1
|
Abstract
Since 2015, stroke has become the leading cause of death and disability in China, posing a significant threat to the health of its citizens as a major chronic non-communicable disease. According to the China Stroke High-risk Population Screening and Intervention Program, an estimated 17.8 million [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.6-18.0 million] adults in China had experienced a stroke in 2020, with 3.4 million (95% CI 3.3-3.5 million) experiencing their first-ever stroke and another 2.3 million (95% CI 2.2-2.4 million) dying as a result. Additionally, approximately 12.5% (95% CI 12.4-12.5%) of stroke survivors were left disabled, as defined by a modified Rankin Scale score greater than 1, equating to 2.2 million (95% CI 2.1-2.2 million) stroke-related disabilities in 2020. As the population ages and the prevalence of risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia continues to rise and remains poorly controlled, the burden of stroke in China is also increasing. A large national epidemiological survey initiated by the China Hypertension League in 2017 showed that the prevalence of hypertension was 24.7%; the awareness, treatment, and control rates in hypertensive patients were: 60.1%, 42.5%, and 25.4%, respectively. A nationally representative sample of the Chinese mainland population showed that the weighted prevalence of total diabetes diagnosed by the American Diabetes Association criteria was 12.8%, suggesting there are 120 million adults with diabetes in China, and the awareness, treatment, and control rates in diabetic patients were: 43.3%, 49.0%, and 49.4%, respectively. The "Sixth National Health Service Statistical Survey Report in 2018" showed that the proportion of the obese population in China was 37.4%, an increase of 7.2 points from 2013. Data from 1599 hospitals in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System and Bigdata Observatory Platform for Stroke of China (BOSC) showed that a total of 3,418,432 stroke cases [mean age ± standard error (SE) was (65.700 ± 0.006) years, and 59.1% were male] were admitted during 2020. Of those, over 80% (81.9%) were ischemic stroke (IS), 14.9% were intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) strokes, and 3.1% were subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) strokes. The mean ± SE of hospitalization expenditures was Chinese Yuan (CNY) (16,975.6 ± 16.3), ranging from (13,310.1 ± 12.8) in IS to (81,369.8 ± 260.7) in SAH, and out-of-pocket expenses were (5788.9 ± 8.6), ranging from (4449.0 ± 6.6) in IS to (30,778.2 ± 156.8) in SAH. It was estimated that the medical cost of hospitalization for stroke in 2020 was CNY 58.0 billion, of which the patient pays approximately CNY 19.8 billion. In-hospital death/discharge against medical advice rate was 9.2% (95% CI 9.2-9.2%), ranging from 6.4% (95% CI 6.4-6.5%) for IS to 21.8% for ICH (95% CI 21.8-21.9%). From 2019 to 2020, the information about 188,648 patients with acute IS receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy (IVT), 49,845 patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy (MT), and 14,087 patients receiving bridging (IVT + MT) were collected through BOSC. The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage during treatment was 3.2% (95% CI 3.2-3.3%), 7.7% (95% CI 7.5-8.0%), and 12.9% (95% CI 12.3-13.4%), respectively. And in-hospital death/discharge against medical advice rate was 8.9% (95% CI 8.8-9.0%), 16.5% (95% CI 16.2-16.9%), and 16.8% (95% CI 16.2-17.4%), respectively. A prospective nationwide hospital-based study was conducted at 231 stroke base hospitals (Level III) from 31 provinces in China through BOSC from January 2019 to December 2020 and 136,282 stroke patients were included and finished 12-month follow-up. Of those, over 86.9% were IS, 10.8% were ICH strokes, and 2.3% were SAH strokes. The disability rate [% (95% CI)] in survivors of stroke at 3-month and 12-month was 14.8% (95% CI 14.6-15.0%) and 14.0% (95% CI 13.8-14.2%), respectively. The mortality rate [% (95% CI)] of stroke at 3-month and 12-month was 4.2% (95% CI 4.1-4.3%) and 8.5% (95% CI 8.4-8.6%), respectively. The recurrence rate [% (95% CI)] of stroke at 3-month and 12-month was 3.6% (95% CI 3.5-3.7%) and 5.6% (95% CI 5.4-5.7%), respectively. The Healthy China 2030 Stroke Action Plan was launched as part of this review, and the above data provide valuable guidelines for future stroke prevention and treatment efforts in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Long-De Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng L, Luo JY, Liu F, Zhang ZR, Qiu YJ, Luo F, Tian XX, Li XM, Yang YN. Interplay between Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Calcium in Middle-Aged and Elderly Symptomatic Patients. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:158. [PMID: 39077535 PMCID: PMC11264111 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2406158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) combined with risk factor burdens in middle-aged and elderly patients with symptoms is unclear. Methods A cohort study comprising 7432 middle-aged and elderly symptomatic patients (aged above 55 years) was conducted between December 2013 and September 2020. All patients had undergone coronary computed tomography angiography, and the Agatston score were used to measure CAC scores. