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Gebrekiristos M, Melson J, Jiang A, Buckingham L. DNA methylation and miRNA expression in colon adenomas compared with matched normal colon mucosa and carcinomas. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:74-82. [PMID: 35229372 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA methylation patterns and non-coding RNA, including miRNAs, has been implicated in colon cancer, and these changes may occur early in the development of carcinoma. In this study, the role of epigenetics as early changes in colon tumorigenesis was examined through paired sample analysis of patient-matched normal, adenoma and carcinoma samples. Global methylation was assessed by genomic 5-methyl cytosine (5-mC) and long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) promoter methylation by pyrosequencing. KRAS mutations were also assessed by pyrosequencing. Expression of miRNA, specifically, two microRNA genes-miR-200a and let-7c-was analysed using RT-qPCR. Differences in global methylation in adenomas were not observed, compared with normal tissue. However, LINE-1 methylation was decreased in adenomas (p = .056) and carcinomas (p = .011) compared with normal tissue. Expressions of miRNA, miR-200a and let-7c were significantly higher in adenomas than normal tissues (p = .008 and p = .045 respectively). Thus the significant changes in LINE-1 methylation and microRNA expression in precancerous lesions support an early role for epigenetic changes in the carcinogenic process. Epigenetic characteristics in adenomas may provide potential diagnostic and prognostic therapeutic targets early in cancer development at the adenoma stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mezgebe Gebrekiristos
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rush University College of Health Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua Melson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alice Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lela Buckingham
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rush University College of Health Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Almeida-Lousada H, Mestre A, Ramalhete S, Price AJ, de Mello RA, Marreiros AD, Neves RPD, Castelo-Branco P. Screening for Colorectal Cancer Leading into a New Decade: The "Roaring '20s" for Epigenetic Biomarkers? Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4874-4893. [PMID: 34898591 PMCID: PMC8628779 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an important bearing (top five) on cancer incidence and mortality in the world. The etiology of sporadic CRC is related to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that result in the appearance of cancer hallmarks such as abnormal proliferation, evasion of immune destruction, resistance to apoptosis, replicative immortality, and others, contributing to cancer promotion, invasion, and metastasis. It is estimated that, each year, at least four million people are diagnosed with CRC in the world. Depending on CRC staging at diagnosis, many of these patients die, as CRC is in the top four causes of cancer death in the world. New and improved screening tests for CRC are needed to detect the disease at an early stage and adopt patient management strategies to decrease the death toll. The three pillars of CRC screening are endoscopy, radiological imaging, and molecular assays. Endoscopic procedures comprise traditional colonoscopy, and more recently, capsule-based endoscopy. The main imaging modality remains Computed Tomography (CT) of the colon. Molecular approaches continue to grow in the diversity of biomarkers and the sophistication of the technologies deployed to detect them. What started with simple fecal occult blood tests has expanded to an armamentarium, including mutation detection and identification of aberrant epigenetic signatures known to be oncogenic. Biomarker-based screening methods have critical advantages and are likely to eclipse the classical modalities of imaging and endoscopy in the future. For example, imaging methods are costly and require highly specialized medical personnel. In the case of endoscopy, their invasiveness limits compliance from large swaths of the population, especially those with average CRC risk. Beyond mere discomfort and fear, there are legitimate iatrogenic concerns associated with endoscopy. The risks of perforation and infection make endoscopy best suited for a confirmatory role in cases where there are positive results from other diagnostic tests. Biomarker-based screening methods are largely non-invasive and are growing in scope. Epigenetic biomarkers, in particular, can be detected in feces and blood, are less invasive to the average-risk patient, detect early-stage CRC, and have a demonstrably superior patient follow-up. Given the heterogeneity of CRC as it evolves, optimal screening may require a battery of blood and stool tests, where each can leverage different pathways perturbed during carcinogenesis. What follows is a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature pertaining to the screening and diagnostic protocols used in CRC. Relevant articles were retrieved from the PubMed database using keywords including: "Screening", "Diagnosis", and "Biomarkers for CRC". American and European clinical trials in progress were included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Almeida-Lousada
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - André Mestre
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Ramalhete
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Aryeh J. Price
- School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
| | - Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04037-004, Brazil
- Precision Oncology & Health Economics Group (ONCOPRECH), Post-Graduation Program in Medicine, Nine of July University (UNINOVE), São Paulo 01525-000, Brazil
| | - Ana D. Marreiros
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pires das Neves
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.d.N.); (P.C.-B.); Tel.: +351-231-249-170 (R.P.d.N.); +351-289-800-100 (ext. 7813) (P.C.-B.)
| | - Pedro Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (H.A.-L.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (R.A.d.M.); (A.D.M.)
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.P.d.N.); (P.C.-B.); Tel.: +351-231-249-170 (R.P.d.N.); +351-289-800-100 (ext. 7813) (P.C.-B.)
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Martínez Ortega P, Cienfuegos JA, Baixauli J, Sánchez Justicia C, Abengózar M, Pastor Idoate C, Hernández Lizoáin JL. Prognostic significance of lymph node count in high-risk node-negative colon carcinoma. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 112:609-614. [PMID: 32496119 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.6709/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the prognostic value of the number of lymph nodes isolated (< 12 versus ≥ 12) in the surgical specimen continues to be controversial. In this study, the impact of isolating fewer or more than 12 lymph nodes in stage II colon cancer with a high-risk biologic phenotype was analyzed, such as the presence of perineural invasion. METHODS all cases of stage II disease (T3-4N0M0) with perineural invasion (PNI+) were retrospectively identified from a prospective database of patients undergoing surgery for colon cancer. The cohort was divided into two groups depending on the number of lymph nodes isolated (< 12 vs ≥ 12). Apart from clinical and surgical data, the patterns of recurrence, overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at five and ten years were analyzed. RESULTS sixty patients met the inclusion criteria, 31.7 % had < 12 lymph nodes isolated and 68.3 % had more than 12 isolated. There were no clinical or surgical differences between the two groups. OS at five and ten years was significantly lower in the patients with < 12 lymph nodes isolated (84.2 %, 62.7 % vs 94.6 % and 91.6 %, p = 0.01). DFS at five and ten years was 51 % vs 86.5 %, respectively (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION the number of lymph nodes isolated (with a cutoff of 12) in stage II colon cancer with PNI+ has prognostic value and should therefore be borne in mind when planning adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Chen X, Yang Z, Feng J, Duan T, Pan T, Yan L, Jin T, Xiang Y, Zhang M, Chen P, Wang W, Zhang R, Chen B, Zhao L, Xie T, Sui X. Combination of lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) and mismatch repair (MMR) status is a potential prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2020; 10:317-324. [PMID: 33174323 PMCID: PMC7826484 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status and histone lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) on the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS About 594 patients with CRC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Subsequently, a series of different classification tests for MMR status, cancer types, and target gene expression was conducted. RESULTS After filtering out the KDMs group of genes, we selected KDM6A as the target gene. A significant difference in the performance of KDM6A in tumor and normal tissues were confirmed. Our results showed a lower KDM6A expression, lower KDM6A exon expression, and higher KDM6A DNA methylation than their corresponding normal tissues in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). Notably, the main MMR genes were highly expressed in tumor tissues than normal tissues both in COAD and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ). Moreover, proficient DNA mismatch repair (pMMR) was found to be an important poor prognostic factor in COAD (p = 0.0064) and the low KDM6A expression was an important factor for poor prognosis in READ (p = 0.0217). Based on these results, we consequently relate MMR status with KDM6A expression in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC. Moreover, patients with pMMR exhibited a low KDM6A expression in COAD (p = 0.0250). Samples were divided into two groups based on the KDM6A expression. Interestingly, the group with low KDM6A expression showed no difference between pMMR and deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) in prognosis, whereas the group with high KDM6A expression was closely related to MMR status in OS (p = 0.0082). Besides, COAD patients with high KDM6A expression and pMMR status had poor OS (p = 0.0082). CONCLUSIONS The KDM6A/MMR classification-based subtypes of low KDM6A expression/READ, high KDM6A expression/pMMR, and COAD/pMMR were associated with poor prognosis. This classification can be a novel prognostic approach in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuyi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Duan
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Pan
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Yan
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wengang Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bi Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Medical Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Larionova I, Tuguzbaeva G, Ponomaryova A, Stakheyeva M, Cherdyntseva N, Pavlov V, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human Breast, Colorectal, Lung, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:566511. [PMID: 33194645 PMCID: PMC7642726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.566511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs are highly heterogeneous cells that originate from resident tissue-specific macrophages and from newly recruited monocytes. TAMs’ variability strongly depends on cancer type, stage, and intratumor heterogeneity. Majority of TAMs are programmed by tumor microenvironment to support primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. However, TAMs can also restrict tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the role of TAMs in tumor growth, metastasis and in the response to cancer therapy in patients with five aggressive types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers that are frequently metastasize into distant organs resulting in high mortality of the patients. Two major TAM parameters are applied for the evaluation of TAM correlation with the cancer progression: total amount of TAMs and specific phenotype of TAMs identified by functional biomarkers. We summarized the data generated in the wide range of international patient cohorts on the correlation of TAMs with clinical and pathological parameters of tumor progression including lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis, recurrence, survival, therapy efficiency. We described currently available biomarkers for TAMs that can be measured in patients’ samples (tumor tissue and blood). CD68 is the major biomarker for the quantification of total TAM amounts, while transmembrane receptors (stabilin-1, CD163, CD206, CD204, MARCO) and secreted chitinase-like proteins (YKL-39, YKL-40) are used as biomarkers for the functional TAM polarization. We also considered that specific role of TAMs in tumor progression can depend on the localization in the intratumoral compartments. We have made the conclusion for the role of TAMs in primary tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy sensitivity for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In contrast to other cancer types, majority of clinical studies indicate that TAMs in colorectal cancer have protective role for the patient and interfere with primary tumor growth and metastasis. The accumulated data are essential for using TAMs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to develop cancer-specific immunotherapy and to design efficient combinations of traditional therapy and new immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gulnara Tuguzbaeva
