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Ruthberg JS, Susarla SM, Bly RA. Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies in Children. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2024; 36:355-368. [PMID: 38632013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Craniomaxillofacial vascular anomalies encompass a diverse and complex set of pathologies that may have a profound impact on pediatric patients. They are subdivided into vascular tumors and vascular malformations depending on biological properties, clinical course, and distribution patterns. Given the complexity and potential for leading to significant functional morbidity and esthetic concerns, a multidisciplinary approach is generally necessary to optimize patient outcomes. This article reviews the etiology, clinical course, diagnosis, and current management practices related to vascular anomalies in the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Ruthberg
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, UW Box 356515, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Srinivas M Susarla
- Division of Craniofacial Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, OB.9.520, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Randall A Bly
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, UW Box 356515, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, UW Box 356515, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Gill J, Odeshi O, Mahmood MN, Grewal P. A case of disseminated angiosarcoma-like Kaposi sarcoma presenting with unusual vesiculobullous lesions. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241257678. [PMID: 38846740 PMCID: PMC11155309 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241257678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiosarcoma-like Kaposi sarcoma represents a recently delineated rare histomorphologic variant of Kaposi sarcoma that can be difficult to distinguish from other vasoproliferative lesions. Conventional lesions of Kaposi sarcoma encompass patches, plaques, and nodules; however, rarely vesiculobullous lesions have been described. Angiosarcoma-like Kaposi sarcoma has never been previously reported to present with vesiculobullous lesions. Herein, we describe a unique case of disseminated angiosarcoma-like Kaposi sarcoma with vesiculobullous lesions as the initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Gill
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Oluwatosin Odeshi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Muhammad N Mahmood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Parbeer Grewal
- Division of Dermatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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3
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White E, Fazio N, Tourmouzis K, Ryu S, Finger PT, Sassoon J, Keresztes R, Chou T, Kaplowitz K, Honkanen R. Unilateral conjunctival Classic Kaposi Sarcoma following a COVID 19 booster. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2024; 34:101986. [PMID: 38601193 PMCID: PMC11004082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2023.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We describe a case of Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in a functionally monocular patient following a COVID19 vaccine booster and provide compelling evidence that suggests the booster was a relevant co-factor in the initiation of the disease process. Observations The patient presented with red, irritated conjunctival area described as "bubbling" in her right eye. While her past medical history includes hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, she had no history of a compromised immune system. Her ophthalmologic history is more complex including treatment for glaucoma. The patient has 20/20 uncorrected vision OD and LP OS. Due to her ocular co-morbidities, the patient initially received interferon alpha 2-B qid for 6 weeks. However, topical therapy failed to decrease the size of the conjunctival lesions. After referral to Radiation Oncology, the right eye/orbit was treated with electron beam therapy for 1 month which caused a marked decrease in the size and vascularity of the conjunctival lesions. A slow improvement continued during followup. Conclusion and importance In that the vaccine booster preceded the cancer, it appears etiologic to the appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma. The patient's monocular vision and glaucoma complicated her treatment. This case expands on current concepts of cofactors needed for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma in that vaccine booster administration was relevant to tumor progression and both clinical and mechanistic evidence is presented to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily White
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, USA
| | - Nicholas Fazio
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, USA
| | - Konstantinos Tourmouzis
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, USA
| | - Samuel Ryu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stony Brook University Hospital, USA
| | - Paul T. Finger
- The Department of Ocular Tumor, Orbital Disease, And Ophthalmic Radiation Therapy, The New York Eye Cancer Center, USA
| | - Jodi Sassoon
- Department of Anatomic & Clinical Pathology, New York Eye, Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Roger Keresztes
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, USA
| | - Timothy Chou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, USA
| | - Kevin Kaplowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loma Linda Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Robert Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University Hospital, USA