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which was defined as a composite outcome of nonfatal myocardial infarction, revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft), stroke, and cardiovascular death. Congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, malignant arrhythmia, and all-cause mortality were defined as the secondary outcomes. Results There are 970 (13%) patients with CAC 0-10, 2331 (31%) patients with CAC 11-100, and 4131 (56%) patients with CAC ≥ 101. The proportion of patients aged 55-65 years, 65-75 years and ≥ 75 years was 40.7%, 38.1% and 21.2%, respectively. The total number of MACCEs over the 3.4 years follow-up period was 478. The percentage of CAC ≥ 101 was higher among the 75-year-old group than the 55-65-year-old group, increasing from 46.5% to 68.2%. With the increase in the CAC score, the proportion of patients aged ≥ 75 years increased from 12.9% to 25.8%, compared to those aged 55-65 years. The number of risk factors gradually increased as the CAC scores increased in the symptomatic patients aged over 55 years and the similar tendencies were observed among the different age subgroups. The proportion of non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was comparable between the three age groups (53.5% vs 51.9% vs 49.1%), but obstruction CAD increased with age. The incidence of MACCE in the group with CAC ≥ 101 and ≥ 4 risk factors was 1.71 times higher (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.92; p = 0.044) than the rate in the group with CAC ≥ 101 and 1 risk factor. In the CAC 0-10 group, the incidence of MACCE in patients aged ≥ 75 years was 12.65 times higher (95% CI: 6.74-23.75; p < 0.0001) than that in patients aged 55-65 years. By taking into account the combination of CAC score, age, and risk factor burden, the predictive power of MACCE can be increased (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.614). Conclusions In symptomatic patients aged 55 or above, a rise in age, CAC scores, and risk factor burden was linked to a considerable risk of future MACCE. In addition, combining CAC scores, age and risk factors can more accurately predict outcomes for middle-aged and elderly patients with symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830011 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ya-Jing Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fan Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xin-Xin Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830054 Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang T, Xie C, Lv B, Su L, Long J, Liu S, Huang X, Pei P, Pan R, Lan J. Age at smoking initiation and smoking cessation influence the incidence of stroke in China: a 10-year follow-up study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023:10.1007/s11239-023-02812-y. [PMID: 37099076 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the correlation between age at smoking initiation and smoking cessation for the risk for stroke in China. We investigated 50,174 participants from one of the urban areas of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for association between smoking and incidence of stroke were estimated using Cox regression model. During a median of 10.7 years of follow-up, 4370 total stroke cases were documented. Among men, comparing current smokers to never smokers, the HR of total stroke for current smokers was 1.279 (95% CI, 1.134-1.443) for total stroke. The HRs of total stroke were 1.344 (1.151-1.570) for those started smoking at age less than 20 years, 1.254 (1.090-1.443) for those started smoking at age 20-30 years, and 1.205 (1.012-1.435) for those started smoking at age 30 year and above, with a dose-response relation (P for trend, 0.004). Comparing former smokers to current smokers, in the low pack-year group, those stopped smoking at age less than 65 years had a 18.2% decreased risk for total stroke (0.818; 0.673-0.994). The decreased risk was not found in those stopped smoking at age 65 years and above. Similar results were observed in the high pack-year group. In conclusion, we found that current smokers had a higher stroke risk than never smokers, and the risk increased with a younger age at smoking initiation. Smoking cessation can reduce the risk for stroke, especially could benefit from cessation at a younger age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Changping Xie
- Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545007, China
| | - Bangjun Lv
- Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545007, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jianxiong Long
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shengying Liu
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rong Pan
- Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545007, China.