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Stakheyeva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Department of Urology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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Requena DO, Garcia-Buitrago M. Molecular Insights Into Colorectal Carcinoma. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:839-844. [PMID: 32962865 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common type of cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and in the United States. CRC is a heterogeneous disease with a well-characterized stepwise accumulation molecular alteration associated with adenoma formation and progression to carcinoma. We review the genomic and epigenomic pathways, including chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and epigenetic instability or CpG island methylator phenotype, their characteristics, and prognosis. We describe the four consensus molecular subtypes of CRC established by the international Colorectal Cancer Subtyping Consortium, their mechanisms to develop cancer, molecular characterization, clinical features, and prognosis. Finally, we review currently used predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenika Ortiz Requena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jackson Health System/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Monica Garcia-Buitrago
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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7
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Supachai K, Siripongpreeda B, Soonklang K, O-Pad N, Krohkaew K, Suebwongdit C, Panaiem S. Association between Low Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Colorectal Polyps in Thailand. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2733-2737. [PMID: 32986375 PMCID: PMC7779455 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.9.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between low fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal polyps. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 1,228 participants aged 50-65 years who completed 2-time colonoscopy exams at the first and the fifth year of a colorectal screening program. Consuming less than one serving of fruit and vegetable daily was rated as low. Colorectal polyps from colonoscopy findings were recognized in 3 types: hyperplastic, low risk and high risk adenomatous polyps. Results: The findings demonstrated high prevalence of low fruit (93.6%) and low vegetable (85.8%) consumption. Exercising individuals were more likely to consume both fruit (OR 2.28, 95%CI 1.42-3.65) and vegetable (OR 1.40, 95%CI 1.00-1.96), while smoking history individuals tended to consume vegetable (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.22-3.55). Low fruit consumption was strongly associated with high risk adenomatous polyps (OR 4.39, 95%CI 2.40-8.03), while low vegetable consumption was distinctively associated with low risk (OR 6.26, 95%CI 4.11-9.55) and high risk adenomatous polyps (OR 8.64, 95%CI 5.30-14.09). Conclusion: This study provides additional evidence of the association between low fruit and vegetable consumption and colorectal polyps. Enhancing people fiber eating behavior may help preventing colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Supachai
- Department of Nursing, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bunchorn Siripongpreeda
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Soonklang
- Data Management Unit, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napatsawan O-Pad
- Department of Nursing, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanlayanee Krohkaew
- Department of Nursing, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisara Suebwongdit
- Department of Nursing, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchada Panaiem
- Department of Nursing, Chulabhorn Hospital, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Kim JH, Kang GH. Evolving pathologic concepts of serrated lesions of the colorectum. J Pathol Transl Med 2020; 54:276-289. [PMID: 32580537 PMCID: PMC7385269 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2020.04.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the histopathology and molecular pathology of serrated colorectal lesions. First, we introduce the updated contents of the 2019 World Health Organization classification for serrated lesions. The sessile serrated lesion (SSL) is a new diagnostic terminology that replaces sessile serrated adenoma and sessile serrated polyp. The diagnostic criteria for SSL were revised to require only one unequivocal distorted serrated crypt, which is sufficient for diagnosis. Unclassified serrated adenomas have been included as a new category of serrated lesions. Second, we review ongoing issues concerning the morphology of serrated lesions. Minor morphologic variants with distinct molecular features were recently defined, including serrated tubulovillous adenoma, mucin-rich variant of traditional serrated adenoma (TSA), and superficially serrated adenoma. In addition to intestinal dysplasia and serrated dysplasia, minimal deviation dysplasia and not otherwise specified dysplasia were newly suggested as dysplasia subtypes of SSLs. Third, we summarize the molecular features of serrated lesions. The critical determinant of CpG island methylation development in SSLs is patient age. Interestingly, there may be ethnic differences in BRAF/KRAS mutation frequencies in SSLs. The molecular pathogenesis of TSAs is divided into KRAS and BRAF mutation pathways. SSLs with MLH1 methylation can progress into favorable prognostic microsatellite instability-positive (MSI+)/CpG island methylator phenotype-positive (CIMP+) carcinomas, whereas MLH1-unmethylated SSLs and BRAF-mutated TSAs can be precursors of poor-prognostic MSI-/CIMP+ carcinomas. Finally, based on our recent data, we propose an algorithm for stratifying risk subgroups of non-dysplastic SSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Kim J, Lee JY, Ham NS, Oh EH, Chang HS, Park H, Do YS, Hwang SW, Yang DH, Choe JW, Byeon JS. Association Between Carotid Ultrasonography Findings and Colorectal Adenoma in Asymptomatic Adults. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:1816-1828. [PMID: 31624981 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexistence of colorectal neoplasia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been reported. Subclinical atherosclerosis can be evaluated noninvasively and easily by assessing carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque using ultrasonography. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the association between carotid ultrasonography findings and colorectal conventional adenoma (AD) in health checkup examinees. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of health checkup examinees ≥ 40 years old who had undergone both carotid ultrasonography and colonoscopies at a single hospital between January 2012 and December 2016. RESULTS The median age of 4871 eligible participants was 54 years (range, 40-89). AD was found in 2009 individuals (41.2%), with a mean number of 1.9 ± 1.7 lesions. Abnormal CIMT (≥ 1 mm) and carotid plaque were found in 1366 (28.0%) and 1255 (25.8%) individuals, respectively. AD and high-risk adenoma (HRA) were observed more frequently in those with abnormal CIMT or plaque. Moreover, abnormal CIMT and plaque were independent risk factors for the presence of AD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.39, P = 0.006; OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08-1.43, P = 0.002) and HRA (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.52, P = 0.034; OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.10-1.65, P = 0.004), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal CIMT and the presence of carotid plaque were significantly associated with AD and HRA, and each was an independent risk factor for AD and HRA. More careful observation might be needed during colonoscopies in individuals with abnormal carotid ultrasonographic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseok Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Nam Seok Ham
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Oh
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Hye-Sook Chang
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Yoon Suh Do
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jae Won Choe
- Health Screening and Promotion Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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10
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Song K, Su W, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liang Q, Li N, Guan Q, He J, Bai X, Zhao W, Guo Z. Identification of genes with universally upregulated or downregulated expressions in colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:880-889. [PMID: 30395690 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Differentially expressed (DE) genes detected at the population-level through case-control comparison provide no information on the dysregulation frequencies of DE genes in a cancer. In this work, we aimed to identify the genes with universally upregulated or downregulated expressions in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We firstly clarified that DE genes in an individual cancer tissue should be the disease-relevant genes, which are dysregulated in the cancer tissue in comparison with its own previously normal state. Then, we identified DE genes at the individual level for 2233 CRC samples collected from multiple data sources using the RankComp algorithm. RESULTS We found 26 genes that were upregulated or downregulated in almost all the 2233 CRC samples and validated the results using 124 CRC tissues with paired adjacent normal tissues. Especially, we found that two genes (AJUBA and EGFL6), upregulated universally in CRC tissues, were extremely lowly expressed in normal colorectal tissues, which were considered to be oncogenes in CRC oncogenesis and development. Oppositely, we found that one gene (LPAR1), downregulated universally in CRC tissues, was silenced in CRC tissues but highly expressed in normal colorectal tissues, which were considered to be tumor suppressor genes in CRC. Functional evidences revealed that these three genes may induce CRC through deregulating pathways for ribosome biogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the individual-level DE genes analysis can help us find genes dysregulated universally in CRC tissues, which may be important diagnostic biomarkers and therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Su
- Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qirui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingzhou Guan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics of interval colorectal carcinomas favor origin from missed or incompletely excised precursors. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:666-674. [PMID: 30455417 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interval colorectal cancers may arise from missed or incompletely excised precursors or from a unique rapid progression pathway. We compared the clinicopathologic and molecular profiles of interval and matched non-interval colorectal cancer to determine whether interval colorectal cancers harbor any unique genetic characteristics. Fifty one of 982 colorectal cancer (5.2%) were categorized as interval colorectal cancer, defined as colorectal cancer detected in a diagnostic examination prior to the next recommended colonoscopy and at least 1 year after the last colonoscopy. Clinicopathologic characteristics of interval colorectal cancer were compared to non-interval colorectal cancer matched 1:1 on age, gender, and tumor location. Molecular profile of a subset of interval colorectal cancer (n = 20) and matched (1:2) non-interval colorectal cancer (n = 40) were evaluated using next generation sequencing. Interval colorectal cancer were more likely to occur in the right colon (55% vs. 35%; p = 0.02) and in patients > 70 years of age (55% vs. 34%; p = 0.002). Clinicopathologic features and aberrant DNA mismatch repair protein expression were not significantly different between interval and matched non-interval colorectal cancer. The frequency and spectrum of genetic alterations was also similar in interval and matched non-interval colorectal cancer. Similar findings were seen when analysis was restricted to interval colorectal cancer diagnosed <5 years after last colonoscopy (n = 42). Interval and non-interval colorectal cancers share similar clinicopathologic and genetic profiles when matched for tumor location. Interval colorectal cancers and are more likely to develop from missed or incompletely excised precursors rather than a unique rapid progression pathway.
