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Silvagni D, Baggio L, Mazzi C, Cuffaro G, Carlassara S, Spada S, Biban P. The PAWPER tape as a tool for rapid weight assessment in a Paediatric Emergency Department: Validation study and comparison with parents’ estimation and Broselow tape. Resusc Plus 2022; 12:100301. [PMID: 36148444 PMCID: PMC9486114 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Silvagni
- Pediatric Emergency Room – Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Baggio
- Pediatric Emergency Room – Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzi
- Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
- Centre for Clinical Research, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cuffaro
- Pediatrics Residency, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Carlassara
- Pediatrics Residency, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Spada
- Pediatric Emergency Room – Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Biban
- Pediatric Emergency Room – Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Critical Care, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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Yakubu RC, Nguah SB, Ayi-bisah N. Comparison of paediatric weight estimation methods at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Afr J Emerg Med 2021; 11:252-257. [PMID: 33859928 PMCID: PMC8027529 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Weight estimation in children is critical in paediatric emergencies. The Broselow Tape (BT) and most age-based formulae for weight estimation were derived in high-income countries and are thought to overestimate the weight of children in low-income countries. This study sought to validate the 2017 BT, and eight age-based weight estimation formulae among Ghanaian children and to derive a weight estimation formula using this data. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH) in Ghana. Children aged between 2 months and 13 years had their weights estimated by the 2017 BT and eight age-based formulae. These estimated weights were compared to the weight of the children measured by a calibrated Seca scale using mean percentage error (MPE) and the percentage of weight estimates within 10% and 20% of actual weight. Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between estimated and actual weight of the children. A new formula was derived by linear regression. Results Seven hundred and seventy-five children took part in the study. The 2017 BT, Original APLS (APLS1) and Nelson's formulae performed best with proportion of weight estimates within 10% of actual weight being 47.5%, 51.1% and 47.5% respectively. The formula developed in this study was: WE = 3Am / 10 + 5 (for infants <12 months), WE = 2A + 7 (1 to 4 years) and WE = 2A + 9 (5 to 13 years), where WE is estimated weight, Am is age in completed months and A is age in completed years. The new formula had similar accuracy as the three best performing methods in this study. Conclusion The Broselow Tape, APLS1 and the Nelson's formula were the most accurate in this study. APLS1 and the Broselow Tape can be used for weight estimation in Ghanaian children when no other better method is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiuk Cosmos Yakubu
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
- Corresponding author at: Tamale, West Africa, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Blay Nguah
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nedda Ayi-bisah
- Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
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Wu MT, Wells M. Pediatric weight estimation: validation of the PAWPER XL tape and the PAWPER XL tape mid-arm circumference method in a South African hospital. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2021; 7:290-301. [PMID: 33440107 PMCID: PMC7808830 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.19.