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Herrera-Goepfert R, Volkow P, Ochoa-Murillo M. Anaplastic Kaposi Sarcoma of the Right Colon, in a Young Man With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Rare Variant in an Unreported Organ. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:533-538. [PMID: 37403378 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231185075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) arises in the context of 4 epidemiologic-clinical settings: Classic, endemic, epidemic, and iatrogenic; the most serious types are endemic and epidemic, and visceral involvement occurs mostly in the latter. Several morphological variants of KS have been described, of which the anaplastic one is highly aggressive. We report the case of an anaplastic KS arising from the ascending colon in a 32-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male patient with a 6-year history of multiple mucocutaneous KS. Anaplastic KS is most frequent in endemic and classic settings; there are ten cases of anaplastic KS reported in HIV-positive male patients. There is now strong evidence that KS is a clonal neoplasm characterized by chromosomal instability at the molecular level. According to the morphological spectrum and contemporary hypotheses of oncogenesis, conventional KS should be considered an incipient endothelial neoplasia, multiple or single, and anaplastic KS, the fully developed stage of the malignant neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Volkow
- Department of Infectology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
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Perekopskiy D, Cox DD, Signoff ED. Keeping an Eye Out for KS-IRIS: Kaposi Sarcoma in a Patient with Mpox. J Gen Intern Med 2024:10.1007/s11606-024-08754-2. [PMID: 38600401 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-024-08754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perekopskiy
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dustin David Cox
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Fenta BD, Aregawi AB, Geremew TT, Fenta BK. Kaposi's Sarcoma with Primary Lymph Node Involvement in a Retroviral Infected (RVI) Patient. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:311-319. [PMID: 38618189 PMCID: PMC11012622 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s458320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
One kind of angioproliferative disorder is Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Growth of spindle-shaped cells, edema, inflammation, and neoangiogenesis are its defining features. Because it lacks the typical indicators of malignancy, it is classified as an intermediate neoplasm. People who are immunocompromised, receiving organ transplants, or receiving antiretroviral therapy are linked to KS. Although lymph node involvement by KS is extremely uncommon, when it does occur, it usually manifests as either the epidemic form in (Human Immuno-deficiency) HIV-positive patients or the endemic form in Africans. There are four primary clinical manifestations of KS that have been documented: endemic, epidemic, iatrogenic, and classic. The diagnosis of KS is made by history, physical examination, and tissue biopsy. When treating localized disease, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be sufficient to either improve or completely eradicate the illness. Nonetheless, chemotherapy and HAART would be necessary in the case of widespread illness. Here, we present the case of a 28-year-old female patient who is HIV positive and has a viral load that is not detected. She presented with generalized lymphadenopathy of 8 months duration. She had no cutaneous manifestations. The lymphadenopathy involved the tonsils, axilla, inguinal, and an unusual site, intraparotid on both sides. After a pathologic examination of the lymph nodes, she was found to have epidemic-type KS and was treated with HAART and chemotherapy. In our nation, we are not aware of any published case reports pertaining to a case like this. The purpose of this case report is to raise physicians' awareness of this uncommon ailment and to encourage them to suspect KS when HIV patients exhibit generalized lymphadenopathy. The early initiation of systemic treatment is lifesaving for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizunesh Dires Fenta
- Department of Pathology, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Alazar Berhe Aregawi
- Department of Surgery, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Teketel Tadesse Geremew
- Department of Pathology, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Kelemework Fenta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yanet Internal Medicine Specialized Center, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
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Rullo V, Castellaneta F, D’Antonio S, De Rosa A, Grieco MP, Fabrizio T. Electrochemotherapy in Kaposi's Sarcoma Patients: From the Gold Standard Strategy to Locally Advanced Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1295. [PMID: 38610972 PMCID: PMC11010848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is one of the newest therapeutic strategies employed as a medical procedure for skin neoplasms' treatment, especially for classic Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS). The aim of this study was to demonstrate ECT clinical response and the local control of CKS disease. The primary endpoint was to value the worth and efficacy of this local therapy in CKS skin lesions' treatment. In total, 19 CKS patients were enrolled, 14 males and 5 females with median age at diagnosis of 72. Complete response (CR) has been gained in 12 patients after first ECT attempt; meanwhile, 3 and 4 out of 19 patients obtained a partial response (PR), so they underwent a second and third ECT treatment, respectively. Clinical response was evaluated during the entire timeframe of the follow-up, which ranged between 3 months and 4 years with a median of 18 months. The control of CKS skin lesions still represents a challenge for surgeons and oncologists. Nevertheless, according to this and other authors' recent experiences, ECT could be considered the gold standard strategy for early-stage patients, but at the same time it could be considered as a valid option in controlling Kaposi's sarcoma locally advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rullo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
- Division of Plastic Surgery, AOU Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Castellaneta
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Santolo D’Antonio
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
- Division of Plastic Surgery, AOU Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Rosa
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
- Division of Plastic Surgery, AOU Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Pio Grieco
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Tommaso Fabrizio
- Division of Plastic Surgery, IRCCS-Centro di riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Via Padre Pio, 1, 95098 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (V.R.); (F.C.); (S.D.); (A.D.R.); (M.P.G.)
