NAC). The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat glomerular MCs was measured using flow cytometry. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the supernatant was detected using colorimetric analysis and an ELISA, respectively. p22phox mRNA levels in rat glomerular MCs were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The levels of p22phox protein and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) protein in rat glomerular MCs were determined by western blot analysis. Compared with the NC group, the activity of SOD in the supernatant was significantly reduced, whereas the levels of MDA in the supernatant, intracellular p22phox mRNA and protein, p-p38MAPK protein in addition to ROS production in rat glomerular MCs were significantly increased in the HG group (P<0.05). When metformin was added to the high glucose medium, the activity of SOD in supernatant fluid was increased significantly, whereas a significant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in the levels of MDA in the supernatant, intracellular p22phox mRNA and protein, p-p38MAPK protein in addition to ROS production in rat glomerular MCs. These results were similar to those obtained when SB203580 or N-acetylcysteine was added to the high glucose medium (P<0.05). In conclusion, metformin was suggested to alleviate high glucose-induced oxidative stress and p-p38MAPK protein expression in rat glomerular MCs, which may contribute to its reno‑protective abilities in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Dong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Chun Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Fei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Li T, Shi Y, Yin J, Qin Q, Wei S, Nie S, Liu L. The association between lipid metabolism gene polymorphisms and nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 47:117-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Makhlough A, Kashi Z, Akha O, Zaboli E, Yazdanicharati J. Effect of spironolactone on diabetic nephropathy compared to the combination of spironolactone and losartan. Nephrourol Mon 2014; 6:e12148. [PMID: 24719811 PMCID: PMC3968951 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the most important cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Aldosterone is involved in renal damage through induction of fibrosis, inflammation and necrosis in the kidney tissue. Previous studies have demonstrated that the combination of angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and spironolactone (an anti-aldosterone drug) are efficient for albuminuria reduction. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of spironolactone alone on diabetic nephropathy. Patients and Methods: In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 60 type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: case group (spironolactone 25 mg and placebo, 30 cases) and control (spironolactone 25 mg plus losartan 25 mg, 30 cases). The treatment success rate (more than 50% reduction in microalbuminuria) was compared between the two groups. Results: After three months, successful treatment was seen in 70% (95% CI: 52 - 83) and 83.3% (CI 95%: 66 - 93) of case and control groups, respectively (P = 0.4). Mean ± SD of serum potassium levels after three months in case and control groups were 4.56 ± 0.38 and 4.39 ± 0.34 mEq/L, respectively (P = 0.08). Mean ± SD of systolic blood pressures in case and control groups were 129.67 ± 9.4 and 130.97 ± 9.4 mmHg, respectively (P = 0.6). Mean ± SD of serum creatinine levels at the end of the study were 0.95 ± 0.15 in case and 0.90 ± 0.22 mg/dL in control group (P = 0.4). Conclusions: Spironolactone alone is as effective as the combination of spironolactone and losartan on albuminuria reduction in type 2 diabetic patients and can be used alone as an effective drug for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Makhlough
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Kashi
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Zahra Kashi, Diabetes Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Razi Street, Sari, IR Iran. Tel: +98-1512261701; Ext:4, Fax: +98-1512278789, E-mail:
| | - Ozra Akha
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Ehsan Zaboli
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Jamshid Yazdanicharati
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
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Zhou YF, Yan H, Hou XP, Miao JL, Zhang J, Yin QX, Li JJ, Zhang XY, Li YY, Luo HL. Association study of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with elderly diabetic hypertension and lipids levels. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:187. [PMID: 24354906 PMCID: PMC3896767 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and diabetic essential hypertension in elderly population. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used in 260 elderly normal control patients, 205 elderly hypertensive patients and 138 elderly diabetic hypertensive patients to detect the I/D polymorphism in ACE gene. RESULTS DD genotype frequency (0.352) and D allele frequency (0.543) in elderly hypertensive patients were higher than those in the normal control patients. DD genotype (0.421) and D allele frequency (0.579) in elderly diabetic hypertensive patients were significantly higher than those in the control patients (0.133 and 0.250). The differences of DD genotype and D allele frequency between the elderly hypertensive patients and the elderly diabetic hypertensive patients were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION ACE gene deletion is a risk factor for hypertension but is not a risk factor for diabetes in elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui-Lan Luo
- The cadre ward of General Hospital of the Air Force PLA, No, 30, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China.
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