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary aim of this study was to prospectively compare the performance of the Broselow tape, Mercy method, pediatric advanced weight prediction in the emergency room extra-long (PAWPER XL) tape, and PAWPER XL mid-arm circumference (MAC) method in estimating the weight of children from a low-income setting. The secondary aim was to analyze the time taken to perform each method. Methods This analyzed a convenience study sample of 300 children aged 0 to 18 years at the Baragwanath Hospital in South Africa. Weight estimations were obtained using each of the weight estimation systems on each child. These weight estimations were then compared against the actual weight to determine bias, precision, and accuracy of the estimation methods. Results The PAWPER XL tape and PAWPER XL-MAC methods performed the best and provided estimated weights within 10% of the actual weight in 62.7% and 67.3% of cases, respectively, followed by the Mercy method (56.5%) and Broselow tape (43.9%). The use of MAC improved the accuracy of estimation, especially in heavier and taller children. The median times taken to perform measurements using the Broselow tape, Mercy method, PAWPER XL tape, and PAWPER XL-MAC method were 11.3 seconds, 34.7 seconds, 9.3 seconds, and 33.9 seconds respectively. Conclusion The PAWPER XL tape and PAWPER XL-MAC methods were the most accurate methods of estimating weight in this group of children. These methods may be considered in preference to the Broselow tape or the Mercy method for emergency weight estimation in low socioeconomic status populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tung Wu
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mike Wells
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ong GJ, Dy E. Validation of two pediatric resuscitation tapes. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:1587-1593. [PMID: 33392567 PMCID: PMC7771804 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare the actual weights of Filipino children with their estimated weights obtained from the Broselow tape and the Pediatric Advanced Weight Prediction in the Emergency Room eXtra Length-Mid-arm Circumference (PAWPER XL-MAC) tape. METHODS A prospective, observational, cross-sectional study conducted among Filipino children admitted at the Pediatric Emergency Department (ED) of The Medical City in Pasig City, Philippines. Mean percentage error (MPE) determined bias. Modified Bland-Altman analysis was used to perform a visual comparison of the bias and extent of agreement. The proportion of weight estimates within 10% (p 10) and within 20% (p 20) of actual weight was calculated to determine the overall accuracy. RESULTS A total of 220 Filipino children (63.2% male) were recruited. Both the Broselow and PAWPER XL-MAC tapes overestimate the actual weight by an average of 0.4% (95% limit of agreement [LOA] -29.4 to 30.2) and 1.3% (95% LOA -15.3 to 17.9) respectively. Across body mass index (BMI) groups, both tapes overestimate (MPE: +19.2 and +9.3) weight among underweight children and underestimate (MPE: -13.2 and -3.5; MPE: -18.6 and -5.5) weight among overweight and obese children. In measuring estimated weight within 10% and 20% of actual weight, the PAWPER XL-MAC performed best (79.6% and 96.8%). CONCLUSION The PAWPER XL-MAC tape performed better as a weight estimation tool compared to Broselow tape across different age groups and BMI-for-age groups of Filipino children. Both tapes tend to overestimate weight among younger and underweight children while underestimating weight among ages 7 to 10 years old, overweight, or obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorilyn Joyce Ong
- Department of Emergency MedicineAcute and Critical Care InstituteThe Medical City‐OrtigasPasig CityPhilippines
| | - Elaine Dy
- Department of Emergency MedicineAcute and Critical Care InstituteThe Medical City‐OrtigasPasig CityPhilippines
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Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, Lasa JJ, Lavonas EJ, Levy A, Mahgoub M, Meckler GD, Roberts KE, Sutton RM, Schexnayder SM. Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2020; 142:S469-S523. [PMID: 33081526 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wells M, Goldstein LN. How and Why Paediatric Weight Estimation Systems Fail - A Body Composition Study. Cureus 2020; 12:e7198. [PMID: 32269878 PMCID: PMC7137653 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Weight estimation during medical emergencies in children is essential, but fraught with errors if the wrong techniques are used, which may result in critical drug dosing errors. Individualised weight estimation is required to allow for accurate dosing in underweight and obese children in particular. This study was designed to evaluate the associations between weight estimations from different systems and body composition in order to establish how and why they may perform well or poorly. Methods A convenience sample of 332 children aged from one month to 16 years had weight estimations using four age-based formulas: the Broselow™ Pediatric Emergency Tape (Armstrong