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Vanderhout RJ, Abdalla EA, Leishman EM, Barbut S, Wood BJ, Baes CF. Genetic architecture of white striping in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Sci Rep 2024; 14:9007. [PMID: 38637585 PMCID: PMC11026500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
White striping (WS) is a myopathy of growing concern to the turkey industry. It is rising in prevalence and has negative consequences for consumer acceptance and the functional properties of turkey meat. The objective of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and functional analysis on WS severity. Phenotypic data consisted of white striping scored on turkey breast fillets (N = 8422) by trained observers on a 0-3 scale (none to severe). Of the phenotyped birds, 4667 genotypic records were available using a proprietary 65 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. The SNP effects were estimated using a linear mixed model with a 30-SNP sliding window approach used to express the percentage genetic variance explained. Positional candidate genes were those located within 50 kb of the top 1% of SNP windows explaining the most genetic variance. Of the 95 positional candidate genes, seven were further classified as functional candidate genes because of their association with both a significant gene ontology and molecular function term. The results of the GWAS emphasize the polygenic nature of the trait with no specific genomic region contributing a large portion to the overall genetic variance. Significant pathways relating to growth, muscle development, collagen formation, circulatory system development, cell response to stimulus, and cytokine production were identified. These results help to support published biological associations between WS and hypoxia and oxidative stress and provide information that may be useful for future-omics studies in understanding the biological associations with WS development in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryley J Vanderhout
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Hybrid Turkeys, 650 Riverbend Drive Suite C, Kitchener, ON, N2K 3S2, Canada
| | - Emhimad A Abdalla
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung W.V. (Vit), Heinrich-Schröder-Weg 1, 27283, Verden, Germany
| | - Emily M Leishman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Hybrid Turkeys, 650 Riverbend Drive Suite C, Kitchener, ON, N2K 3S2, Canada
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Christine F Baes
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Malila Y. In vivo oxidative stress associated with growth-related myopathies in chicken and potential health impact: an opinion paper. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1291323. [PMID: 38028796 PMCID: PMC10652411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1291323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwares Malila
- Food Biotechnology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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3
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Zaazaa A, Mudalal S, Alzuheir I, Samara M, Jalboush N, Fayyad A, Petracci M. The Impact of Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils Dietary Supplementation on Broiler Health, Growth Performance, and Prevalence of Growth-Related Breast Muscle Abnormalities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3065. [PMID: 36359189 PMCID: PMC9653697 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of thyme and oregano essential oils (as growth promotors), individually and in combination, on the health, growth performance, and prevalence of muscle abnormalities in broiler chickens. Six hundred day-old Cobb 500 hybrid chickens were randomized into four dietary treatment groups with three replicates each. Chicks in the control group (C) received a basal diet, while the experimental treatment groups received basal diets containing 350 mg/kg of thyme oil (T1), 350 mg/kg of oregano oil (T2), and 350 mg/kg of thyme and oregano oil (T3). Growth performance parameters were evaluated at 14, 28, and 42 days. The broilers in treatments T1 and T2 had significantly higher body weights than the control group. The feed conversion ratio was the lowest in chicks who received oregano oil, followed by those fed thyme oil. The overall prevalence of growth-related breast muscle abnormalities (including white striping and white striping combined with wooden breast) in groups receiving essential oils (T1, T2, and T3) was significantly higher than in the control group (C). The thyme and oregano oil diets showed no significant differences in antibody titers against Newcastle disease or interferon-γ (INF-γ) serum levels. In conclusion, thyme and oregano oils had a positive impact on the growth performance of broiler chickens but increased the incidence of growth-related breast muscle abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zaazaa
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Samer Mudalal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Ibrahim Alzuheir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Maen Samara
- Department of Animal Production and Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Nasr Jalboush
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Adnan Fayyad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy
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Mudalal S, Zaazaa A. Influence of slaughter age on the occurrence and quality
characteristics of white striping and wooden muscle
abnormalities. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:455-466. [PMID: 35611075 PMCID: PMC9108951 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of white striping (WS), wooden
breast (WB), and WS combined with WS/WB muscle abnormalities in broilers (Ross
500) at different slaughter ages (34, 41, and 48 d). In addition, the influence
of these muscle abnormalities at different slaughter ages on quality
characteristics (physical dimensions, pH, color index, and chemical composition)
was studied. Overall occurrence of muscle abnormalities was 45%,
92%, and 100% at slaughter ages of 34, 41, and 48 d, respectively.
