Safety and Angiographic Efficacy of Intra-Arterial Fibrinolytics as Adjunct to Mechanical Thrombectomy: Results from the INFINITY Registry

Assessment of Thrombectomy versus Combined Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Medium Vessel Occlusion

Background The combination of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) may have clinical benefits for patients with medium vessel occlusion. Purpose To examine whether MT combined with IVT is associated with different outcomes than MT alone in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and medium vessel occlusion. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive adult patients with AIS and medium vessel occlusion treated with MT or MT with IVT at 37 academic centers in North America, Asia, and Europe. Data were collected from September 2017 to July 2021. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce confounding. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between the addition of IVT treatment and different functional and safety outcomes. Results After propensity score matching, 670 patients (median age, 75 years [IQR, 64-82 years]; 356 female) were included in the analysis; 335 underwent MT alone and 335 underwent MT with IVT. Median onset to puncture (350 vs 210 minutes, P < .001) and onset to recanalization (397 vs 273 minutes, P < .001) times were higher in the MT group than the MT with IVT group, respectively. In the univariable regression analysis, the addition of IVT was associated with higher odds of a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.96; P = .019); however, this association was not observed in the multivariable analysis (OR, 1.37; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.89; P = .054). In the multivariable analysis, the addition of IVT also showed no evidence of an association with the odds of first-pass effect (OR, 1.27; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.79; P = .17), Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grades 2b-3 (OR, 1.64; 95% CI: 0.99, 2.73; P = .055), mRS scores 0-1 (OR, 1.27; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.76; P = .16), mortality (OR, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.24; P = .29), or intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.76; P = .21). Conclusion Adjunctive IVT may not provide benefit to MT in patients with AIS caused by distal and medium vessel occlusion. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Wojak in this issue.

Thrombectomy Plus Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis Versus Thrombectomy for Acute Large Vessel Occlusions: a Matched-Control Study

AIM

We conducted a matched-control analysis to compare the outcomes of large vessel occlusion (LVO) patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) plus Intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) versus those treated with MT alone.

METHODS

The subjects of this study were chosen from ANGEL-ACT registry. All patients who received MT were identified and categorized into two groups: "MT + IAT" and "MT," based on whether or not they received additional intra-arterial medication IAT during the MT procedure. After being subjected to 1:1 propensity score matching, the outcome measures, including modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days, successful recanalization at the final angiogram, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) within 36 h, and death within 90 days, were compared.

RESULTS

The study encompassed a total of 1607 patients, with 641 individuals assigned to the MT + IAT group and 966 to the MT group. After applying propensity score matching, a total of 524 pairs were identified for comparison. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (median: 3 vs. 3 points; P = 0.83), successful recanalization (89.9 vs. 88.9%; P = 0.62), sICH (8.3 vs. 8.7%; P = 0.79), and death (15.5 vs. 16.4%; P = 0.70).

CONCLUSIONS

IAT during MT does not confer an elevated risk of sICH or mortality. Furthermore, the combination of MT and IAT may produce comparable functional outcomes in comparison to MT alone, when treating acute LVO patients.

Correlation of Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Indicators to Prognosis After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Retrospective Study

Purpose

According to many previous studies, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly used as important indicators to assess the prognosis of intravenous thrombolysis in AIS patients. Based on this, we used two novel biomarkers C-NLR (CRP/neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio) and C-LMR (CRP×lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio) to investigate their correlation with 90-day outcomes in AIS patients after intravenous thrombolysis.

Patients and Methods

A total of 204 AIS patients who received intravenous thrombolysis at the Stroke Center of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine from January 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively included. All patients were followed up 90 days after thrombolysis to assess their prognosis. Patients with a modified Rankin scale score (mRS) of 3-6 were included in the unfavorable outcome group, and those with a score of 0-2 were included in the favorable outcome group. Logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve were used to investigate the association between C-NLR, C-LMR, and 90-day prognosis in AIS patients treated with early intravenous thrombolysis.