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Fang L, Simman R, Workman L, Ayoub S, Bratton C. Malignant wound aetiology, diagnosis and management: a case series and literature review. J Wound Care 2024; 33:102-117. [PMID: 38329829 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.33.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malignant wounds develop when neoplastic cells invade the skin either locally or by lymphatic and haematogenous spread. They can present as hard-to-heal wounds and underlying causes include: primary skin cancer; metastasis of extracutaneous primary malignancy; malignant transformation of a hard-to-heal wound; iatrogenic injury; and cutaneous forms of cancers of non-skin origin. High clinical suspicion for a malignant wound should be confirmed with skin biopsy. The aim of this case series is to highlight a combination of both clinically clear cutaneous malignancies and not-so-obvious wounds caused by malignancy. METHOD This case series examines patients with malignant wounds of varying aetiology and appearance. For each case, we explain the pathophysiology, atypical features, diagnostic approach and treatment. We also discuss types of wound biopsy and general wound management principles. RESULTS Among the 11 cases analysed using descriptive statistics, median wound duration before presentation at our clinic was one year, while median age at presentation was 65 years. Our case series included the following diagnoses: cutaneous metastasis of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (n=2); cutaneous metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (n=1); Marjolin's ulcer (n=1), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (n=2), primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=1), metastatic malignant melanoma (n=1), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (n=1), cutaneous angiosarcoma (n=1), Kaposi sarcoma (n=1) and recurrent tonsillar SCC with osteoradionecrosis (n=1); one case had both BCC and SCC. CONCLUSION Punch and excisional biopsies were the most frequently used diagnostic techniques. Local wound therapy addressed bleeding, malodour, exudate, pain and infection. However, wound healing is usually achieved once the underlying malignancy is treated. In advanced or metastatic disease, palliative wound care aims to prevent exacerbation of existing wounds and focuses on patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Fang
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Richard Simman
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Department of Surgery, Toledo, Ohio, US
- Jobst Vascular Institute, ProMedica Health Network, Wound Care Program, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Lauren Workman
- Jobst Vascular Institute, ProMedica Health Network, Wound Care Program, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Samar Ayoub
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
| | - Camille Bratton
- University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, US
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9
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Polách O, Kopecký A, Wandrolová Z, Židlík V, Němčanský J. Kaposi's Sarcoma. A Case Report. CESKA A SLOVENSKA OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2024; 80:114-118. [PMID: 38531684 DOI: 10.31348/2024/16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this case report is to present the case of a patient with iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma afflicting several organs, ocular manifestation. CASE REPORT In a 74-year-old kidney transplant patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy, iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) developed in both lower eyelids. Subsequently, KS was confirmed in the region of the left forearm, with suspicion of lesions in the lungs. The ocular tumor was surgically removed with negative margins, requiring no further therapy. The lesion on the left forearm was completely excised. The patient underwent radiotherapy for the lung lesions, and immunosuppressive therapy was reduced. CONCLUSION The case highlights the importance of early identification of KS, its histological verification, radical resection, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Knowledge of the epidemiology of this condition is a key factor in determining the correct diagnosis.
