Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with acute coronary syndrome in the Uygur population of China

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 Promoter Variants, Their Serum Levels, and Activities with Aortic Valve Calcification (AVC) in a Population from Western Iran

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme gene polymorphisms MMP-2-1575G/A and MMP-9-1562C/T promoter polymorphism, their serum levels, and activity are associated with aortic valve calcification (AVC). Materials and Methods: The synergistic link between the risk of AVC and the alleles T and A of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was investigated, respectively. Ninety-two cases with AVC and 92 healthy individuals from the west of Iran were included, and MMP- 2-1575G/A and MMP-9-1562C/T promoter polymorphisms were detected using PCR-RFLP. The serum levels and activity of MMP-2 and -9 were assessed using ELISA and gelatin zymography methods, respectively. In addition, serum biochemical markers, including FBS, urea and creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, calcium, phosphorus, and blood pressure: systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Results: Heart valve calcification disease was associated with a comparatively higher frequency of the A allele of the MMP2-1575 variation (p = 0.002). In addition, the frequency of T allele of the MMP9-1562 variant was higher than the control group (p = 0.007). Conclusion: MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels and activities were observed to be considerably higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Patients are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease than the control group due to elevated serum levels and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Association of the Polymorphism rs3918242 of the Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Gene with Coronary Artery Disease in a Younger Population

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of numerous so-called traditional risk factors and comorbid conditions on the one side (such as dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension) and genetic factors on the other. The evidence of a genetic contribution to the development of CAD, especially in the last 2 decades is consistent. It is important that a number of established gene polymorphisms in the younger CAD population are in the genes involved in the inflammatory response and tissue maintenance and remodeling processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of the rs3918242 polymorphism of the matrix metal-loproteinase 9 (MMP9) gene with the coronary artery disease in the younger population. In this observational genetic-association study of cases and controls, the demographic, clinical, laboratory and genetic data of the younger population in a group of selected 70 CAD patients aged up to 45 years were analyzed, of which 35 patients have negative and 35 have positive coronary angiography finding, and 43 are men and 27 are women. The analysis of the genotypic and allelic frequency determined an association of the polymorphism and the occurrence of the positive coronary angiographic findings in the population of patients under the age of 45. The carriers of the heterozygous genotype CT have almost 5 times higher probability of having a positive coronary angiography finding compared to the carriers of the reference homozygous genotype CC (p=0.012). Thus, this parameter could be used for clinical risk assessment for the development of CAD.

Association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 Gene Polymorphisms With Atherosclerosis in a Malaysian Study Population

Preliminary research has shown that low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), tumor protein (TP53) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) genes expression levels were significantly increased in atherosclerosis coronary artery tissue (ACAT) compared to non-atherosclerotic coronary artery tissue (NCAT) samples. Thus, further investigation was carried out to study the association of LDLR, TP53 and MMP9 gene polymorphisms and the risk of developing atherosclerosis (ATH) in a Malaysian population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of C88S, TP53 codon 72 and MMP9C>T were analyzed in 76 ACAT samples and 149 NCAT samples, representing cases and controls, respectively. In results, heterozygous CT genotype of MMP9C>T polymorphism was significantly higher in ACAT compared to NCAT samples (57.9% vs 27.5%, χ² = 19.758, df= 1, P < 0.05). The CT genotype was found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing ATH (OR = 3.622, 95% CI = 2.028-6.470). However, the distribution of the CT genotype in a healthy Malaysian study population was incomparable regardless of gender and ethnicity. The DNA sequencing results validated the C88S, TP53 codon 72, and MMP9C>T polymorphisms. In conclusion, the CT genotype of the MMP9-1562C>T polymorphism was found to have a strong association with the risk of developing ATH.

The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) belongs to the MMP family and has been widely investigated. Excessive MMP-9 expression can enhance extracellular matrix degradation and promote plaque instability. Studies have demonstrated that MMP-9 levels are higher in vulnerable plaques than in stable plaques. Additionally, several human studies have demonstrated that MMP-9 may be a predictor of atherosclerotic plaque instability and a risk factor for future adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. MMP-9 deficiency or blocking MMP-9 expression can inhibit plaque inflammation and prevent atherosclerotic plaque instability. All of these results suggest that MMP-9 may be a useful predictive biomarker for vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, as well as a therapeutic target for preventing atherosclerotic plaque instability. In this review, we describe the structure, function, and regulation of MMP-9. We also discuss the role of MMP-9 in predicting and preventing atherosclerotic plaque instability.

Impact of matrix metalloproteinase 9 rs3918242 genetic variant on lipid-lowering efficacy of simvastatin therapy in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease

Background

Genetic variation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) gene polymorphism has been suggested to modulate coronary heart diseases (CHD), yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.

Methods

We investigated the association of MMP9 rs3918242 single nucleotide polymorphism with inflammation and lipid-lowering efficacy after simvastatin treatment in Chinese patients with CHD. Fasting serum lipid profile and plasma inflammatory mediators were determined at baseline in 264 patients with CHD and 186 healthy control subjects, and after HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin treatment (20 mg/day) for 12 weeks in CHD subjects.

Results

We found that plasma MMP-9, TNF-α and IL-10 levels were significantly elevated in patients with CHD compared to control subjects before treatment. The plasma MMP9 in CHD patients carrying rs3918242 CC, CT and TT genotypes were comparable. Interestingly, CHD patients carrying TT genotype had significantly higher level of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) than those carrying CC genotype (P <0.05). Simvastatin treatment significantly reduced LDL-C, TG and plasma inflammatory mediator levels in CHD patients. The reduction of LDL-C upon simvastatin therapy was significantly greater in patients carrying TT genotype than those carrying CC genotype (P <0.05).

