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Jia Z, Zhu X, Zhou Y, Wu J, Cao M, Hu C, Yu L, Xu R, Chen Z. Polypeptides from traditional Chinese medicine: Comprehensive review of perspective towards cancer management. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129423. [PMID: 38232868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has always been a focus of global attention, and the difficulty of treatment and poor prognosis have always plagued humanity. Conventional chemotherapeutics and treatment with synthetic disciplines will cause adverse side effects and drug resistance. Therefore, searching for a safe, valid, and clinically effective drug is necessary. At present, some natural compounds have proved to have the potential to fight cancer. Polypeptides obtained from traditional Chinese medicine are good anti-cancer ingredients. The anticancer activity has been fully demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. However, most of the functional studies on traditional Chinese medicine polypeptides are at the stage of basic experimental research, and fewer of them have been applied to clinical trials. Hence, this review mainly discusses the chemical structure, extraction, separation and purification methods, the anti-cancer mechanism, and structure-activity relationships of traditional Chinese medicine polypeptides. It provides theoretical support for strengthening the rapid separation and purification and the overall efficacy and mechanism of action, as well as the industrialization and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mayijie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Runchun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Li C, Li Y, Wang W, Scimeca M, Melino G, Du R, Shi Y. Deer antlers: the fastest growing tissue with least cancer occurrence. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2452-2461. [PMID: 37864097 PMCID: PMC10733395 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Deer antlers are a bony organ solely able to acquired distinct unique attributes during evolution and all these attributes are against thus far known natural rules. One of them is as the fastest animal growing tissue (2 cm/day), they are remarkably cancer-free, despite high cell division rate. Although tumor-like nodules on the long-lived castrate antlers in some deer species do occur, but they are truly benign in nature. In this review, we tried to find the answer to this seemingly contradictory phenomenon based on the currently available information and give insights into possible clinic application. The antler growth center is located in its tip; the most intensive dividing cells are resident in the inner layer of reserve mesenchyme (RM), and these cells are more adopted to osteosarcoma rather than to normal bone tissues in gene expression profiles but acquire their energy mainly through aerobic oxidative phosphorylation pathway. To counteract propensity of neoplastic transformation, antlers evolved highly efficient apoptosis exactly in the RM, unparalleled by any known tissues; and annual wholesale cast to jettison the corps. Besides, some strong cancer suppressive genes including p53 cofactor genes and p53 regulator genes are highly positively selected by deer, which would have certainly contributed to curb tumorigenesis. Thus far, antler extracts and RM cells/exosomes have been tried on different cancer models either in vitro or in vivo, and all achieved positive results. These positive experimental results together with the anecdotal folklore that regular consumption of velvet antler is living with cancer-free would encourage us to test antlers in clinic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Dhakal T, Jang GS, Kim M, Kim JH, Park J, Lim SJ, Park YC, Lee DH. Habitat utilization distribution of sika deer ( Cervus nippon). Heliyon 2023; 9:e20793. [PMID: 37867813 PMCID: PMC10585228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat-specific and movement-related behavioral studies are essential for the development of sustainable biodiversity management practices. Although the number of studies on sika deer is increasing, habitat utilization distribution (UD)-related studies remain limited. In this study, we investigated the habitat UD behavior of sika deer (Cervus nippon) using a literature survey and an experimental study on Suncheon Bonghwasan Mountain, South Korea. We reviewed home range-related literature on sika deer published between 1982 and 2019 in order to assess their estimation methods, study region, and research background. We observed that the number of studies on sika deer has increased. The minimum convex polygon (MCP) has been utilized the most to estimate habitat UD, followed by the kernel density (KD), the Brownian bridge model, and a combination of these methods. The average home ranges (95 % utilization distribution) of sika deer from the literature survey were 236.99 ha and 1183.96 ha using the minimum convex polygon and kernel density approaches, respectively. The five female deer in our experimental study on Suncheon Bonghwasan Mountain had a mean home range of 66.831 ± 15.241 ha using the MCP approach and 78.324 ± 20.82 ha using the KD approach. The UD behavior of sika deer explored in this research is expected to benefit future scholars and policymakers when formulating deer management and wildlife conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakur Dhakal
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Gab-Sue Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Kim
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - JoongYeol Park
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lim
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Chul Park
- Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
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Health Effects of Peptides Extracted from Deer Antler. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194183. [PMID: 36235835 PMCID: PMC9572057 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer antler is widely used as a nutraceutical in Asian countries. In the past decades, deer antler peptides (DAPs) have received considerable attention because of their various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bone damage, anti-neurological disease, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. This review describes the production methods of DAPs and the recent progress of research on DAPs, focusing on the physiological functions and their regulatory mechanisms.