Results

C-NLR (OR=1.586, 95% CI=1.098~2.291, P=0.014) and C-LMR (OR=1.099, 95% CI=1.025~1.179, P=0.008) were independent risk factors for 90-day prognosis of AIS patients treated with early intravenous thrombolysis. The higher C-NLR and C-LMR were associated with unfavorable prognosis.

Conclusion

C-NLR and C-LMR can be used as biomarkers to predict prognosis of AIS patients treated with early intravenous thrombolysis.

Mechanical thrombectomy with intra-arterial thrombolysis versus mechanical thrombectomy alone in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

There is conflicting evidence as to whether intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) adds benefit in patients with acute stroke who undergo mechanical thrombectomy (MT).

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review to identify studies that evaluate IAT in patients with acute stroke who undergo MT. Data were extracted from relevant studies found through a search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science until February 2023. Statistical pooling with random effects meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate odds of functional independence, mortality, and near-complete or complete angiographic recanalization with IAT compared to no IAT.

RESULTS

A total of 18 studies were included (3 matched, 14 unmatched, and 1 randomized). The odds ratio (OR) for functional independence (modified Rankin Scale: 0-2) at 90 days was 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-1.37, p = 0.17, 16 studies involving 7572 patients) with IAT with moderate between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 38.1%). The OR for functional independence with IAT was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.92-1.78, p = 0.15) in studies that were either matched or randomized and 1.24 (95% CI: 0.97-1.58, p = 0.08) in studies with the highest quality score. IAT was associated with higher odds of near-complete or complete angiographic recanalization (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.03-2.65, p = 0.04) in studies that were either matched or of randomized comparisons.

CONCLUSION

Although the odds of functional independence appeared to be higher with IAT and MT compared with MT alone, none of the results were statistically significant. A prominent effect of the design and quality of the studies was observed on the association between IAT and functional independence at 90 days.

Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis is Associated with Delayed Reperfusion of Remaining Vessel Occlusions following Incomplete Thrombectomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intra-arterial thrombolytics may be used to treat distal vessel occlusions, which cause incomplete reperfusion following mechanical thrombectomy. Because immediate reperfusion after intra-arterial thrombolytics occurs rarely, the aim of this study was to assess the delayed effect of intra-arterial thrombolytics using follow-up perfusion imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We included patients from a prospective stroke registry (February 2015 to September 2022) who had undergone mechanical thrombectomy and had incomplete reperfusion (expanded TICI 2a-2c) and available 24 hour perfusion imaging. Perfusion imaging was rated as delayed reperfusion if time-sensitive perfusion maps did not show wedge-shaped delays suggestive of persisting occlusions corresponding to the post-mechanical thrombectomy angiographic deficit. Patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolytics were compared with controls using multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting matching for baseline differences and factors associated with delayed reperfusion.

RESULTS

The median age of the final study population (n = 459) was 74 years (interquartile range, 63-81 years), and delayed reperfusion occurred in 61% of cases. Patients treated with additional intra-arterial thrombolytics (n = 40) were younger and had worse expanded TICI scores. After matching was performed, intra-arterial thrombolytics was associated with higher rates of delayed reperfusion (adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4) and lower rates of new infarction in the residually hypoperfused territory after mechanical thrombectomy (adjusted OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7). No difference was found in the rates of functional independence (90-day mRS, 0-2; adjusted OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 0.4-4.1).

CONCLUSIONS

Rescue intra-arterial thrombolytics is associated with delayed reperfusion of remaining vessel occlusions following incomplete mechanical thrombectomy. The value of intra-arterial thrombolytics as a potential therapy for incomplete reperfusions after mechanical thrombectomy should be assessed in the setting of randomized controlled trials.

Effect of intra-arterial thrombolysis following successful endovascular thrombectomy on functional outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke: A post-CHOICE meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Although > 70% of patients in the trials assessing EVT for AIS-LVO had successful recanalization, only a third ultimately achieved favorable outcomes. A "no-reflow" phenomenon due to distal microcirculation disruption might contribute to such suboptimal outcomes. Combining intra-arterial (IA) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and EVT to reduce the distal microthrombi burden was investigated in a few studies. We present a pooled-data meta-analysis of the existing evidence of this combinatorial treatment.