Conclusions

MMP9 rs3918242 TT genotype is associated with elevated serum TG and LDL-C, and enhanced LDL-C-lowering response upon simvastatin treatment in Chinese patients with CHD.

Clinical trial registration

This study was retrospectively registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration number: ChiCTR-ROC-17010971) on March 23^rd 2017.

Plasma concentration, genetic variation, and gene expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in Iranian patients with coronary artery disease

Background:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) -1562C>T (rs3918242) polymorphism has been proposed as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) with conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of -1562C>T genetic polymorphism, gene expression and circulating levels of MMP9 with CAD risk in an Iranian subpopulation in in Zanjan City.

Materials and Methods:

This was a retrospective case–control study we investigated retrospectively 100 patients with angiographically verified CAD and 100 matched controls. Genotyping of -1562C>T polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Gene expression levels and circulating levels of MMP9 was determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme immunoassay method, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using Student's t-test or Chi-square test by SPSS 16 software.

Results:

The mean circulating levels of MMP9 were significantly higher in CAD Group than control group (P = 0.002). Mean plasma levels of MMP9 were also significantly higher in triple vessel stenosis patients than double vessel or single vessel stenosis patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, mean plasma levels and gene expression levels of MMP9 were significantly higher in T allele carrier than C allele carrier of MMP9 -1562C>T polymorphism (P = 0.002, P = 0.01, respectively). However, genotype and allele frequencies of MMP9 -1562C>T polymorphism were similar between CAD patients and controls (P > 0.05). Additionally, the -1562C>T polymorphism of MMP9 gene didn't increase the risk of CAD in dominant (P = 0.537) or recessive (P = 0.249) genetic models.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrated that circulating levels of MMP9 but not -1562C>T polymorphism of MMP9 gene may be a risk factor for development and severity of CAD in an Iranian subpopulation in Zanjan.

Evaluation of physiological risk factors, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, proteolytic and genetic variations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with pressure ulcer

Pressure ulcer (PU) remains a common worldwide problem in all health care settings, it is synonymous with suffering. PU is a complex disease that is dependent on a number of interrelated factors. It involves multiple mechanisms such as physiological risk factors, chronic inflammation, oxidant–antioxidant imbalance and proteolytic attack on extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Therefore, we propose that these wounds lead to molecular variations that can be detected by assessing biomarkers. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the major clinical elements and biological scars in Tunisian patients suffering from PU. Consistently, non-healing wound remains a challenging clinical problem. The complex challenges of the wound environment, involving nutrient deficiencies, bacterial infection, as well as the critical role played by inflammatory cells, should be considered because of their negative impact on wound healing. In addition, an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidant systems seems to be more aggravated in patients with PU compared to healthy subjects. Of interest, this study provides further evidence to support a core role of the biological activity of MMP-9 in the pathogenesis of PU and indicates that the MMP9-1562 C/T (rs 3918242) functional polymorphism is associated with protection against this disease.

Association and Prognostic Significance of the Functional -1562C/T Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of MMP-9 in Turkish Patients with Gastric Cancer

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-dependent peptidases that participate in matrix turnover in solid malignancies. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we sought to investigate under a case-control design the association between the functional -1562C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP-9 and gastric cancer (GC) in a Turkish sample. Second, we examined its prognostic significance in GC patients. A total of 144 subjects were enrolled in the case-control study (79 GC cases and 65 controls). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) served as the main outcome measures in the longitudinal study. The MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism was genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The odds ratio (OR) of GC for the CC genotype relative to the CT+TT genotypes was not significant (OR = 0.89, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.44-1.82, P = 0.75). These results did not change after allowance for age and sex in multivariable regression analysis (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI = 0.40-1.94, P = 0.84). When the MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism was analyzed among GC patients in relation to OS and PFS, we found no significant differences between subjects with the CC and CT+TT genotypes. In conclusion, the results of our study did not point toward a major role of the MMP-9 -1562C/T polymorphism in the pathogenesis and clinical course of GC in Turkish subjects.

High serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and promoter polymorphism - 1562 C:T as a new risk factor for metabolic syndrome

The altered matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Genetic variants in the promoter region of MMP1 and MMP9 genes may modulate an individual's susceptibility to MetS. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of MMP1 -519 A:G and MMP9 -1562 C:T polymorphisms and the correlation with serum levels of MMP1 and MMP9 in MetS susceptibility. On the basis of anthropometric profile and laboratory investigations, 180 confirmed MetS patients and 190 unrelated healthy controls of similar ethnicity were genotyped for MMP1 -519 A:G and MMP9-1562 C:T polymorphisms by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. In addition, serum levels of MMP1 and MMP9 were quantified by ELISA. We found that the serum level of MMP9 was significantly higher in MetS patients. Variant genotype TT of MMP9 -1562 demonstrated increased risk (odds ratio [OR]=3.70, p=0.015) of MetS. Similarly, variant allele T (OR=1.77, p=0.002) and combined genotype CT+TT (OR=1.81, p=0.057) also showed a significantly higher risk. The CT and TT genotypes of MMP9 -1562 polymorphism contributed to high serum levels of MMP9 in MetS patients. However, no such association was observed with the MMP1 serum level and -519 A:G polymorphism. Our results suggest that a higher serum level of MMP9 in the presence of MMP9 polymorphism -1562 C:T might be a risk factor for the development of MetS. The MMP9 enzyme activity might be a significant indicator in the screening of MetS patients.