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SWATH-MS Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Deer Antler from Two Regenerating and Mineralizing Sections. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070679. [PMID: 34356534 PMCID: PMC8301299 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Deer antler is a unique and astonishing case of annual regeneration in mammalians. Several studies have pointed out the potential for use of velvet antler extract as a nutraceutical supplement, among others, because of its anti-cancer activity. The study of antler regeneration and growth allow us to identify the main proteins and regulatory pathways involved in cell differentiation and regeneration. For this purpose, two sections of antlers (tips and middle sections) using ribs as controls were analyzed from a proteomic point of view. A total of 259 proteins mainly associated with antioxidant mechanisms and Wnt signalling pathways could be responsible for deer antler regeneration and these proteins may be linked to human health benefits. Further studies should be focused on discovering which proteins from velvet antler extracts are associated with these beneficial effects. Abstract Antlers are the only organ in the mammalian body that regenerates each year. They can reach growth rates of 1–3 cm/day in length and create more than 20 cm2/day of skin in the antler tips (their growth centers). Previous proteomic studies regarding antlers have focused on antler growth centers (tips) compared to the standard bone to detect the proteins involved in tissue growth. However, proteins of cell differentiation and regeneration will be more accurately detected considering more growing tissues. Thus, we set out to compare proteins expressed in antler tips (the highest metabolism rate and cell differentiation) vs. middle sections (moderate cell growth involving bone calcification), using ribs as controls. Samples were obtained in mid-June with antlers’ phenology corresponding to the middle of their growth period. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified 259 differentially abundant proteins mainly associated with antioxidant metabolic mechanisms, protein formation and Wnt signalling pathway, meanwhile, the mid antler section was linked to blood proteins. The high metabolic rate and subsequent risk of oxidative stress also seem to have resulted in strong antioxidant mechanisms. These results suggest that redox regulation of proteins is a key factor in the model of deer antler regeneration.
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Xu G, Zhao H, Xu J, Zhang Y, Qi X, Shi A. Hard antler extract inhibits invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of triple-negative and Her-2 + breast cancer cells by attenuating nuclear factor-κB signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113705. [PMID: 33346025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hard antler extract (HAE) is a traditional Chinese medicine and has potent antitumor, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that HAE can inhibit human prostate cancer metastasis and murine breast cancer proliferation. However, the effect of HAE on human breast cancer cells has not been clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of HAE on self-renewal of stem-like cells and spontaneous and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-enhanced wound healing, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. METHODS HAE was prepared from sika deer by sequential enzymatic digestions and the active compounds were determined by HPLC. The effects of HAE on the viability, mammosphere formation, wound healing and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR3 cells were determined. The impact of HAE treatment on spontaneous and TGF-β1-promoted EMT and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in breast cancer cells was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS Treatment with HAE at varying concentrations did not change the viability of breast cancer cells. However, HAE at 0.25 or 0.5 mg/mL significantly reduced the number and size of formed mammospheres, and inhibited spontaneous and TGF-β1-enhanced wound healing, invasion and EMT in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. TGF-β1 treatment significantly decreased IκBα expression and increased NF-kBp65 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells, indicating that TGF-β1 enhanced NF-κB signaling. In contrast, HAE treatment attenuated the spontaneous and TGF-β1-enhanced NF-κB signaling in breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that HAE inhibited the self-renewal of stem-like cells and spontaneous and TGF-β1-enhanced wound healing, invasion and EMT in breast cancer cells by attenuating the NF-κB signaling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of CAAS, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Biology Major, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78705, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of CAAS, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Aiping Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Anti-tumour activity of deer growing antlers and its potential applications in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:42. [PMID: 33420194 PMCID: PMC7794318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study showed that antlers have evolved a high rate of growth due to the expression of proto-oncogenes and that they have also evolved to express several tumour suppressor genes to control the risk of cancer. This may explain why deer antler velvet (DAV) extract shows anti-tumour activity. The fast growth of antler innervation through the velvet in close association to blood vessels provides a unique environment to study the fast but non-cancerous proliferation of heterogeneous cell populations. We set out to study the anti-cancer effect of DAV in glioblastoma (GB) cell lines in comparison with temozolomide, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat high-grade brain tumours. Here we report, for the first time, that DAV extract from the tip, but not from mid-parts of the antler, exhibits an anti-tumour effect in GB cell lines (T98G and A172) while being non-toxic in non-cancerous cell lines (HEK293 and HACAT). In T98G cells, DAV treatment showed reduced proliferation (37.5%) and colony-formation capacity (84%), inhibited migration (39%), induced changes in cell cycle progression, and promoted apoptosis. The anticancer activity of DAV extract as demonstrated by these results may provide a new therapeutic strategy for GB treatment.