It was found that about 39% from the occurrence of muscle abnormalities
was not similar in the same bird (left and right fillets). Breast fillets
affected by muscle abnormalities had significantly (p<0.05) higher weight
than normal fillets. At slaughter age of 34 d, normal fillets had significantly
higher L* (67.37 vs. 61.73 and 63.05, p<0.05), lower a* (3.25 vs. 4.87
and 5.18, p<0.05) and b* (4.02 vs. 5.20 and 5.99, p<0.05) than WS
and WS combined with WB fillets; respectively. The changes in chemical
composition due to muscle abnormalities were more significant at high slaughter
age than at low slaughter age. In conclusion, the occurrence of muscle
abnormalities was strongly influenced by slaughter age. Moreover, breast fillets
affected by muscle abnormalities had different quality characteristics
(proximate composition, color traits, and dimensions) in comparison to normal
fillets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Mudalal
- Department of Nutrition and Food
Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah
National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
| | - Ahmed Zaazaa
- Department of Animal Production and Animal
Health, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National
University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine
- Corresponding author: Samer
Mudalal, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine,
Tel: +970 92345113 | Ex: 12, Fax: +970 92345982, E-mail:
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5
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Vanderhout RJ, Leishman EM, Abdalla EA, Barbut S, Wood BJ, Baes CF. Genetic Parameters of White Striping and Meat Quality Traits Indicative of Pale, Soft, Exudative Meat in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Front Genet 2022; 13:842584. [PMID: 35309137 PMCID: PMC8927805 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.842584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing prevalence of growth-related myopathies and abnormalities in turkey meat, the ability to include meat quality traits in poultry breeding strategies is an issue of key importance. In the present study, genetic parameters for meat quality traits and their correlations with body weight and meat yield were estimated using a population of purebred male turkeys. Information on live body, breast, thigh, and drum weights, breast meat yield, feed conversion ratio, breast lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), ultimate pH, and white striping (WS) severity score were collected on 11,986 toms from three purebred genetic lines. Heritability and genetic and partial phenotypic correlations were estimated for each trait using an animal model with genetic line, hatch week-year, and age at slaughter included as fixed effects. Heritability of ultimate pH was estimated to be 0.34 ± 0.05 and a range of 0.20 ± 0.02 to 0.23 ± 0.02 for breast meat colour (L*, a*, and b*). White striping was also estimated to be moderately heritable at 0.15 ± 0.02. Unfavorable genetic correlations were observed between body weight and meat quality traits as well as white striping, indicating that selection for increased body weight and meat yield may decrease pH and increase the incidence of pale meat with more severe white striping. The results of this analysis provide insight into the effect of current selection strategies on meat quality and emphasize the need to include meat quality traits into future selection indexes for turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryley J. Vanderhout
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emily M. Leishman
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Emhimad A. Abdalla
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Wood
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, ON, Canada
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine F. Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christine F. Baes,
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6
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Reliability of a White Striping Scoring System and Description of White Striping Prevalence in Purebred Turkey Lines. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030254. [PMID: 35158578 PMCID: PMC8833487 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A relatively recent issue in the turkey industry is white striping (presence of white striations on the surface of the breast fillets). This defect influences consumer acceptance and the nutritional value of the meat and, therefore, is of economic importance to the industry. This study is aimed to test the reliability of a white striping scoring system used by several observers and estimate the prevalence of this defect in modern turkeys. After a few training sessions, the scoring system was found to be moderately reliable within and between the six participating observers. We found that 88% of turkeys in the studied population had some degree of white striping, with most scores being of moderate-severe severity (Score 1 or 2). Furthermore, white striping severity was found to be associated with higher slaughter weight, breast weight, and breast meat yield. Future research is needed to evaluate the use of white striping information in turkey genetic selection programs, as a balanced approach is needed to avoid slowing gains in economically favorable traits, such as growth. Abstract To efficiently meet consumer demands for high-quality lean meat, turkeys are selected for increased meat yield, mainly by increasing breast muscle size and growth efficiency. Over time, this has altered muscle morphology and development rates, which are believed to contribute to the prevalence of myopathies. White striping is a myopathy of economic importance which presents as varying degrees of white striations on the surface of skinless breast muscle and can negatively affect consumer acceptance at the point of sale. Breeding for improved meat quality may be a novel strategy for mitigating the development of white striping in turkey meat; however, it is crucial to have a reliable assessment tool before it can be considered as a phenotype. Six observers used a four-category scoring system (0–3) to score severity in several controlled rounds and evaluate intra- and inter-observer reliability of the scoring system. After sufficient inter-observer reliability (Kendall’s W > 0.6) was achieved, 12,321 turkey breasts, from four different purebred lines, were scored to assess prevalence of the condition and analyze its relationship with important growth traits. Overall, the prevalence of white striping (Score > 0) was approximately 88% across all genetic lines studied, with most scores being of moderate-severe severity (Score 1 or 2). As was expected, increased white striping severity was associated with higher slaughter weight, breast weight, and breast meat yield (BMY) within each genetic line. This study highlights the importance of training to improve the reliability of a scoring system for white striping in turkeys and was required to provide an updated account on white striping prevalence in modern turkeys. Furthermore, we showed that white striping is an important breast muscle myopathy in turkeys linked to heavily selected traits such as body weight and BMY. White striping should be investigated further as a novel phenotype in future domestic turkey selection through use of a balanced selection index.