Medical Industries, Inc., Lincolnshire, IL), the Mercy Method, and the Pediatric Advanced Weight Prediction in the Emergency Room, Extra-large/Extra-long Tape (PAWPER XL) Tape. They also had an assessment of body composition using dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The weight estimates were compared against total body weight (TBW), calculated ideal body weight (IBW), and DXA-measured fat-free mass (FFM). Analyses of associations between age, length, weight estimation outcomes, and body composition were performed. Results Age-based formulas were very inaccurate because of the erratic relationship between age and body composition. The Broselow tape estimated IBW well in obese children because of the strong relationship between length and fat-free mass. It predicted TBW poorly in underweight and obese children, however, because of the poor relationship between length and fat mass. The Mercy Method's performance was unrelated to body composition, but estimated TBW reasonably well and could not predict IBW or FFM. The PAWPER XL Tape's performance was the most closely associated with body composition and, therefore, achieved an acceptable accuracy for estimations of TBW, IBW, and FFM. Conclusions Of the systems evaluated, the PAWPER XL Tape has the best association with body composition and the most accurate estimations of TBW, IBW, and FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wells
- Emergency Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZAF
| | - Lara N Goldstein
- Emergency Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ZAF
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K C P, Jha A, Ghimire K, Shrestha R, Shrestha AP. Accuracy of Broselow tape in estimating the weight of the child for management of pediatric emergencies in Nepalese population. Int J Emerg Med 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 32050890 PMCID: PMC7017533 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-020-0269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with emergency conditions require immediate life-saving intervention and resuscitation. Unlike adults, the pediatric emergency drug dose, equipment sizes, and defibrillation energy doses are calculated based on the weight of the individual child. Broselow tape is a color-coded length-based tape that utilizes height/weight correlations for children. However, in low-income countries like Nepal, due to factors like undernutrition, the Broselow tape may not accurately estimate weight in all ranges of pediatric age group. Methods This study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, in children less than 15 years of age. Our study aims to prospectively compare the actual weights of urban and rural Nepalese children with the estimated weights using the Broselow tape (2017 edition) and the updated APLS formula. The errors in the selection of endotracheal tube size and adrenaline dose using the Broselow tape were also explored. Results This study included 315 children with male to female ratio of 0.63:1. They were divided into 3 groups according to their estimated weight by the Broselow tape into < 10 kg, 10–18, and > 18 kg. There was a total agreement of the estimated color zone according to the Broselow tape with the actual weight in the gray zone (p = 0.01). There was a positive relationship between the actual body weight and the estimated body weight (correlation (r = 0.970, p = 0.01) and accuracy (r2 = 0.941)). Our analysis showed that the accuracy of estimated weight with the Broselow tape decreases with increasing weight of children. The precision of the tape was relatively high in the lower length zones as compared to the higher length zones. The estimated size of the endotracheal tube (p = 0.01) and adrenaline dose (p = 0.08) by the Broselow tape was in agreement with that estimated using PALS formula in weight group of less than 18 kg, but decreases as the estimated weight increases further. Conclusions The accuracy of the Broselow tape in estimating the weight of a child, endotracheal tube size, and dose of adrenaline is higher in weight group of less than 18 kg, and accuracy decreases as the weight of child increases. The Broselow tape should be avoided in children weighing more than 18 kg. Hence, PALS age-based formula for ET tube size estimation and weight-based formula for adrenaline dose calculation are recommended for children weighing more than 18 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pukar K C
- School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal.