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Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characteristics of Synchronous Colorectal Carcinoma With Mismatch Repair Deficiency. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 42:172-182. [PMID: 28877066 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a unique disease associated with a high prevalence (∼35%) of microsatellite instability and occasionally with Lynch syndrome. The clinicopathologic and molecular features of synchronous CRC are poorly understood, particularly in Japanese patients. We examined 118 Japanese patients (236 tumors) with synchronous CRC and 117 Japanese patients (117 tumors) with solitary CRC with immunohistochemical staining for TP53 and mismatch repair (MMR) protein (MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6) and mutation analyses of KRAS and BRAF genes. The results revealed no significant differences in clinicopathologic, histologic, and molecular findings between the synchronous and solitary CRC groups. Among the 118 synchronous CRC patients, 15 (12.7%) showed loss of MMR protein(s) expression in at least 1 tumor, whereas 103 (87.3%) showed intact expression of all 4 MMR proteins in both tumors. Of note, all patients with MMR deficiency had excellent prognoses. The 15 patients were further subdivided into 2 groups: the Concordant group, with concordant MMR loss (n=9, 7.6%) and the Discordant group, with discordant MMR loss (n=6, 5.1%). The Concordant patients showed concurrent MLH1/PMS2 loss (n=3), concurrent MSH2/MSH6 loss (n=4) and isolated MSH6 loss (n=2) in both tumors, whereas the Discordant patients showed concurrent MLH1/PMS2 loss (n=2), isolated PMS2 loss (n=2) and isolated MSH6 loss (n=2) in a single tumor. On the basis of the MMR expression pattern and BRAF mutation, the Concordant and Discordant groups were suspected to include Lynch syndrome, Lynch-like syndrome and sporadic MLH1 promoter hypermethylated CRC. In addition, KRAS mutation was present in only 1 tumor in a single patient in each group. In conclusion, the frequency of MMR protein deficiency in synchronous CRC in the Japanese population may be lower compared with the reported data from Western populations. MMR protein loss and KRAS and BRAF mutations in synchronous CRCs were heterogenous even in an individual patient.
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Shulman K, Barnett-Griness O, Friedman V, Greenson JK, Gruber SB, Lejbkowicz F, Rennert G. Outcomes of Chemotherapy for Microsatellite Instable-High Metastatic Colorectal Cancers. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:PO.17.00253. [PMID: 32913995 PMCID: PMC7446482 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Microsatellite instable-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancers (CRCs) are known to carry better survival in the local disease stage even without treatment. The influence of types of treatment on survival of MSI-H metastatic CRCs (mCRCs) is still unclear and is evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with MSI-H mCRC treated with first-line chemotherapy, with or without bevacizumab, identified in the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer (MECC) study, were diagnosed between 1998 and 2013 and followed up until May 2017; MSI status was determined by comparing 10 markers in tumor and normal tissue. Dates of metastases and death and treatment details were extracted from oncology records. RESULTS Among 590 patients treated for mCRC, 106 (18%) had MSI-H tumors. Patients with MSI-H had a median overall survival (OS, from start of first-line treatment) of 1.6 years. The presence of a somatic B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) mutation was a significant adverse prognostic factor in the MSI-H group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0; P = .026). MSI-H tumors without BRAF mutation (n = 87) had similar OS benefit from fluorouracil (FU) only as from any combination protocols (HR, 0.93; P = .78), whereas microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors without BRAF mutation (n = 456) showed improved OS over FU-only regimens when combination chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab was used (HR, 0.58; P < .01; P value for interaction = .07). Patients with MSI-H/BRAF wild type (WT) had survival advantage over patients with MSS disease (adjusted HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.98) when treated with FU-only protocols. CONCLUSION Clinical outcomes differ substantially between patients with MSS/BRAF-WT mCRC and MSI-H/BRAF-WT mCRC, with measurable differences between chemotherapy regimens. MSI-H mCRCs are a clinically distinct subset of colorectal cancers. Their current poor outcome suggests that new clinical trials are needed to identify therapeutic options, potentially taking advantage of the new developments in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Shulman
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ofra Barnett-Griness
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vered Friedman
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joel K. Greenson
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen B. Gruber
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Flavio Lejbkowicz
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gad Rennert
- Katerina Shulman, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera; Katerina Shulman, Ofra Barnett-Griness, Vered Friedman, Flavio Lejbkowicz, and Gad Rennert, Carmel Medical Center, and Technion, Haifa, Israel; Joel K. Greenson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and Stephen B. Gruber, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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James de Bony E, Bizet M, Van Grembergen O, Hassabi B, Calonne E, Putmans P, Bontempi G, Fuks F. Comprehensive identification of long noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27605-27629. [PMID: 29963224 PMCID: PMC6021240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in humans and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As in the case of other cancers, CRC heterogeneity leads to a wide range of clinical outcomes and complicates therapy. Over the years, multiple factors have emerged as markers of CRC heterogeneity, improving tumor classification and selection of therapeutic strategies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this heterogeneity remains a major challenge. A considerable research effort is therefore devoted to identifying additional features of colorectal tumors, in order to better understand CRC etiology and to multiply therapeutic avenues. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important players in physiological and pathological processes, including CRC. Here we looked for lncRNAs that might contribute to the various colorectal tumor phenotypes. We thus monitored the expression of 4898 lncRNA genes across 566 CRC samples and identified 282 lncRNAs reflecting CRC heterogeneity. We then inferred potential functions of these lncRNAs. Our results highlight lncRNAs that may participate in the major processes altered in distinct CRC cases, such as WNT/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling, immunity, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and angiogenesis. For several candidates, we provide experimental evidence supporting our functional predictions that they may be involved in the cell cycle or the EMT. Overall, our work identifies lncRNAs associated with key CRC characteristics and provides insights into their respective functions. Our findings constitute a further step towards understanding the contribution of lncRNAs to CRC heterogeneity. They may open new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric James de Bony
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Inter-University Institute of Bioinformatics, Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles–Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van Grembergen
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bouchra Hassabi
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Putmans
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Bontempi
- Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Inter-University Institute of Bioinformatics, Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles–Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Hoffman SJ, Wu MLC. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in colorectal carcinoma among Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics lack statistical significance. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:720-726. [PMID: 29650442 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has been shown to have both genetic and environmental factors that can promote carcinoma development. Previous studies have found ethnic differences in the distribution of molecular phenotypes of CRC. Very little specific data exist regarding Hispanic CRC, and these data primarily focus on epidemiology or location of carcinoma. Our retrospective study analyzed 562 Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic CRC patients at the UCI Medical Center from 2004 to 2012. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences with respect to mean age, gender or site of carcinoma among the three ethnic groups. There were no statistically significant differences among the three ethnicities with respect to rates of MSI, mutated BRAF, and mutated KRAS. The Caucasian group had a non-significant higher rate of MSI (15%) and BRAF mutation (12%) than the Asian and Hispanic groups. Hispanics had a non-significant higher rate of KRAS mutation (59%) than Caucasians (38%) and Asians (37%). The results of this study demonstrated a higher rate of MSI and BRAF mutation in the Caucasian group and a higher rate of KRAS mutation in the Hispanic group, however differences were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Hoffman
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Mark Li-Cheng Wu
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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[A two-faced vitamin : Folic acid - prevention or promotion of colon cancer?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:332-340. [PMID: 28050621 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1930s, it was discovered that liver and yeast extracts can be used to correct certain cases of megaloblastic anemia in pregnancy. The factor responsible for this was isolated from spinach leaves in the 1940s, and referred to as folate, a term derived from the Latin word folium for leaf. Folate is considered an essential nutrient for human beings. Folic acid, the synthetic form of the vitamin, is used in dietary supplements, medicines and fortified foods. Since the 1980s, it has been recommended that women who plan to become pregnant and pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy take folic acid supplements. This recommendation was based on studies that revealed that periconceptional folic acid supplementation can reduce the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). Many countries later implemented folic acid fortification programs. The resulting population-wide increase of folic acid intakes led to significant reductions in NTD rates. However, a temporarily increased colorectal cancer incidence has been reported to coincide with the fortification programs in the USA and Canada. On the basis of currently available data from experimental and human studies it can be concluded that the association between folate/folic acid and cancer is rather complex: Folate intake in the range of the dietary reference intake (DRI) is associated with a reduced risk for cancer in healthy populations, whereas high intakes of folic acid might result in an increased risk for cancer incidence or progression in persons with precancerous lesions and under certain conditions. Since no adverse effects have been observed in association with the intake of dietary folate, research activities that aim at investigating cause and effect relationships focus on folic acid.