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Pressure Algometry Validation and Determination of Efficacy of Articaine Hydrochloride Ring Block in Antler Removal in Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112023. [PMID: 33153106 PMCID: PMC7693159 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Red deer (Cervus elaphus) are farmed in New Zealand for the production of velvet antler. Velvet is harvested as living antler tissue, and currently lignocaine is the only licensed local anaesthetic approved for deer antler removal in New Zealand. The use of lignocaine is not without consequences, including drug residues in harvested velvet antler tissue and its short acting analgesic effect. This study was designed to determine the effect of local anaesthetic, articaine hydrochloride as an alternative treatment and to establish the baseline measurements of mechanical nociceptive threshold in 40 male yearling red deer. Ten of the forty enrolled deer were selected for the articaine efficacy study. The mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured using a handheld algometer applied at 4 points; the cranial, medial, caudal and lateral aspects of the base of each antler. The force applied, which resulted in a movement by the animal, was recorded in newtons (N). This study showed that nociceptive threshold response in deer could be reliably measured, and articaine proved to be a promising alternative for velveting the deer antlers. Abstract New Zealand deer farming centres on the production of meat and velvet antler. Velvet antler removal is a painful procedure and currently, New Zealand Animal Welfare regulations dictate surgical removal of velvet antlers under lignocaine anaesthesia. To improve our knowledge on the efficacy and duration of other local anaesthetics to mitigate pain after antler removal, it is important to accurately assess and quantify pain arising from antler removal. Therefore, the current study was designed to validate mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) testing using a Wagner hand-held algometer, and to apply this methodology to assess the efficacy and duration of action of articaine for antler removal in deer. Baseline force (N) required to elicit the nociceptive response was recorded in 40 yearling male red deer on three alternate days. Ten of the 40 animals were selected for antler removal after administration of 4% articaine hydrochloride as a ring block. The duration of analgesic efficacy of articaine was assessed by algometry across 5 time points. There was a significant difference in MNTs among the three days (day 3 versus day 1 (p < 0.0001), day 2 versus day 1 (p < 0.0001), and day 1 versus day 2 (p < 0.01)). Positive correlations were observed between weight, antler length and thresholds. The MNT values remained above 20N for 6 h after removal of velvet antlers under the articaine ring block. This study provides valuable information about the use of MNT in red deer. These findings lay a foundation for future studies in the topics of peri-operative and postoperative pain management in deer antler removal, and a possible alternative use for articaine.