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7
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Carvalho LT, Giampietro‐Ganeco A, Mello JLM, Ferrari FB, Souza RA, Souza PA, Borba H, Trindade MA, Domínguez R, Lorenzo JM. Quality and stability of cooked sausages made from turkey meat affected by the white striping myopathy. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tátero Carvalho
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Aline Giampietro‐Ganeco
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Juliana Lolli Malagoli Mello
- Department of Technology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) State University of São Paulo Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - Fábio Borba Ferrari
- Department of Technology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) State University of São Paulo Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alves Souza
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Souza
- Department of Technology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) State University of São Paulo Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - Hirasilva Borba
- Department of Technology Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) State University of São Paulo Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Trindade
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA) University of São Paulo Pirassununga Brazil
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de GaliciaParque Tecnológico de Galicia Ourense Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de GaliciaParque Tecnológico de Galicia Ourense Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense Universidad de Vigo Ourense Spain
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8
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Mudalal S, Zaazaa A, Omar JA. Effects of Medicinal Plants Extract with Antibiotic Free Diets on Broilers Growth Performance and Incidence of Muscles Abnormalities. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mudalal
- An Najah National University, Palestine
| | - A Zaazaa
- An Najah National University, Palestine
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9
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Mudalal S, Zaid A, Abu-Khalaf N, Petracci M. Predicting the quality traits of white striped turkey breast by visible/near infra-red spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1779138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Mudalal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Amal Zaid
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm, Palestine
| | - Nawaf Abu-Khalaf
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm, Palestine
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Zampiga M, Soglia F, Baldi G, Petracci M, Strasburg GM, Sirri F. Muscle Abnormalities and Meat Quality Consequences in Modern Turkey Hybrids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32595515 PMCID: PMC7304436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey meat is the second most consumed poultry meat worldwide and represents an economic source of high-quality protein for human consumption. To fulfill the increasing demand for turkey meat, breeding companies have been selecting genetic lines with increased growth potential and breast muscle proportion. Moreover, the progressive shift toward further processed products has emphasized the need for higher standards in poultry meat to improve its technological characteristics and functional properties (i.e., water-holding capacity). However, as observed for broiler chickens, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the intense selection for the aforementioned traits could be associated with a greater occurrence of growth-related myopathies and abnormalities and, consequently, to increased downgrading rates and overall reduction of meat quality characteristics. In the past, muscle abnormalities such as deep pectoral myopathy, pale-soft-and-exudative-like meat, and focal myopathy have been reported in turkey lines selected for increased growth rate. In addition, the presence of white striations in the superficial layer of pectoralis major muscle, as well as the tendency of muscle fiber bundles to separate resulting in an altered breast muscle structure, has been detected in commercial turkey abattoirs. Furthermore, past investigations revealed the presence of another quality issue depicted by an overall toughening of the breast muscle. These meat abnormalities seem to macroscopically overlap the white striping, spaghetti meat, and wooden breast conditions observed in pectoral muscle of fast-growing, high-breast-yield chicken hybrids, respectively. Considering the high economic impact of these growth-related abnormalities in broilers, there is an increasing interest of the turkey industry in estimating the occurrence and the impact of these meat quality issues also in the modern turkey lines. Studies have been recently conducted to assess the effect of the genotype on the occurrence of these emerging growth-related defects and to evaluate how meat quality properties are affected by white-striping condition in turkeys, respectively. Therefore, this review aims to provide a critical overview of the current understanding regarding the growth-related abnormalities and their impact on meat quality in modern turkey hybrids with the hope that this information may improve the knowledge concerning their overall effect on poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Baldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gale M. Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Zaid A, Abu-Khalaf N, Mudalal S, Petracci M. Differentiation between Normal and White Striped Turkey Breasts by Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:96-105. [PMID: 31970334 PMCID: PMC6957443 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of white striations over breast meat is an emerging and growing
problem. The main purpose of this study was to employ the reflectance of
visible-near infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy to differentiate between normal and
white striped turkey breasts. Accordingly, 34 turkey breast fillets were
selected representing a different level of white striping (WS) defects (normal,
moderate and severe). The findings of VIS/NIR were analyzed by principal
component (PC1) analysis (PCA). It was found that the first PC1 for VIS, NIR and
VIS/NIR region explained 98%, 97%, and 96% of the total variation, respectively.
PCA showed high performance to differentiate normal meat from abnormal meat
(moderate and severe WS). In conclusion, the results of this research showed
that VIS/NIR spectroscopy was satisfactory to differentiate normal from severe
WS turkey fillets by using several quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Zaid
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm B.O.Box 7, Palestine
| | - Nawaf Abu-Khalaf
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie (PTUK), Tulkarm B.O.Box 7, Palestine
| | - Samer Mudalal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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