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17
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Costunolide specifically binds and inhibits thioredoxin reductase 1 to induce apoptosis in colon cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:46-58. [PMID: 29037867 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. A natural sesquiterpene lactone, costunolide (CTD), showed inhibition of cancer development. However, the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we have examined the therapeutic activity and novel mechanisms of the anti-cancer activities of CTD in colon cancer cells. Using SPR analysis and enzyme activity assay on recombinant TrxR1 protein, our results show that CTD directly binds and inhibits the activity of TrxR1, which caused enhanced generation of ROS and led to ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Overexpression of TrxR1 in HCT116 cells reversed CTD-induced cell apoptosis and ROS increase. CTD treatment of mice implanted with colon cancer cells showed tumor growth inhibition and reduced TrxR1 activity and ROS level. In addition, it was observed that TrxR1 was significantly up-regulated in existing colon cancer gene database and clinically obtained colon cancer tissues. Our studies have uncovered the mechanism underlying the biological activity of CTD in colon cancer and suggest that targeting TrxR1 may prove to be beneficial as a treatment option.
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18
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Liu R, Zhang W, Liu ZQ, Zhou HH. Associating transcriptional modules with colon cancer survival through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:361. [PMID: 28486948 PMCID: PMC5424422 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer (CC) is a heterogeneous disease influenced by complex gene networks. As such, the relationship between networks and CC should be elucidated to obtain further insights into tumour biology. RESULTS Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, a powerful technique used to extract co-expressed gene networks from mRNA expressions, was conducted to identify 11 co-regulated modules in a discovery dataset with 461 patients. A transcriptional module enriched in cell cycle processes was correlated with the recurrence-free survival of the CC patients in the discovery (HR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.42-0.81) and validation (HR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.25-1.05) datasets. The prognostic potential of the hub gene Centromere Protein-A (CENPA) was also identified and the upregulation of this gene was associated with good survival. Another cell cycle phase-related gene module was correlated with the survival of the patients with a KRAS mutation CC subtype. The downregulation of several genes, including those found in this co-expression module, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), was associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION Network-based approaches may facilitate the discovery of biomarkers for the prognosis of a subset of patients with stage II or III CC, these approaches may also help direct personalised therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410078 People’s Republic of China
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Poh A, Chang HSY, Tan KY, Sam XX, Khoo A, Choo SN, Nga ME, Wan WK. Extent of field change in colorectal cancers with BRAF mutation. Singapore Med J 2017; 59:139-143. [PMID: 28210747 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2017012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporadic colorectal cancers with BRAF mutations constitute two distinct subgroups of colorectal cancers. Recent studies have linked the presence of the BRAF mutation to a familial inheritance pattern. This was a proof-of-concept study that aimed to examine: (a) the extent of field change in sporadic colorectal cancers with BRAF mutation; and (b) the extent of resection margins required and the pattern of DNA mismatch repair protein loss in these tumours. METHODS Eight microsatellite instability-high tumours with positive BRAF mutation from an existing histopathological database were selected for BRAF mutation and mismatch repair protein analysis. RESULTS All the resection margins were negative for BRAF mutation. Three tumours had loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expressions, and five tumours had no protein loss. Six peritumoral tissues were negative and one was positive for BRAF mutation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that any early field change effect is restricted to the immediate vicinity of the tumour and is not a pan-colonic phenomenon. Current guidelines on resection margins are adequate for BRAF mutation-positive colorectal cancers. Any suggestion of a hereditary link to these tumours is likely not related to germline BRAF gene mutations. The pattern of protein loss reinforces previous findings for the two subgroups of BRAF mutation-positive colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Poh
- Department of General Surgery, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Kok Yang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Xin Xiu Sam
- Histopathology Translational Research Group, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Avery Khoo
- Histopathology Translational Research Group, Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shoa Nian Choo
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Min En Nga
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei Keat Wan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Jang MH, Kim S, Hwang DY, Kim WY, Lim SD, Kim WS, Hwang TS, Han HS. BRAF-Mutated Colorectal Cancer Exhibits Distinct Clinicopathological Features from Wild-Type BRAF-Expressing Cancer Independent of the Microsatellite Instability Status. J Korean Med Sci 2017; 32:38-46. [PMID: 27914130 PMCID: PMC5143296 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), the BRAF V600E mutation has been reported to be associated with several clinicopathological features and poor survival. However, the prognostic implications of BRAF V600E mutation and the associated clinicopathological characteristics in CRCs remain controversial. Therefore, we reviewed various clinicopathological features, including BRAF status, in 349 primary CRCs and analyzed the relationship between BRAF status and various clinicopathological factors, including overall survival. Similar to previous studies conducted in Eastern countries, the incidence of the BRAF V600E mutation in the current study was relatively low (5.7%). BRAF-mutated CRC exhibits distinct clinicopathological features from wild-type BRAF-expressing cancer independent of the microsatellite instability (MSI) status. This mutation was significantly associated with a proximal tumor location (P = 0.002); mucinous, signet ring cell, and serrated tumor components (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P = 0.008, respectively); lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.004); a peritumoral lymphoid reaction (P = 0.009); tumor budding (P = 0.046); and peritoneal seeding (P = 0.012). In conclusion, the incidence of the BRAF V600E mutation was relatively low in this study. BRAF-mutated CRCs exhibited some clinicopathological features which were also frequently observed in MSI-H CRCs, such as a proximal location; mucinous, signet ring cell, and serrated components; and marked peritumoral lymphoid reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hye Jang
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Yong Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Youn Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Dug Lim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tea Sook Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Han
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Hammerling U, Bergman Laurila J, Grafström R, Ilbäck NG. Consumption of Red/Processed Meat and Colorectal Carcinoma: Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Significant Association. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:614-34. [PMID: 25849747 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.972498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology and experimental studies provide an overwhelming support of the notion that diets high in red or processed meat accompany an elevated risk of developing pre-neoplastic colorectal adenoma and frank colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The underlying mechanisms are disputed; thus several hypotheses have been proposed. A large body of reports converges, however, on haem and nitrosyl haem as major contributors to the CRC development, presumably acting through various mechanisms. Apart from a potentially higher intestinal mutagenic load among consumers on a diet rich in red/processed meat, other mechanisms involving subtle interference with colorectal stem/progenitor cell survival or maturation are likewise at play. From an overarching perspective, suggested candidate mechanisms for red/processed meat-induced CRC appear as three partly overlapping tenets: (i) increased N-nitrosation/oxidative load leading to DNA adducts and lipid peroxidation in the intestinal epithelium, (ii) proliferative stimulation of the epithelium through haem or food-derived metabolites that either act directly or subsequent to conversion, and (iii) higher inflammatory response, which may trigger a wide cascade of pro-malignant processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss major findings of the area in the context of potentially pertinent mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned association between consumption of red/processed meat and increased risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hammerling
- a Cancer Pharmacology & Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergman Laurila
- b Sahlgrenska Biobank, Gothia Forum, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Roland Grafström
- c Institute of Environmental Medicine, The Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Knowledge Intensive Products and Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Turku , Finland
| | - Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- e Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
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22