METHODS

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. We aimed to include all original studies investigating EVT plus IA tPA in AIS-LVO patients. Using R software, we calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). A fixed-effects model was adopted to evaluate pooled data.

RESULTS

Five studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Successful recanalization was comparable between the IA tPA and control groups at 82.9% and 82.32% respectively. The 90-day functional independence was similar between both groups (OR= 1.25; 95% CI= 0.92-1.70; P= 0.154). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was also comparable between both groups (OR= 0.66; 95% CI= 0.34-1.26; P= 0.304).

CONCLUSION

Our current meta-analysis does not show significant differences between EVT alone and EVT plus IA tPA in terms of functional independence or sICH. However, with the limited number of studies and included patients, more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to further investigate the benefits and safety of combined EVT and IA tPA.

Association Between Intravenous Thrombolysis and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Unsuccessful Mechanical Reperfusion

Importance

Clinical evidence of the potential treatment benefit of intravenous thrombolysis preceding unsuccessful mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is scarce.

Objective

To determine whether intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to unsuccessful MT improves functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Patients were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study from the prospective, observational, multicenter German Stroke Registry-Endovascular Treatment between May 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021. This study compared IVT plus MT vs MT alone in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large-vessel occlusion in whom mechanical reperfusion was unsuccessful. Unsuccessful mechanical reperfusion was defined as failed (final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade of 0 or 1) or partial (grade 2a). Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were matched by treatment group using 1:1 propensity score matching.

Interventions

Mechanical thrombectomy with or without IVT.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Primary outcome was functional independence at 90 days, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2. Safety outcomes were the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and death.

Results

After matching, 746 patients were compared by treatment arms (median age, 78 [IQR, 68-84] years; 438 women [58.7%]). The proportion of patients who were functionally independent at 90 days was 68 of 373 (18.2%) in the IVT plus MT and 42 of 373 (11.3%) in the MT alone group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.63 [95% CI, 1.41-5.11]; P = .003). There was a shift toward better functional outcomes on the modified Rankin Scale favoring IVT plus MT (adjusted common OR, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.35-2.92]; P < .001). The treatment benefit of IVT was greater in patients with partial reperfusion compared with failed reperfusion. There was no difference in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages between treatment groups (AOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.29-1.81]; P = .45), while the death rate was lower after IVT plus MT (AOR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.34-0.86]; P = .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that prior IVT was safe and improved functional outcomes at 90 days. Partial reperfusion was associated with a greater treatment benefit of IVT, indicating a positive interaction between IVT and MT. These results support current guidelines that all eligible patients with stroke should receive IVT before MT and add a new perspective to the debate on noninferiority of combined stroke treatment.

Thrombectomy versus Medical Management for Isolated Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: An International Multicenter Registry Study

Background Evidence supporting a potential benefit of thrombectomy for distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is, to the knowledge of the authors, unknown. Purpose To compare the clinical and safety outcomes between mechanical thrombectomy (MT) and best medical treatment (BMT) with or without intravenous thrombolysis for primary isolated ACA DMVOs. Materials and Methods Treatment for Primary Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke, or TOPMOST, is an international, retrospective, multicenter, observational registry of patients treated for DMVO in daily practice. Patients treated with thrombectomy or BMT alone for primary ACA DMVO distal to the A1 segment between January 2013 and October 2021 were analyzed and compared by one-to-one propensity score matching (PSM). Early outcome was measured by the median improvement of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 24 hours. Favorable functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin scale scores of 0-2 at 90 days. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and mortality. Results Of 154 patients (median age, 77 years; quartile 1 [Q1] to quartile 3 [Q3], 66-84 years; 80 men; 94 patients with MT; 60 patients with BMT) who met the inclusion criteria, 110 patients (median age, 76 years; Q1-Q3, 67-83 years; 50 men; 55 patients with MT; 55 patients with BMT) were matched. DMVOs were in A2 (82 patients; 53%), A3 (69 patients; 45%), and A3 (three patients; 2%). After PSM, the median 24-hour NIHSS point decrease was -2 (Q1-Q3, -4 to 0) in the thrombectomy and -1 (Q1-Q3, -4 to 1.25) in the BMT cohort (P = .52). Favorable functional outcome (MT vs BMT, 18 of 37 [49%] vs 19 of 39 [49%], respectively; P = .99) and mortality (MT vs BMT, eight of 37 [22%] vs 12 of 39 [31%], respectively; P = .36) were similar in both groups. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in three (2%) of 154 patients. Conclusion Thrombectomy appears to be a safe and technically feasible treatment option for primary isolated anterior cerebral artery occlusions in the A2 and A3 segment with clinical outcomes similar to best medical treatment with and without intravenous thrombolysis. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Zhu and Wang in this issue.