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Zhang P, Guo Z, Ma L, Wang G, Zhao Y. Investigation of Anti-Fatigue Effect and Simultaneous Determination of Eight Nucleosides in Different Parts of Velvet Antler in Red Deer and Sika Deer. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900512. [PMID: 31900973 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Velvet antler (VA) is crucial and precious nourishment in China and some countries in Southeast Asia and has excellent anti-fatigue effect. The incidence of fatigue syndrome has increased gradually. VA can be a potential source of anti-fatigue products. Therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activity of different sections (upper, middle, and basal section) of VA from different species (red deer and sika deer) via loading swimming test in mice. Furthermore, nucleosides are one kind of active components in VA which could considerably reduce fatigue in mice. In order to explore whether the nucleosides are correlated with anti-fatigue effect, the contents of eight nucleosides (uracil, cytidine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, thymine, inosine, guanosine, and adenosine) were determined simultaneously using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the swimming time in mice was increased from basal to upper section, which was consistent with the change trend of the total contents of eight nucleosides of VA. Therefore, we speculated that the contents of nucleosides in VA may affect its anti-fatigue effect. Furthermore, the contents of nucleosides were also used as a reference for evaluating the quality of different parts of VA obtained from red and sika deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550002, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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Venkatachalam D, Chambers JP, Kongara K, Singh P. Analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for velvet antler removal in red deer ( Cervus elaphus) and analysis of drug residues in the harvested velvet antlers. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:228-233. [PMID: 31034783 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1611503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the analgesic efficacy of articaine hydrochloride for antler removal in red deer (Cervus elaphus) following S/C administration as a ring block, and to quantify the residue concentrations of articaine compared to lignocaine in the harvested antlers. METHODS Articaine hydrochloride (40 mg/mL) was administered to 10 male red deer as a ring block around the base of each antler at 1 mL/cm of pedicle circumference. Analgesia was evaluated by determining the response to a saw cut test every 1-minute, until no response was observed. Behaviour during and following removal of antlers was also recorded. Twenty commercially harvested velvet antlers were also collected following S/C administration of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for quantification of residues of articaine and lignocaine in velvet antlers was developed and validated. RESULTS In red deer administered 4% articaine hydrochloride as a ring block, the median interval to analgesia was 4 (min 3, max 5) minutes and no deer showed withdrawal responses during antler removal. There were no signs of toxicity or adverse effects up to 2 hours after administration. The sample preparation method developed for the LC-MS was simple and had acceptable extraction recoveries of articaine and lignocaine from the velvet antlers. The lower limits of quantification of lignocaine and articaine were 5 and 50 ng/g, respectively. Mean concentrations of articaine in antlers following ring block with 4% articaine hydrochloride were 1.50 (SD 1.09) mg/kg, and of lignocaine following ring block with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride were 0.66 (SD 0.71) mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A ring block with 4% articaine hydrochloride at a dose of 1 mL/cm of pedicle circumference provided effective analgesia for velvet antler removal in red deer. The LC-MS method developed and validated to quantify articaine and lignocaine was simple and sensitive. Based on these results, articaine hydrochloride appears to be an effective alternative to lignocaine hydrochloride for velvet antler removal. However, further studies to evaluate the safety and residue concentrations of articaine and articainic acid are required before it can be recommended for use in deer.Abbreviations: DMA: 2,6-dimethylaniline; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MEGX: Monoethylglycinexylidide; MRL: Maximum residue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Venkatachalam
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J P Chambers
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - K Kongara
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - P Singh
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Zhang Z, Li P, Li T, Zhao C, Wang G. Velvet Antler compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways in osteosarcoma - a new insight into mediating the process of invasion and metastasis in OS. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractVelvet antler is the only renewable bone tissue of mammalian animals, which consists of a variety of growth factors, amino acids and polypeptides. But the mechanism of high-speed proliferation without carcinogenesis is still mystifying. The previous study of this work found that the velvet antler peptides (VAP) could not only inhibit the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63 and U2OS, but also induced U2OS apoptosis and inhibited MG-63 epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through TGF-β and Notch pathways. These results lead us to conclude that VAP has the potential ability to mediate osteosarcoma cells by regulating related signaling pathways and growth factors. Therefore, finding a new appropriate inhibitor for OS is a valuable research direction, which will give patients a better chance to receive proper therapy. From an applied perspective, this review summarized the effects of velvet antler, genes, growth factors and research progress of relative pathways and genes of osteosarcoma, which are poised to help link regenerative molecular biology and regenerative medicine in osteosarcoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, DaGong Road, PanjinLiaoning 124221, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, DaGong Road, PanjinLiaoning 124221, China
| | - Tie Li
- Acupuncture and Tuina Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangchunJilin 130021, China
| | - Changwei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangchunJilin 130021, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, ChangchunJilin 130021, China
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Protective Effect of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Velvet Antler Extract against Cisplatin-Induced Kidney and Liver Injury in a Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cell Xenograft Model. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6705156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered the antioxidant and antiprostate cancer effects of antler extract (AE), but whether it inhibits cisplatin- (Cis-) induced toxicity has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of AE on Cis-induced side effects in the kidney and liver using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide-based cytotoxicity and cell cycle assays in prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro is investigated. Furthermore, we used a xenograft mouse model of the same cells to examine the in vivo effects and mechanisms of action. Cis and Cis + AE treatment attenuated prostate cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis in vitro. Cis + AE stimulated cleaved caspases 3, 7, and 9 and polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase expression. Cis + AE treatment for 1 week significantly increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant activity while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances decreased. The histopathological damage and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the kidney and liver tissue decreased. Therefore, AE likely possesses antiprostate cancer activity and inhibits Cis toxicity.