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Nguyen MN, Choi TG, Nguyen DT, Kim JH, Jo YH, Shahid M, Akter S, Aryal SN, Yoo JY, Ahn YJ, Cho KM, Lee JS, Choe W, Kang I, Ha J, Kim SS. CRC-113 gene expression signature for predicting prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31674-92. [PMID: 26397224 PMCID: PMC4741632 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of global cancer mortality. Recent studies have proposed several gene signatures to predict CRC prognosis, but none of those have proven reliable for predicting prognosis in clinical practice yet due to poor reproducibility and molecular heterogeneity. Here, we have established a prognostic signature of 113 probe sets (CRC-113) that include potential biomarkers and reflect the biological and clinical characteristics. Robustness and accuracy were significantly validated in external data sets from 19 centers in five countries. In multivariate analysis, CRC-113 gene signature showed a stronger prognostic value for survival and disease recurrence in CRC patients than current clinicopathological risk factors and molecular alterations. We also demonstrated that the CRC-113 gene signature reflected both genetic and epigenetic molecular heterogeneity in CRC patients. Furthermore, incorporation of the CRC-113 gene signature into a clinical context and molecular markers further refined the selection of the CRC patients who might benefit from postoperative chemotherapy. Conclusively, CRC-113 gene signature provides new possibilities for improving prognostic models and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nam Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Nath Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wonchae Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhuo C, Li Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Nie J, Li D, Peng J, Lian P, Li B, Cai G, Li X, Cai S. LINE-1 hypomethylation in normal colon mucosa is associated with poor survival in Chinese patients with sporadic colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23820-36. [PMID: 26172297 PMCID: PMC4695154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic pathways are not independent in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis. We aimed to determine the influence of various molecular features on Chinese patients' colon cancer-specific survival (CCSS). Various genetic and epigenetic modifications were detected in paired tumor and normal mucosa tissue samples. The prognostic variables regarding patient CCSS were determined. Overall, 127 patients, including 83 males and 44 females, completed a median follow-up of 65 (3–85) months. A mean LINE-1 methylation rate of 64.62% (range, 9.45–86.93) was observed. Hypermethylation at the hMLH1 gene promoter was detected in 26 (20.47%) patients. KRAS was mutated in 52 (40.94%) patients. Sixteen (12.60%) patients were confirmed as microsatellite instability (MSI)-High, and 76 (59.84%) were found to have loss of heterozygosity at 18q. The LINE-1 methylation level, MSI status, perineural invasion and distant metastases were confirmed as independent prognostic factors for patient CCSS. A stratified survival analysis further revealed that certain subgroups of patients with LINE-1 hypomethylation had significantly worse survival (all p < 0.05). Our data revealed that both genetic and epigenetic abnormalities can concurrently exist during colonic tumorigenesis. As a global epigenetic change, LINE-1 hypomethylation in normal colon mucosa might be associated with a worse outcome in certain Chinese patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhuo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Nie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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24
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Abstract
Most colon tumors develop via a multistep process involving a series of histological, morphological, and genetic changes that accumulate over time. This has allowed for screening and detection of early-stage precancerous polyps before they become cancerous in individuals at average risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), which may lead to substantial decreases in the incidence of CRC. Despite the known benefits of early screening, CRC remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Hence, it is important for health care providers to have an understanding of the risk factors for CRC and various stages of disease development in order to recommend appropriate screening strategies. This article provides an overview of the histological/molecular changes that characterize the development of CRC. It describes the available CRC screening methods and their advantages and limitations and highlights the stages of CRC development in which each screening method is most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Simon
- Ventura County Gastroenterology Medical Group, Inc., Camarillo, CA, USA
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25
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Pereira AAL, Rego JFDM, Munhoz RR, Hoff PM, Sasse AD, Riechelmann RP. The impact of complete chemotherapy stop on the overall survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer in first-line setting: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1737-46. [PMID: 25984931 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1044022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the duration of chemotherapy on the overall survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is controversial and studies have failed to define a clear standard. METHODS We searched medical literature databases and oncology conferences proceedings for randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared the overall survival of mCRC patients who received continuous first-line chemotherapy until disease progression versus those who were offered complete treatment stop after a fixed number of cycles. Studies including targeted agents were also included. A meta-analysis of reported hazard ratios (HRs) for survival was performed. RESULTS We retrieved 240 trials, of which six were eligible and five were included in the pooled analysis of overall survival (N = 3061). The overall survival between continuously delivered chemotherapy and complete stop was not statistically different (HR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.85-1.02; p = 0.12; I² = 5%). The results are similar when we analyzed separately the trials performing randomization before versus after induction therapy. The median chemotherapy free interval in the complete stop group was 3.9 months (3.6-4.3 months). Chemotherapy administered until progression was associated with more adverse effects and impaired quality of life. CONCLUSION Compared with first-line continuous chemotherapy administered until disease progression, complete treatment stop did not have a detrimental impact on the overall survival of patients with mCRC. Identification of predictive biomarkers could help clinicians to select the patients who would benefit from continuous cancer-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramela Munhoz
- a Department of Radiology and Oncology , Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcelo Hoff
- a Department of Radiology and Oncology , Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Rachel P Riechelmann
- a Department of Radiology and Oncology , Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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26
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Fisher KW, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Cheng L. Precision medicine in colorectal cancer: evolving genomic landscape and emerging consensus. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2711-2719. [PMID: 26338658 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most lethal cancer in men and women in the USA. Although surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, many patients develop local and widely metastatic disease and become resistant to conventional chemotherapeutics. Recent comprehensive molecular characterization has led to subclassification of colorectal adenocarcinoma based on molecular properties, such as microsatellite instability and high CpG island methylation. These emerging subclassifications are associate with varying frequencies of RAS, BRAF, APC and other genetic events and have the ability to redefine therapeutic regimens. In this review, we examine how molecular diagnostics are currently used while providing insight into emerging implications for molecular analysis for personalized therapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W Fisher
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Unit of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n E-14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Champalimaud Clinical Center, Avda. Brasilia, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, Piazza Roma, 22, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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27
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Berg M, Nordgaard O, Kørner H, Oltedal S, Smaaland R, Søreide JA, Søreide K. Molecular subtypes in stage II-III colon cancer defined by genomic instability: early recurrence-risk associated with a high copy-number variation and loss of RUNX3 and CDKN2A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122391. [PMID: 25879218 PMCID: PMC4399912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to investigate various molecular subtypes defined by genomic instability that may be related to early death and recurrence in colon cancer. Methods We sought to investigate various molecular subtypes defined by instability at microsatellites (MSI), changes in methylation patterns (CpG island methylator phenotype, CIMP) or copy number variation (CNV) in 8 genes. Stage II-III colon cancers (n = 64) were investigated by methylation-specific multiplex ligated probe amplification (MS-MLPA). Correlation of CNV, CIMP and MSI, with mutations in KRAS and BRAFV600E were assessed for overlap in molecular subtypes and early recurrence risk by uni- and multivariate regression. Results The CIMP phenotype occurred in 34% (22/64) and MSI in 27% (16/60) of the tumors, with noted CIMP/MSI overlap. Among the molecular subtypes, a high CNV phenotype had an associated odds ratio (OR) for recurrence of 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-9.3; P = 0.026). Losses of CACNA1G (OR of 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.0; P = 0.001), IGF2 (OR of 4.3, 95% CI 1.1-15.8; P = 0.007), CDKN2A (p16) (OR of 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6; P = 0.024), and RUNX3 (OR of 3.4, 95% CI 1.3-8.7; P = 0.002) were associated with early recurrence, while MSI, CIMP, KRAS or BRAF V600E mutations were not. The CNV was significantly higher in deceased patients (CNV in 6 of 8) compared to survivors (CNV in 3 of 8). Only stage and loss of RUNX3 and CDKN2A were significant in the multivariable risk-model for early recurrence. Conclusions A high copy number variation phenotype is a strong predictor of early recurrence and death, and may indicate a dose-dependent relationship between genetic instability and outcome. Loss of tumor suppressors RUNX3 and CDKN2A were related to recurrence-risk and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Berg
- Centre of Organelle Research (CORE), University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Oddmund Nordgaard
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hartwig Kørner
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Satu Oltedal
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Rune Smaaland
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jon Arne Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjetil Søreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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28
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Dawson H, Lugli A. Molecular and pathogenetic aspects of tumor budding in colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:11. [PMID: 25806371 PMCID: PMC4354406 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tumor budding in colorectal cancer has gained much attention as an indicator of lymph node metastasis, distant metastatic disease, local recurrence, worse overall and disease-free survival, and as an independent prognostic factor. Tumor buds, defined as the presence of single tumor cells or small clusters of up to five tumor cells at the peritumoral invasive front (peritumoral buds) or within the main tumor body (intratumoral buds), are thought to represent the morphological correlate of cancer cells having undergone epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important mechanism for the progression of epithelial cancers. In contrast to their undisputed prognostic power and potential to influence clinical management, our current understanding of the biological background of tumor buds is less established. Most studies examining tumor buds have attempted to recapitulate findings of mechanistic EMT studies using immunohistochemical markers. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of studies examining protein expression profiles of tumor buds and to illustrate the molecular pathways and crosstalk involved in their formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Dawson