Intra-arterial thrombolytics during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke in the MR CLEAN Registry

INTRODUCTION

The efficacy and safety of local intra-arterial (IA) thrombolytics during endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for large-vessel occlusions is uncertain. We analysed how often IA thrombolytics were administered in the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) Registry, whether it was associated with improved functional outcome and assessed technical and safety outcomes compared with EVT without IA thrombolytics.

METHODS

In this observational study, we included patients undergoing EVT for an acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior circulation from the MR CLEAN Registry (March 2014-November 2017). The primary endpoint was favourable functional outcome, defined as an modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at 90 days. Secondary endpoints were reperfusion status, early neurological recovery and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH). Subgroup analyses for IA thrombolytics as primary versus adjuvant revascularisation attempt were performed.

RESULTS

Of the 2263 included patients, 95 (4.2%) received IA thrombolytics during EVT. The IA thrombolytics administered were urokinase (median dose, 250 000 IU (IQR, 1 93 750-2 50 000)) or alteplase (median dose, 20 mg (IQR, 12-20)). No association was found between IA thrombolytics and favourable functional outcome (adjusted OR (aOR), 1.16; 95% CI 0.71 to 1.90). Successful reperfusion was less often observed in those patients treated with IA thrombolytics (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.90). The odds of sICH (aOR, 0.82; 95% CI 0.32 to 2.10) and early neurological recovery were comparable between patients treated with and without IA thrombolytics. For primary and adjuvant revascularisation attempts, IA thrombolytics were more often administered for proximal than for distal occlusions. Functional outcomes were comparable for patients receiving IA thrombolytics as a primary versus adjuvant revascularisation attempt.

CONCLUSION

Local IA thrombolytics were rarely used in the MR CLEAN Registry. In the relatively small study sample, no statistical difference was observed between groups in the rate of favourable functional outcome or sICH. Patients whom required and underwent IA thrombolytics were patients less likely to achieve successful reperfusion, probably due to selection bias.

Endovascular versus Medical Management of Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The optimal management of patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) compared to medical management (MM) for acute BAO through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of patients with acute BAO. We analyzed the pooled effect of EVT compared to MM on the primary outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] of 0-3 at 3 months), secondary outcome (mRS 0-2 at 3 months), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and 3-month mortality rates. For each study, effect sizes were computed as odds ratios (ORs) with random effects and Mantel-Haenszel weighting.

RESULTS

Four RCTs met inclusion criteria including 988 patients. There were higher odds of mRS of 0-3 at 90 days in the EVT versus MM group (45.1% vs. 29.1%, OR 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-3.80; P=0.04). Patients receiving EVT had a higher sICH compared to MM (5.4% vs. 0.8%, OR 7.89, 95% CI 4.10-15.19; P<0.01). Mortality was lower in the EVT group (35.5% vs. 45.1%, OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.99; P=0.05). In an analysis of two trials with BAO patients and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) <10, there was no difference in 90-day outcomes between EVT versus MM.