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Tang Y, Fan M, Choi YJ, Yu Y, Yao G, Deng Y, Moon SH, Kim EK. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) velvet antler extract attenuates prostate cancer in xenograft model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:348-356. [PMID: 30381032 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1537775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study determines whether antler extract (AE) possesses inhibitory effects in a prostate cancer (PC) xenograft model and explores the underlying mechanism. After therapeutic intervention for two weeks, AE significantly inhibited prostate cancer xenograft tumor growth by 65.08%, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels. However, AE increased the serum testosterone level compared to the vehicle control group. Furthermore, our investigation of the inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes revealed that AE downregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), zinc finger protein (SNAIL1), twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1), and zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) in vivo. In contrast, AE increased tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, (TIMP)-2, and E-cadherin. The results suggest that AE possesses potent anti-PC activity, and this is the first report on the anti-PC effect of AE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Tang
- a School of Bio-science and Food Engineering , Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun , China.,b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Meiqi Fan
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghai Yu
- a School of Bio-science and Food Engineering , Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun , China
| | - Gang Yao
- c Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yongyan Deng
- a School of Bio-science and Food Engineering , Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun , China
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- b Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
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14
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Tang Y, Kim YS, Choi EJ, Hwang YJ, Yun YS, Bae SM, Park PJ, Kim EK. Taurine Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Genes in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 2:1203-1212. [PMID: 28849534 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancers among men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men. Aberrant activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been exhibited to be one of the most common causes of treatment failure and death in cancer patients. In cancer cells with metastatic competence, the E-cadherin switch is a well-established hallmark. Suppression of E-cadherin through its transcriptional repressor SNAIL is thus a determining factor for EMT. TWIST1 is an important transcription factor in EMT, which is present under both physiologic (embryogenesis) and pathologic (metastasis) conditions, and enhances the invasiveness and migration ability of cells. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of taurine on EMT-related genes, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, TWIST1, ZEB1, SNAIL, and vimentin. EMT markers were detected by RT-PCR and western blotting. The results showed that taurine down-regulated the expression of N-cadherin, TWIST1, ZEB1, SNAIL, and vimentin. In contrast, taurine increased E-cadherin expression. Our findings indicate that taurine has EMT inhibitory effects on human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Tang
- Division of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Division Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Choi
- Division of Sport Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Young Joung Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Culinary, International University of Korea, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Yeong Sik Yun
- Division of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sung Mun Bae
- Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Division Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
- Division Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
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15
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Zheng K, Fu C, Jiang C, Yue X, Ma S. Water extract of pilose antler can inhibit breast cancer progression of the mouse through modulating its immune system. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2018.1457012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghao Fu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P.R. People’s Republic of China
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16
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Zheng K, Fan Y, Ji R, Ma S. Distinctive effects of pilose antler on mouse peripheral blood immune cell populations. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1332011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yudan Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiqin Ji
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Yang H, Wang L, Sun H, He X, Zhang J, Liu F. Anticancer activity in vitro and biological safety evaluation in vivo of Sika deer antler protein. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihai Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Medicine, Changchun Science-Technology University; Changchun 130600 China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology; College of Medicine, Changchun Science-Technology University; Changchun 130600 China
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