Preparation and Antioxidant Activities of High Fischer's Ratio Oligopeptides from Goat Whey

Typical structural characteristics and hepatoprotective effects of novel high Fischer ratio oligopeptides from Antarctic krill on acute alcoholic liver injury

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides derived from Antarctic krill (HFOPs-AK) were screened, and their hepatoprotective effects and potential mechanisms were investigated. Herein, HFOPs-AK, with a Fischer ratio of 29 g/g (40.22 mol/mol) (MW < 1000 Da), were prepared via two-step enzymatic hydrolysis using chymotrypsin and flavourzyme and aromatic amino acid removal. Seventy-eight characteristic peptides were identified from HFOPs-AK through UHPLC-Q/TOF, with peptides containing Leu, Val, or Ile accounting for 79%. High hepatoprotective peptides were purified using GFC and RP-HPLC and identified as SDELGW and LLGWDDM. Furthermore, a murine model of acute liver injury induced by alcohol was successfully established. It was demonstrated that the oral administration of HFOPs-AK (800 mg per kg bw per d) remarkably increased the contents of ADH and ALDH compared with the model group, reaching 3.40 and 5.10 U mg-1 prot, respectively. Further, it was revealed that HFOPs-AK could effectively mitigate hepatic oxidative stress by increasing the levels of GSH-Px (p < 0.01) and decreasing the level of MDA (p < 0.05). Additionally, HFOPs-AK (800 mg per kg bw per d) attenuated liver inflammation by down-regulating the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by 40.45%, 38.48%, and 35.83%, respectively. Therefore, HFOPs-AK may have the potential as a new nutritional supplement for the treatment of alcoholic liver injury.

Systematical Investigation on Anti-Fatigue Function and Underlying Mechanism of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptides from Antarctic Krill on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides (HFOs) have a variety of biological activities, but their mechanisms of action for anti-fatigue are less systematically studied at present. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of HFOs from Antarctic krill (HFOs-AK) and explore its mechanism of action through establishing the fatigue model of endurance swimming in mice. Therefore, according to the comparison with the endurance swimming model group, HFOs-AK were able to dose-dependently prolong the endurance swimming time, reduce the levels of the metabolites (lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and blood ammonia), increase the content of blood glucose, muscle glycogen, and liver glycogen, reduce lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase extravasation, and protect muscle tissue from damage in the endurance swimming mice. HFOs-AK were shown to enhance Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and increase ATP content in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, HFOs-AK also showed significantly antioxidant ability by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde. Further studies showed that HFOs-AK could regulate the body's energy metabolism and thus exert its anti-fatigue effects by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of p-AMPK and PGC-α proteins. Therefore, HFOs-AK can be used as an auxiliary functional dietary molecules to exert its good anti-fatigue activity and be applied to anti-fatigue functional foods.

High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptides of Gluten Alleviate Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Rats

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides (HFOs) exhibit diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. HFOs from gluten origin were prepared through fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis and then characterized using free amino acid analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Following intervention, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) in the rats significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, there was an increasing trend in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of alcohol metabolism-related genes (ADH4, ALDH2, and CYP2E1) exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05). Histological examination revealed a reduction in liver damage. The findings indicate that high Fischer ratio oligopeptides, prepared through enzymatic and fermentation methods, significantly improve lipid levels, ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders, and mitigate oxidative stress, and exhibit a discernible alleviating effect on alcoholic liver injury in rats.

Study on the current research trends and future agenda in animal products: an Asian perspective

This study aimed to analyze the leading research materials and research trends related to livestock food in Asia in recent years and propose future research agendas to ultimately contribute to the development of related livestock species. On analyzing more than 200 relevant articles, a high frequency of studies on livestock species and products with large breeding scales and vast markets was observed. Asia possesses the largest pig population and most extensive pork market, followed by that of beef, chicken, and milk; moreover, blood and egg markets have also been studied. Regarding research keywords, "meat quality" and "probiotics" were the most common, followed by "antioxidants", which have been extensively studied in the past, and "cultured meat", which has recently gained traction. The future research agenda for meat products is expected to be dominated by alternative livestock products, such as cultured and plant-derived meats; improved meat product functionality and safety; the environmental impacts of livestock farming; and animal welfare research. The future research agenda for dairy products is anticipated to include animal welfare, dairy production, probiotic-based development of high-quality functional dairy products, the development of alternative dairy products, and the advancement of lactose-free or personalized dairy products. However, determining the extent to which the various research articles' findings have been applied in real-world industry proved challenging, and research related to animal food laws and policies and consumer surveys was lacking. In addition, studies on alternatives for sustainable livestock development could not be identified. Therefore, future research may augment industrial application, and multidisciplinary research related to animal food laws and policies as well as eco-friendly livestock production should be strengthened.