| | - Jian Lan
- Liuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu Y, Wang W, Tang Z, Chen L, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Wu L, Jiang J, Zhang X, He C, Peng H. A Prediction Model for Rapid Identification of Ischemic Stroke: Application of Serum Soluble Corin. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:2933-2943. [PMID: 36582588 PMCID: PMC9792811 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s395896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rapid identification is critical for ischemic stroke due to the very narrow therapeutic time window. The objective of this study was to construct a diagnostic model for the rapid identification of ischemic stroke. Methods A mixture population constituted of patients with ischemic stroke (n = 481), patients with hemorrhagic stroke (n = 116), and healthy individuals from communities (n = 2498) were randomly resampled into training (n = 1547, mean age: 55 years, 44% males) and testing (n = 1548, mean age: 54 years, 43% males) samples. Serum corin was assayed using commercial ELISA kits. Potential risk factors including age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, and medical history were obtained as candidate predictors. The diagnostic model of ischemic stroke was developed using a backward stepwise logistic regression model in the training sample and validated in the testing sample. Results The final diagnostic model included age, sex, cigarette smoking, family history of stroke, history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, and serum corin. The diagnostic model exhibited good discrimination in both training (AUC: 0.910, 95% CI: 0.884-0.936) and testing (AUC: 0.907, 95% CI: 0.881-0.934) samples. Calibration curves showed good concordance between the observed and predicted probability of ischemic stroke in both samples (all P>0.05). Conclusion We developed a simple diagnostic model with routinely available variables to assist rapid identification of ischemic stroke. The effectiveness and efficiency of this model warranted further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijie Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Central Office, Suzhou National New and Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Chronic Disease, Gusu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Suzhou Industrial Park Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Department of Tuberculosis Control, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hao Peng; Chuan He, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 512 6588 0079, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen Q, Chan KH, Shi K, Lv J, Guo Y, Pei P, Yang L, Chen Y, Du H, Gilbert S, Avery D, Hu W, Chen J, Yu C, Chen Z, Li L. Tobacco smoking and solid fuels for cooking and risk of liver cancer: A prospective cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:181-190. [PMID: 35199334 PMCID: PMC7612779 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous research found tobacco smoking and solid fuel use for cooking to increase the risk of chronic liver disease mortality, but previous cohort studies have not investigated their independent and joint associations with liver cancer incidence in contemporary China. The China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study recruited 0.5 million adults aged 30 to 79 years from 10 areas across China during 2004 to 2008. Participants reported detailed smoking and fuel use information at baseline. After an 11.1-year median follow-up via electronic record linkage, we recorded 2997 liver cancer cases. Overall, 29.4% participants were current smokers. Among those who cooked at least once per month, 48.8% always used solid fuels (ie, coal or wood) for cooking. Tobacco smoking and solid fuel use for cooking were independently associated with increased risks of liver cancer, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 1.28 (1.15-1.42) and 1.25 (1.03-1.52), respectively. The more cigarettes consumed each day, the earlier the age of starting smoking or the longer duration of solid fuels exposure, the higher the risk (Ptrend < .001, =.001, =.018, respectively). Compared with never smokers who had always used clean fuels (ie, gas or electricity), ever-smokers who had always used solid fuels for cooking had a 67% (95% CIs: 1.29-2.17) higher risk. Among Chinese adults, tobacco smoking and solid fuel use for cooking were independently associated with higher risk of liver cancer incidence. Stronger association was observed with higher number of daily cigarette consumption, the earlier age of starting smoking and longer duration of solid fuel use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ka Hung Chan
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellenceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kexiang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellencePeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular SciencesPeking University, Ministry of EducationBeijingChina
| | - Yu Guo
- Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesNational Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - Pei Pei
- National Center for Cardiovascular DiseasesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Simon Gilbert
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Daniel Avery
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Weijie Hu
- Maiji DivisionCenter for Disease Control and PreventionTianshuiChina
| | - Junshi Chen
- Food Safety Risk AssessmentChina National CenterBeijingChina
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellencePeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research ExcellencePeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang HG, Lee SJ, Heo SH, Chang DI, Kim BJ. Clopidogrel Resistance in Patients With Stroke Recurrence Under Single or Dual Antiplatelet Treatment. Front Neurol 2021; 12:652416. [PMID: 34447343 PMCID: PMC8383201 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.652416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The factors associated with clopidogrel resistance in patients with stroke recurrence receiving single or dual antiplatelet treatment (SAPT or DAPT) may differ. This study compared the high on-treatment platelet reactivities (HPRs) and the factors associated with clopidogrel resistance in recurrent ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel or aspirin and clopidogrel. Methods: We enrolled and allocated 275 recurrent ischemic stroke patients to the clopidogrel and DAPT groups and compared their demographics, conventional risk factors, and P2Y12 reaction units (PRUs). Clopidogrel resistance was categorized as PRU higher than 275. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the factors underlying clopidogrel resistance during SAPT and DAPT. Results: In total, 145 (52.7%) and 130 (47.3%) patients received clopidogrel and DAPT, respectively at recurrence. The risk factors of the two groups were not significantly different, except that coronary artery disease was more frequent in the DAPT group. The PRU was higher (255 ± 91 vs. 221 ± 84; p = 0.002) and clopidogrel resistance was more frequent (45.5 vs. 31.5%; p = 0.018) in the SAPT than in the DAPT group. Hyperlipidemia was associated with clopidogrel resistance during SAPT, and smoking (Odds ratio = 0.426, 95% confidence interval 0.210–0.861; p = 0.018) had a protective effect against clopidogrel resistance. For those receiving DAPT, old age, female, low hemoglobin A1c level, and high ARU were associated with clopidogrel resistance. Conclusions: HPR and clopidogrel resistance were more frequent in recurrent ischemic stroke patients receiving clopidogrel than in those receiving DAPT. Smoking was independently associated with less clopidogrel resistance among those receiving clopidogrel SAPT but not in those receiving DAPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Kang
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University - Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics and Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|