CONCLUSION

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, EVT was associated with favorable outcome and decreased mortality in patients with BAO up to 24 hours from stroke symptoms compared to MM. The treatment effect in BAO patients with NIHSS <10 was less certain. Further studies are of interest to evaluate the efficacy of EVT in basilar occlusion patients with milder symptoms.

The End of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator's Reign?

Mechanical thrombectomy is a highly effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke caused by large-vessel occlusion in the anterior cerebral circulation, significantly increasing the likelihood of recovery to functional independence. Until recently, whether intravenous thrombolysis before mechanical thrombectomy provided additional benefits to patients with acute ischemic stroke-large-vessel occlusion remained unclear. Given that reperfusion is a key factor for clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke-large-vessel occlusion and the efficacy of both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy is time-dependent, achieving complete reperfusion with a single pass should be the primary angiographic goal. However, it remains undetermined whether extending the procedure with additional endovascular attempts or local lytics administration safely leads to higher reperfusion grades and whether there are significant public health and cost implications. Here, we outline the current state of knowledge and research avenues that remain to be explored regarding the consistent therapeutic benefit of intravenous thrombolysis in anterior circulation strokes and the potential place of adjunctive intra-arterial lytics administration, including alternative thrombolytic agent place.

Aspiration Versus Stent Retriever Thrombectomy for Distal, Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke in the Posterior Circulation: A Subanalysis of the TOPMOST Study

BACKGROUND

The optimal endovascular strategy for reperfusing distal medium-vessel occlusions (DMVO) remains unknown. This study evaluates angiographic and clinical outcomes of thrombectomy strategies in DMVO stroke of the posterior circulation.

METHODS

TOPMOST (Treatment for Primary Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke) is an international, retrospective, multicenter, observational registry of patients treated for DMVO between January 2014 and June 2020. This study analyzed endovascularly treated isolated primary DMVO of the posterior cerebral artery in the P2 and P3 segment. Technical feasibility was evaluated with the first-pass effect defined as a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Scale score of 3. Rates of early neurological improvement and functional modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days were compared. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and intervention-related serious adverse events.

RESULTS

A total of 141 patients met the inclusion criteria and were treated endovascularly for primary isolated DMVO in the P2 (84.4%, 119) or P3 segment (15.6%, 22) of the posterior cerebral artery. The median age was 75 (IQR, 62-81), and 45.4% (64) were female. The initial reperfusion strategy was aspiration only in 29% (41) and stent retriever in 71% (100), both achieving similar first-pass effect rates of 53.7% (22) and 44% (44; P=0.297), respectively. There were no significant differences in early neurological improvement (aspiration: 64.7% versus stent retriever: 52.2%; P=0.933) and modified Rankin Scale rates (modified Rankin Scale score 0-1, aspiration: 60.5% versus stent retriever 68.6%; P=0.4). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the time from groin puncture to recanalization was associated with the first-pass effect (adjusted odds ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.99]; P<0.001) that in turn was associated with early neurological improvement (aOR, 3.27 [95% CI, 1.16-9.21]; P<0.025). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 2.8% (4) of all cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Both first-pass aspiration and stent retriever thrombectomy for primary isolated posterior circulation DMVO seem to be safe and technically feasible leading to similar favorable rates of angiographic and clinical outcome.

Thrombectomy for secondary distal, medium vessel occlusions of the posterior circulation: seeking complete reperfusion

BACKGROUND

Whether to approach distal occlusions endovascularly or not in medium-sized vessels secondary to proximal large vessel occlusion stroke remains unanswered.

OBJECTIVE

To investigates the technical feasibility and safety of thrombectomy for secondary posterior circulation distal, medium vessel occlusions (DMVO).

METHODS

TOPMOST (Treatment fOr Primary Medium vessel Occlusion STroke) is an international, retrospective, multicenter, observational registry of patients treated for distal cerebral artery occlusions. This study subanalysis endovascularly treated occlusions of the posterior cerebral artery in the P2 and P3 segment secondary preprocedural or periprocedural thrombus migration between January 2014 and June 2020. Technical feasibility was evaluated with the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) scale. Procedural safety was assessed by the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and intervention-related serious adverse events.