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland ; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland ; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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29
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Weisenberger DJ, Levine AJ, Long TI, Buchanan DD, Walters R, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Joshi AD, Stern MC, LeMarchand L, Lindor NM, Daftary D, Gallinger S, Selander T, Bapat B, Newcomb PA, Campbell PT, Casey G, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, Haile RW, Hopper JL, Young JP, Laird PW, Siegmund KD. Association of the colorectal CpG island methylator phenotype with molecular features, risk factors, and family history. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:512-519. [PMID: 25587051 PMCID: PMC4355081 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) represents a subset of colorectal cancers characterized by widespread aberrant DNA hypermethylation at select CpG islands. The risk factors and environmental exposures contributing to etiologic heterogeneity between CIMP and non-CIMP tumors are not known. METHODS We measured the CIMP status of 3,119 primary population-based colorectal cancer tumors from the multinational Colon Cancer Family Registry. Etiologic heterogeneity was assessed by a case-case study comparing risk factor frequency of colorectal cancer cases with CIMP and non-CIMP tumors using logistic regression to estimate the case-case odds ratio (ccOR). RESULTS We found associations between tumor CIMP status and MSI-H (ccOR = 7.6), BRAF V600E mutation (ccOR = 59.8), proximal tumor site (ccOR = 9; all P < 0.0001), female sex [ccOR = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-2.1], older age (ccOR = 4.0 comparing over 70 years vs. under 50; 95% CI, 3.0-5.5), and family history of CRC (ccOR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7). While use of NSAIDs varied by tumor CIMP status for both males and females (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02, respectively), use of multivitamin or calcium supplements did not. Only for female colorectal cancer was CIMP status associated with increased pack-years of smoking (Ptrend < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI; Ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of several colorectal cancer risk factors varied by CIMP status, and the associations of smoking and obesity with tumor subtype were evident only for females. IMPACT Differences in the associations of a unique DNA methylation-based subgroup of colorectal cancer with important lifestyle and environmental exposures increase understanding of the molecular pathologic epidemiology of this heavily methylated subset of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 512-9. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Weisenberger
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A. Joan Levine
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany I. Long
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Walters
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C. Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loic LeMarchand
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Darshana Daftary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Selander
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bharati Bapat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Lunenfield Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Polly A. Newcomb
- Epidemiology Department, University of Washington and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dennis J. Ahnen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - John A. Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Haile
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne P. Young
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Peter W. Laird
- USC Epigenome Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lee DW, Kim KJ, Han SW, Lee HJ, Rhee YY, Bae JM, Cho NY, Lee KH, Kim TY, Oh DY, Im SA, Bang YJ, Jeong SY, Park KJ, Park JG, Kang GH, Kim TY. KRAS Mutation is Associated with Worse Prognosis in Stage III or High-risk Stage II Colon Cancer Patients Treated with Adjuvant FOLFOX. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:187-194. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Tsai JH, Liau JY, Lin YL, Lin LI, Cheng YC, Cheng ML, Jeng YM. Traditional serrated adenoma has two pathways of neoplastic progression that are distinct from the sessile serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1375-85. [PMID: 24603588 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional serrated adenoma is one type of colorectal serrated neoplasm and a precursor of colorectal cancer. We evaluated the pathologic and molecular features of 60 traditional serrated adenomas with cytologic dysplasia and/or invasive carcinoma. On the basis of morphological features, 16 cases (27%) were categorized as traditional serrated adenoma with serrated dysplasia and 25 cases (42%) as traditional serrated adenoma with conventional adenomatous dysplasia. In addition, 19 cases (31%) showed an overall tubulovillous adenomatous structure but with focal serrated feature. Traditional serrated adenoma with serrated dysplasia had a significantly higher frequency of BRAF mutation than traditional serrated adenoma with conventional adenomatous dysplasia and tubulovillous adenoma with serrated feature (P=0.006), whereas traditional serrated adenoma with conventional adenomatous dysplasia and tubulovillous adenoma with serrated feature had higher frequencies of KRAS mutation than traditional serrated adenoma with serrated dysplasia (P<0.0001). Only traditional serrated adenoma with serrated dysplasia showed sessile serrated adenoma-like lesions at the periphery (n=3) and developed invasive carcinomas when the lesions were <15 mm in size. Abnormal nuclear accumulation of β-catenin was detected in traditional serrated adenoma with conventional adenomatous dysplasia and tubulovillous adenoma with serrated feature but not in traditional serrated adenoma with serrated dysplasia. The frequency of the positive CpG island methylator phenotype was similar among the three dysplastic subtypes, and immunostaining of four mismatch repair proteins in the nucleus was retained in all traditional serrated adenomas and associated invasive malignancies. Traditional serrated adenoma-associated adenocarcinomas (n=28) displayed distinctive morphological features: oval cell nuclei, serrated glands, infiltrating borders, rare occurrences of necrosis and mucinous differentiation. Overexpression of p53 was detected only in high-grade dysplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma. Our findings indicate that traditional serrated adenoma is a heterogeneous neoplasm with two pathways of neoplastic progression, which are distinct from the sessile serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huei Tsai
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yu Liau
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lin
- 1] Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-In Lin
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kang YK. Diminutive and Small Colorectal Polyps: The Pathologist's Perspective. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:404-8. [PMID: 25324998 PMCID: PMC4198555 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2014.47.5.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in advanced endoscopic imaging and electronic chromoendoscopy allows the real-time endoscopic estimation of the histologic type of polyps, mainly for the differentiation of adenomas from hyperplastic polyps. Accordingly, a "resect-and-discard" strategy applied to diminutive colorectal polyps is now one of the emerging issues among gastroenterologists. The strategy has a practical advantage in terms of the potential cost savings. However, it has a number of limitations in the medical, academic, and legal aspects. The major pitfalls include the endoscopic investigation of colorectal polyps with a wide variety of histogenetic origins, including serrated polyps, and the lack of a standardized method for polyp size measurement. Another issue is the importance of the pathologic diagnosis for legal purposes and medical research. Moreover, it is not certain whether the implementation of the strategy has economic benefit in countries with an undervalued reimbursement system for pathologic examination. There is no doubt that a highly confident optical diagnosis of polyp type is a novel valuable tool. It can provide a more steady symbiosis between gastroenterologists and pathologists to allow a more evident diagnosis and management of patients with colorectal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim JH, Roh SA, Cho DH, Kim YS, Kim JC. A nineteen gene-based risk score classifier predicts prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1653-66. [PMID: 25049118 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients frequently experience disease recurrence and distant metastasis. This study aimed to identify prognostic indicators, including individual responses to chemotherapy, in CRC patients. RNA-seq data was generated using 54 samples (normal colon, primary CRC, and liver metastases) from 18 CRC patients and genes associated with CRC aggressiveness were identified. A risk score based on these genes was developed and validated in four independent CRC patient cohorts (n = 1063). Diverse statistical methods were applied to validate the risk scoring system, including a generalized linear model likelihood ratio test, Kaplan-Meier curves, a log-rank test, and the Cox model. TREM1 and CTGF were identified as two activated regulators associated with CRC aggressiveness. A risk score based on 19 genes regulated by TREM1 or CTGF activation (TCA19) was a significant prognostic indicator. In multivariate and subset analyses based on pathological staging, TCA19 was an independent risk factor (HR = 1.894, 95% CI = 1.227-2.809, P = 0.002). Subset stratification in stage III patients revealed that TCA19 had prognostic potential and identified patients who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, regardless of age. The TCA19 predictor represents a novel diagnostic tool for identifying high-risk CRC patients and possibly predicting the response to adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kyu Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon Ae Roh
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Cancer Research, Institute of Innovative Cancer Research and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Department of Cancer Research, Institute of Innovative Cancer Research and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea; Department of Cancer Research, Institute of Innovative Cancer Research and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin Cheon Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Cancer Research, Institute of Innovative Cancer Research and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea.