| | - Akhilendra Jha
- School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal
| | - Kamal Ghimire
- School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal
| | - Roshana Shrestha
- Emergency Department, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal
| | - Anmol Purna Shrestha
- Emergency Department, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal
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Trehan I, Osei‐Ampofo M, Balhara KS, Hexom BJ, Kivlehan SM, Modi P, Pousson AY, Selvam A, Quao NSA, Cho DK, Becker TK, Levine AC, Bannon‐Murphy H, Bartels SA, Beyene T, Bonney J, Collier AT, Cook J, Dyal JW, Enriquez KT, Gomes DJ, Hayward AS, Ibrahim WMA, Keefe DM, Lee JA, Lee S, Lowsby R, Mediratta RP, Mickman CT, Nicholson BD, O'Reilly GM, Relan P, Ragins KT, Reid EA, Roy CM, Rybarczyk MM, Schultz ML, Stanford KA, Vogel LD, Wang AH, Zewdie A. Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature from 2018. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:1186-1196. [PMID: 31313411 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) conducts a systematic annual search of peer-reviewed and gray literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) to identify, review, and disseminate the most rigorously conducted and widely relevant research in global EM. METHODS An electronic search of PubMed, a comprehensive retrieval of articles from specific journals, and search of the gray literature were conducted. Title and abstracts retrieved by these searches were screened by a total of 22 reviewers based on their relevance to the field of global EM, across the domains of disaster and humanitarian response (DHR), emergency care in resource-limited settings (ECRLS), and emergency medicine development (EMD). All articles that were deemed relevant by at least one reviewer, their editor, and the managing editor underwent formal scoring of overall methodologic quality and importance to global EM. Two independent reviewers scored all articles; editors provided a third score in cases of widely discrepant scores. RESULTS A total of 19,102 articles were identified by the searches and, after screening and removal of duplicates, a total of 517 articles underwent full review. Twenty-five percent were categorized as DHR, 61% as ECRLS, and 15% as EMD. Inter-rater reliability testing between the reviewers revealed a Cohen's kappa score of 0.213 when considering the complete score or 0.426 when excluding the more subjective half of the score. A total of 25 articles scored higher than 17.5 of 20; these were selected for a full summary and critique. CONCLUSIONS In 2018, the total number of articles relevant to global EM that were identified by our search continued to increase. Studies and reviews focusing on pediatric infections, several new and traditionally underrepresented topics, and landscape reviews that may help guide clinical care in new settings represented the majority of top-scoring articles. A shortage of articles related to the development of EM as a specialty was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indi Trehan
- Lao Friends Hospital for Children Luang Prabang Lao PDR
- Department of Pediatrics Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO
| | - Maxwell Osei‐Ampofo
- Emergency Medicine Directorate Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
| | - Kamna S. Balhara
- Department of Emergency Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Braden J. Hexom
- Department of Emergency Medicine Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL
| | - Sean M. Kivlehan
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative Cambridge MA
| | - Payal Modi
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Massachusetts Worcester MA
| | - Amelia Y. Pousson
- Department of Emergency Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Anand Selvam
- Department of Emergency Medicine Yale University New Haven CT
| | - Nana Serwaa A. Quao
- Department of Emergency Medicine Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (NSAQ) Accra Ghana
| | | | - Torben K. Becker
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Adam C. Levine
- and the Department of Emergency Medicine Brown University Providence RI
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Wells M, Goldstein LN. The "PAWPER-on-a-page": Increasing global access to a low-cost weight estimation system. World J Emerg Med 2019; 10:101-108. [PMID: 30687446 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PAWPER tape is one of the most accurate weight estimation systems available today, but international access to the tape is limited because it has no commercial distribution. For this reason, the "PAWPER-on-a-page" concept was devised: downloadable image files that allow users to print and assemble their own tapes. However, the feasibility of this method is dependent on users being able to produce accurate tapes. This study was devised to determine whether untrained participants could print and assemble the "PAWPER-on-a-page" easily and accurately. METHODS Doctor and nurse volunteers downloaded the "PAWPER-on-a-page" and "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" image files and printed copies on a home-printer and also at a commercial printer. One copy of each tape was then assembled according to instructions from an online video. The accuracy of printing and assembly, the time taken for assembly and the cost were then evaluated. RESULTS There were 32 participants. The median time for assembly was 8 minutes 19 seconds and 7 minutes 31 seconds for the "PAWPER-on-a-page" and "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" respectively, with a median cost of USD 0.09 and USD 1.00 respectively. For the assembled tapes, 71.9% of the "PAWPER-on-a-page" tapes and 65.6% of the "PAWPER XL-on-a-page" achieved the required accuracy of 0.2%. Printing errors, related to scaling, were common, but easily detectable. CONCLUSION The "PAWPER-on-a-page" system can be easily, quickly, affordably and accurately printed and assembled by end users. Stringent double checking of the printed and fully assembled tapes is essential to ensure accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wells
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lara Nicole Goldstein
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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