RESULTS

Among 71 patients with secondary posterior circulation DMVO who met the inclusion criteria, occlusions were present in 80.3% (57/71) located in the P2 segment and in 19.7% (14/71) in the P3 segment. Periprocedural migration occurred in 54.9% (39/71) and preprocedural migration in 45.1% (32/71) of cases. The first reperfusion attempt led in 38% (27/71) of all cases to mTICI 3. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, increased numbers of reperfusion attempts (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.39, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.88, p=0.009) and preprocedural migration (aOR=4.70, 95% CI,1.35 to 16.35, p=0.015) were significantly associated with mTICI 3. sICH occurred in 2.8% (2/71).

CONCLUSION

Thrombectomy for secondary posterior circulation DMVO seems to be safe and technically feasible. Even though thrombi that have migrated preprocedurally may be easier to retract, successful reperfusion can be achieved in the majority of patients with secondary DMVO of the P2 and P3 segment.

Thrombolytic strategies for ischemic stroke in the thrombectomy era

Twenty-five years ago, intravenous thrombolysis has revolutionized the care of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Since 2015, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that mechanical thrombectomy improves functional outcome in stroke patients over intravenous thrombolysis alone. More recently, three randomized clinical trials have suggested that mechanical thrombectomy alone is noninferior to a combined strategy with both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. In the present review, we will present the last clinical and preclinical studies on the use of thrombolysis in stroke patients in the modern thrombectomy era. At the cost of a potential increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation, thrombolysis may promote arterial recanalization before thrombectomy, improve the rate of successful recanalization after thrombectomy, and restore microcirculation patency downstream of the main thrombus. Besides, new thrombolytic strategies targeting tissue-type plasminogen activator resistant thrombi are being developed, which could strengthen the beneficial effects of thrombolysis without carrying additional pro-hemorrhagic effects. For instance, tenecteplase has shown improved rate of recanalization compared with tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase). Beyond fibrinolysis, DNA- and von Willebrand factor-targeted thrombolytic strategies have shown promising results in experimental models of ischemic stroke. New combined strategies, improved thrombolytics, and dedicated clinical trials in selected patients are eagerly awaited to further improve functional outcome in stroke.

Factors associated with early reperfusion improvement after intra-arterial fibrinolytics as rescue for mechanical thrombectomy

Objective:

To identify factors associated with early angiographic reperfusion improvement (EARI) following intra-arterial fibrinolytics (IAF) after failed or incomplete mechanical thrombectomy (MT).

Methods:

A subset of patients treated with MT and IAF rescue after incomplete reperfusion included in the INFINITY (INtra-arterial FIbriNolytics In ThrombectomY) multicenter observational registry was analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with EARI. Heterogeneity of the clinical effect of EARI on functional independence (defined as modified Rankin Score ≤2) was tested with interaction terms.

Results:

A total of 228 patients (median age: 72 years, 44.1% female) received IAF as rescue for failed or incomplete MT and had a post-fibrinolytic angiographic control run available (50.9% EARI). A cardioembolic stroke origin (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–10.0) and shorter groin puncture to IAF intervals (aOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.95 per 15-min delay) were associated with EARI, while pre-interventional thrombolysis showed no association (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 0.59–2.26). The clinical benefit of EARI after IAF seemed more pronounced in patients without or only minor early ischemic changes (Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) ≥9, aOR 4.00, 95% CI 1.37–11.61) and was absent in patients with moderate to severe ischemic changes (ASPECTS ≤8, aOR 0.94, 95% CI 0.27–3.27, p for interaction: 0.095).

Conclusion:

Early rescue and a cardioembolic stroke origin were associated with more frequent EARI after IAF. The clinical effect of EARI seemed reduced in patients with already established infarcts. If confirmed, these findings can help to inform patient selection and inclusion criteria for randomized-controlled trials evaluating IAF as rescue after MT.