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Environmental Exposures, Tumor Heterogeneity, and Colorectal Cancer Outcomes. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rasool S, Rasool V, Naqvi T, Ganai BA, Shah BA. Genetic unraveling of colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5067-82. [PMID: 24573608 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common disease in both men and women (being the third most common cancer in men and the second most common among women) and thus represents an important and serious public health issue, especially in the western world. Although it is a well-established fact that cancers of the large intestine produce symptoms relatively earlier at a stage that can be easily cured by resection, a large number of people lose their lives to this deadly disease each year. Recent times have seen an important change in the incidence of colorectal cancer in different parts of the world. The etiology of colorectal cancer is multifactorial and is likely to involve the actions of genes at multiple levels along the multistage carcinogenesis process. Exhaustive efforts have been made out in the direction of unraveling the role of various environmental factors, gene mutations, and polymorphisms worldwide (as well as in Kashmir-"a valley of gastrointestinal cancers") that have got a role to play in the development of this disease so that antitumor drugs could be developed against this cancer, first, and, finally, the responsiveness or resistance to these agents could be understood for combating this global issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Rasool
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Kashmir, India
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Sanz-García E, Elez E, Macarulla T, Dienstmann R, Salazar R, Tabernero J. Prognosis and Therapeutic Implications for Emerging Colorectal Cancer Subtypes. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lin JH, Giovannucci E. Environmental Exposure and Tumor Heterogeneity in Colorectal Cancer Risk and Outcomes. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
BRAF represents one of the most frequently mutated protein kinase genes in human tumours. The mutation is commonly tested in pathology practice. BRAF mutation is seen in melanoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma (including papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from ovarian teratoma), ovarian serous tumours, colorectal carcinoma, gliomas, hepatobiliary carcinomas and hairy cell leukaemia. In these cancers, various genetic aberrations of the BRAF proto-oncogene, such as different point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, have been reported. The most common mutation, BRAF V600E, can be detected by DNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumour tissue. Detection of BRAF V600E mutation has the potential for clinical use as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. In addition, a great deal of research effort has been spent in strategies inhibiting its activity. Indeed, recent clinical trials involving BRAF selective inhibitors exhibited promising response rates in metastatic melanoma patients. Clinical trials are underway for other cancers. However, cutaneous side effects of treatment have been reported and therapeutic response to cancer is short-lived due to the emergence of several resistance mechanisms. In this review, we give an update on the clinical pathological relevance of BRAF mutation in cancer. It is hoped that the review will enhance the direction of future research and assist in more effective use of the knowledge of BRAF mutation in clinical practice.
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Frameshift mutations of tumor suppressor gene EP300 in gastric and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2064-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Burr N, Hull MA. Commentary: the association between low-dose aspirin use and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38:653-4. [PMID: 23964734 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Burr
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Bae JM, Kim JH, Cho NY, Kim TY, Kang GH. Prognostic implication of the CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancers depends on tumour location. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1004-12. [PMID: 23900220 PMCID: PMC3749584 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is usually categorised as proximal or distal CRC. Recently, many researchers have tried to determine the molecular heterogeneity of CRCs along bowel subsites. However, the differential effects of the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and microsatellite instability (MSI) on the clinical outcome according to tumour location are not well-known. METHODS We analysed clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics, including CIMP, MSI, KRAS and BRAF mutations, in 734 CRCs according to bowel subsites. And the prognostic value of CIMP and MSI was analysed according to tumour location. RESULTS We found a linear increase of female predominance, T, N category, stage, differentiation, absence of luminal necrosis, tumour -infiltrating lymphocytes, Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, serration and mucin production from the rectum to caecum. CpG island methylator phenotype -high and MSI-high gradually increased from the rectum to caecum. CpG island methylator phenotype is a poor prognostic factor of overall survival (hazard ratio (HR): 4.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-13.46) and disease-free survival (HR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.04-8.08) in rectal cancers. CONCLUSION Clinicopathologic and molecular profiles of CRCs gradually change along bowel subsites, and the prognostic implication of CIMP is different according to tumour location.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Subsets of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers exhibit discordance between the CpG island methylator phenotype and MLH1 methylation status. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1013-22. [PMID: 23370766 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the presence of MLH1 methylation in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer generally indicates involvement of the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in the development of the tumor, these two conditions do not always correlate. A minority of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers exhibit discordance between CIMP and MLH1 methylation statuses. However, the clinicopathological features of such microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers with discrepant MLH1 methylation and CIMP statuses remain poorly studied. Microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers (n=220) were analyzed for CIMP and MLH1 methylation statuses using the MethyLight assay. Based on the combinatorial CIMP and MLH1 methylation statuses, the microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers were grouped into four subtypes (CIMP-high (CIMP-H) MLH1 methylation-positive (MLH1m+), CIMP-H MLH1 methylation-negative, CIMP-low/0 (CIMP-L/0) MLH1m+, and CIMP-L/0 MLH1 methylation-negative), which were compared in terms of their associations with clinicopathological and molecular features. The CIMP-L/0 MLH1 methylation-negative and CIMP-H MLH1m+ subtypes were predominant, comprising 63.6 and 24.1% of total microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers, respectively. The discordant subtypes, CIMP-H MLH1 methylation-negative and CIMP-L/0 MLH1m+, were found in 5 and 7% of microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers, respectively. The CIMP-H MLH1 methylation-negative subtype exhibited elevated incidence rates in male patients and was associated with larger tumor size, more frequent loss of MSH2 expression, increased frequency of KRAS mutation, and advanced cancer stage. The CIMP-L/0 MLH1m+ subtype was associated with onset at an earlier age, a predominance of MLH1 loss, and earlier cancer stage. None of the CIMP-L/0 MLH1m+ subtype patients succumbed to death during the follow-up. Our findings suggest that the discordant subtypes of colorectal cancers exhibit distinct clinicopathological and molecular features, although the proportion of discordant subtypes is low. The microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers of the same CIMP status tended to exhibit different clinicopathological features depending on MLH1 methylation status.
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Al-Temaimi RA, Jacob S, Al-Ali W, Thomas DA, Al-Mulla F. Reduced FHIT expression is associated with mismatch repair deficient and high CpG island methylator phenotype colorectal cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:627-38. [PMID: 23797051 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413497367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease and a major contributor to world cancer mortality rates. Molecular subtypes of CRC have become standards for CRC classification and have established prognostic potential. Here, we attempt to corroborate and provide further insight pertinent to the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene in microsatellite instable (MSI), microsatellite stable (MSS), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) CRC subtypes. We employed array comparative genomic hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) techniques to survey genomic aberrations in FHIT gene and their effects on FHIT protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a CRC cohort. We further studied FHIT protein expression by IHC in a larger CRC cohort defined for its mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and genomic methylation profiles. Our results show FHIT genomic deletions centered in exons 4 and 5 in most of MSI-CRC samples. Moreover, we confirmed the significant association of FHIT protein expression diminution (p=0.035) with MSI-CRC. In the larger cohort, reduced FHIT protein expression was significantly associated with CIMP-high subtype of CRC (p=0.009) and loss of PMS2 protein expression (p=0.017). We conclude that FHIT expression may be a valuable marker for CRC subtyping, and its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential should be perused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeah Abbas Al-Temaimi
- Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait
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Simons CCJM, Hughes LAE, Smits KM, Khalid-de Bakker CA, de Bruïne AP, Carvalho B, Meijer GA, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt PA, Weijenberg MP, van Engeland M. A novel classification of colorectal tumors based on microsatellite instability, the CpG island methylator phenotype and chromosomal instability: implications for prognosis. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2048-56. [PMID: 23532114 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the overlap between the major (epi)genomic events microsatellite instability (MSI), the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) and chromosomal instability (CIN) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and whether specific (epi)genotypes were associated with CRC-related deaths. PATIENTS AND METHODS Molecular analyses using tumor DNA were successful in 509 CRC cases identified within the Netherlands Cohort Study in the period 1989-1993. Follow-up for the vital status until May 2005 was 100%. RESULTS MSI (12.6%), CIMP-only (5.3%), CIMP + CIN (13.4%), CIN-only (58.2%) and triple-negative tumors (10.6%) differed significantly regarding tumor localization, differentiation grade, initial adjuvant therapy (AT) use and genetic characteristics (P ≤ 0.03). CIMP-only, CIMP + CIN and triple-negative tumors, compared with CIN-only tumors, were significantly associated with a 3.67, 2.44 and 3.78-fold risk of CRC-related deaths after 2-year follow-up (95% confidence intervals, CIs, 1.70-7.91, 1.35-4.41 and 1.97-7.25, respectively), but not after late follow-up. MSI tumors were borderline significantly associated with a 0.40-fold risk of CRC-related deaths after late follow-up (95% CI 0.15-1.03). CONCLUSION(S) This is the first study to show that specific (epi)genotypes may hold a differential prognostic value that may vary over time. Although no specific treatment data were available, an explanation for the differential findings over time might be that (epi)genotypes modify therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C J M Simons
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Deng W, Sui H, Wang Q, He N, Duan C, Han L, Li Q, Lu M, Lv S. A Chinese herbal formula, Yi-Qi-Fu-Sheng, inhibits migration/invasion of colorectal cancer by down-regulating MMP-2/9 via inhibiting the activation of ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:65. [PMID: 23506655 PMCID: PMC3617034 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background A Chinese herbal formula, Yi-Qi-Fu-Sheng (YQFS), has long been employed clinically to treat cancer patients. We aimed to determine its effectiveness as a treatment method for colorectal cancer. We investigated the therapeutic effects of YQFS on colorectal cancer, as well as the underlying mechanisms, which have not previously been explored. Methods First, YQFS was extracted and chemically characterized. We then tested the effects of YQFS on proliferation and migration by MTT and transwell migration assays in vitro. Mouse xenograft models of colorectal cancer were established by inoculation with HCT-116 cells, and mice received one of three oral doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) to evaluate the effects of YQFS extract. Metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) expression in mice was evaluated by gelatin zymography assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis in vitro and by TUNEL assay in vivo. ERK and p-ERK expression were evaluated by western blot analysis at the protein level in vitro, and by quantitative RT-PCR at mRNA level in vivo. Results Our results show that YQFS significantly inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1− and S-phase in HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, YQFS effectively retards tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, YQFS had an inhibitory effect on tumor growth in vivo, and induced apoptosis through the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that YQFS extract has an anti-tumor effect in colorectal cancer, which could be attributed to ERK1/2-dependent inhibition of MMP-2/9 expression.
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Integrative marker analysis allows risk assessment for metastasis in stage II colon cancer. Ann Surg 2013; 256:763-71; discussion 771. [PMID: 23095620 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318272de87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individualized risk assessment in patients with UICC stage II colon cancer based on a panel of molecular genetic alterations. BACKGROUND Risk assessment in patients with colon cancer and localized disease (UICC stage II) is not sufficiently reliable. Development of metachronous metastasis is assumed to be governed largely by individual tumor genetics. METHODS Fresh frozen tissue from 232 patients (T3-4, N0, M0) with complete tumor resection and a median follow-up of 97 months was analyzed for microsatellite stability, KRAS exon 2, and BRAF exon 15 mutations. Gene expression of the WNT-pathway surrogate marker osteopontin and the metastasis-associated genes SASH1 and MACC1 was determined for 179 patients. The results were correlated with metachronous distant metastasis risk (n = 22 patients). RESULTS Mutations of KRAS were detected in 30% patients, mutations of BRAF in 15% patients, and microsatellite instability in 26% patients. Risk of recurrence was associated with KRAS mutation (P = 0.033), microsatellite stable tumors (P = 0.015), decreased expression of SASH1 (P = 0.049), and increased expression of MACC1 (P < 0.001). MACC1 was the only independent parameter for recurrence prediction (hazard ratio: 6.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.4-16; P < 0.001). Integrative 2-step cluster analysis allocated patients into 4 groups, according to their tumor genetics. KRAS mutation, BRAF wild type, microsatellite stability, and high MACC1 expression defined the group with the highest risk of recurrence (16%, 7 of 43), whereas BRAF wild type, microsatellite instability, and low MACC1 expression defined the group with the lowest risk (4%, 1 of 26). CONCLUSIONS MACC1 expression predicts development of metastases, outperforming microsatellite stability status, as well as KRAS/BRAF mutation status.
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Marisa L, de Reyniès A, Duval A, Selves J, Gaub MP, Vescovo L, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Schiappa R, Guenot D, Ayadi M, Kirzin S, Chazal M, Fléjou JF, Benchimol D, Berger A, Lagarde A, Pencreach E, Piard F, Elias D, Parc Y, Olschwang S, Milano G, Laurent-Puig P, Boige V. Gene expression classification of colon cancer into molecular subtypes: characterization, validation, and prognostic value. PLoS Med 2013; 10:e1001453. [PMID: 23700391 PMCID: PMC3660251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer (CC) pathological staging fails to accurately predict recurrence, and to date, no gene expression signature has proven reliable for prognosis stratification in clinical practice, perhaps because CC is a heterogeneous disease. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive molecular classification of CC based on mRNA expression profile analyses. METHODS AND FINDINGS Fresh-frozen primary tumor samples from a large multicenter cohort of 750 patients with stage I to IV CC who underwent surgery between 1987 and 2007 in seven centers were characterized for common DNA alterations, including BRAF, KRAS, and TP53 mutations, CpG island methylator phenotype, mismatch repair status, and chromosomal instability status, and were screened with whole genome and transcriptome arrays. 566 samples fulfilled RNA quality requirements. Unsupervised consensus hierarchical clustering applied to gene expression data from a discovery subset of 443 CC samples identified six molecular subtypes. These subtypes were associated with distinct clinicopathological characteristics, molecular alterations, specific enrichments of supervised gene expression signatures (stem cell phenotype-like, normal-like, serrated CC phenotype-like), and deregulated signaling pathways. Based on their main biological characteristics, we distinguished a deficient mismatch repair subtype, a KRAS mutant subtype, a cancer stem cell subtype, and three chromosomal instability subtypes, including one associated with down-regulated immune pathways, one with up-regulation of the Wnt pathway, and one displaying a normal-like gene expression profile. The classification was validated in the remaining 123 samples plus an independent set of 1,058 CC samples, including eight public datasets. Furthermore, prognosis was analyzed in the subset of stage II-III CC samples. The subtypes C4 and C6, but not the subtypes C1, C2, C3, and C5, were independently associated with shorter relapse-free survival, even after adjusting for age, sex, stage, and the emerging prognostic classifier Oncotype DX Colon Cancer Assay recurrence score (hazard ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1, p = 0.0097). However, a limitation of this study is that information on tumor grade and number of nodes examined was not available. CONCLUSIONS We describe the first, to our knowledge, robust transcriptome-based classification of CC that improves the current disease stratification based on clinicopathological variables and common DNA markers. The biological relevance of these subtypes is illustrated by significant differences in prognosis. This analysis provides possibilities for improving prognostic models and therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, we report a new classification of CC into six molecular subtypes that arise through distinct biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Marisa
- “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs” Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs” Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alex Duval
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S938, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Janick Selves
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse III, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Pierre Gaub
- Unité de Recherche Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle EA 4438, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laure Vescovo
- “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs” Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | | | - Renaud Schiappa
- “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs” Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guenot
- Unité de Recherche Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle EA 4438, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mira Ayadi
- “Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs” Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Kirzin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse III, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S938, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Berger
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Lagarde
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S910, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Erwan Pencreach
- Unité de Recherche Physiopathologie et Médecine Translationnelle EA 4438, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Piard
- Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France
| | | | - Yann Parc
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Olschwang
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S910, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Pôle DACCORD, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
- Département d'Oncologie, Hôpital Clairval, Marseille, France
- Département de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Milano
- Laboratoire d'Oncopharmacologie EA 3836, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S775, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Valérie Boige
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche S775, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, Paris, France
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Maletzki C, Stier S, Gruenert U, Gock M, Ostwald C, Prall F, Linnebacher M. Establishment, characterization and chemosensitivity of three mismatch repair deficient cell lines from sporadic and inherited colorectal carcinomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52485. [PMID: 23300683 PMCID: PMC3534085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a morphologic and molecular heterogenic disease. This heterogeneity substantially impairs drug effectiveness and prognosis. The subtype of mismatch repair deficient (MMR-D) CRCs, accounting for about 15% of all cases, shows particular differential responses up to resistance towards currently approved cytostatic drugs. Pre-clinical in vitro models representing molecular features of MMR-D tumors are thus mandatory for identifying biomarkers that finally help to predict responses towards new cytostatic drugs. Here, we describe the successful establishment and characterization of three patient-derived MMR-D cell lines (HROC24, HROC87, and HROC113) along with their corresponding xenografts. Methodology MMR-D cell lines (HROC24, HROC87, and HROC113) were established from a total of ten clinicopathological well-defined MMR-D cases (120 CRC cases in total). Cells were comprehensively characterized by phenotype, morphology, growth kinetics, invasiveness, and molecular profile. Additionally, response to clinically relevant chemotherapeutics was examined in vitro and in vivo. Principal Findings Two MMR-D lines showing CIMP-H derived from sporadic CRC (HROC24: K-raswt, B-rafmut, HROC87: K-raswt, B-rafmut), whereas the HROC113 cell line (K-rasmut, B-rafwt) was HNPCC-associated. A diploid DNA-status could be verified by flow cytometry and SNP Array analysis. All cell lines were characterized as epithelial (EpCAM+) tumor cells, showing surface tumor marker expression (CEACAM+). MHC-class II was inducible by Interferon-γ stimulation. Growth kinetics as well as invasive potential was quite heterogeneous between individual lines. Besides, MMR-D cell lines exhibited distinct responsiveness towards chemotherapeutics, even when comparing in vitro and in vivo sensitivity. Conclusions These newly established and well-characterized, low-passage MMR-D cell lines provide a useful tool for future investigations on the biological characteristics of MMR-D CRCs, both of sporadic and hereditary origin. Additionally, matched patient-derived immune cells allow for comparative genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Todinova S, Krumova S, Kurtev P, Dimitrov V, Djongov L, Dudunkov Z, Taneva SG. Calorimetry-based profiling of blood plasma from colorectal cancer patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1879-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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