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Shaker N, Phelps R, Niedt G, Sangueza OP, Pradhan D. Diffuse Dermal Angiomatosis of Bilateral Breasts, A Distinct Entity of Reactive Angiomatoses: A Clinicopathologic Challenge. Am J Dermatopathol 2024; 46:60-61. [PMID: 38086087 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Shaker
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert Phelps
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - George Niedt
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Omar P Sangueza
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC; and
| | - Dinesh Pradhan
- Department of Dermatopathology, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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11
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Morales AE, Gumenick R, Genovese CM, Jang YY, Ouedraogo A, Ibáñez de Garayo M, Pannellini T, Patel S, Bott ME, Alvarez J, Mun SS, Totonchy J, Gautam A, Delgado de la Mora J, Chang S, Wirth D, Horenstein M, Dao T, Scheinberg DA, Rubinstein PG, Semeere A, Martin J, Godfrey CC, Moser CB, Matining RM, Campbell TB, Borok MZ, Krown SE, Cesarman E. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is overexpressed in Kaposi Sarcoma and is regulated by KSHV vFLIP. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011881. [PMID: 38190392 PMCID: PMC10898863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In people living with HIV, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a vascular neoplasm caused by KS herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8), remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Individuals living with HIV, receiving otherwise effective antiretroviral therapy, may present with extensive disease requiring chemotherapy. Hence, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) protein is overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in several hematologic and solid malignancies and has shown promise as an immunotherapeutic target. We found that WT1 was overexpressed in >90% of a total 333 KS biopsies, as determined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Our largest cohort from ACTG, consisting of 294 cases was further analyzed demonstrating higher WT1 expression was associated with more advanced histopathologic subtypes. There was a positive correlation between the proportion of infected cells within KS tissues, assessed by expression of the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), and WT1 positivity. Areas with high WT1 expression showed sparse T-cell infiltrates, consistent with an immune evasive tumor microenvironment. We show that major oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are overexpressed in primary KS tissue and observed WT1 upregulation upon de novo infection of endothelial cells with KSHV. KSHV latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) upregulated total and major isoforms of WT1, but upregulation was not seen after expression of mutant vFLIP that is unable to bind IKKƴ and induce NFκB. siRNA targeting of WT1 in latent KSHV infection resulted in decreased total cell number and pAKT, BCL2 and LANA protein expression. Finally, we show that ESK-1, a T cell receptor-like monoclonal antibody that recognizes WT1 peptides presented on MHC HLA-A0201, demonstrates increased binding to endothelial cells after KSHV infection or induction of vFLIP expression. We propose that oncogenic isoforms of WT1 are upregulated by KSHV to promote tumorigenesis and immunotherapy directed against WT1 may be an approach for KS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana E. Morales
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruby Gumenick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn M. Genovese
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yun Yeong Jang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ariene Ouedraogo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maite Ibáñez de Garayo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Bott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Gautam
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesus Delgado de la Mora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Chang
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcelo Horenstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Rubinstein
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County (Cook County Hospital), Ruth M. Rothstein Core Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aggrey Semeere
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Godfrey
- Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, Department of State, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Carlee B. Moser
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roy M. Matining
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret Z. Borok
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Susan E. Krown
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (emerita), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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12
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Moorad R, Kasonkanji E, Gumulira J, Gondwe Y, Dewey M, Pan Y, Peng A, Pluta LJ, Kudowa E, Nyasosela R, Tomoka T, Tweya H, Heller T, Gugsa S, Phiri S, Moore DT, Damania B, Painschab M, Hosseinipour MC, Dittmer DP. A prospective cohort study identifies two types of HIV+ Kaposi Sarcoma lesions: proliferative and inflammatory. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:2082-2092. [PMID: 37602960 PMCID: PMC11074775 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in people living with HIV (PLWH) in many countries where KS-associated herpesvirus is endemic. Treatment has changed little in 20 years, but the disease presentation has. This prospective cohort study enrolled 122 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive KS patients between 2017 and 2019 in Malawi. Participants were treated with bleomycin, vincristine and combination antiretroviral therapy, the local standard of care. One-year overall survival was 61%, and progression-free survival was 58%. The 48-week complete response rate was 35%. RNAseq (n = 78) differentiated two types of KS lesions, those with marked endothelial characteristics and those enriched in inflammatory transcripts. This suggests that different KS lesions are in different disease states consistent with the known heterogeneous clinical response to treatment. In contrast to earlier cohorts, the plasma HIV viral load of KS patients in our study was highly variable. A total of 25% of participants had no detectable HIV; all had detectable KSHV viral load. Our study affirms that many KS cases today develop in PLWH with well-controlled HIV infection and that different KS lesions have differing molecular compositions. Further studies are needed to develop predictive biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Moorad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yue Pan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill
| | - Alice Peng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Linda J. Pluta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Evaristar Kudowa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominic T Moore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Matthew Painschab
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- UNC Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mina C. Hosseinipour
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- UNC Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
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13
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Pathak P, Wondimu B, Jalilianhasanpour R, Pooyan A, Matesan MC, Mansoori B. Skin Malignancies: Imaging Review with Radiologic-Histopathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2023; 43:e230093. [PMID: 38032822 DOI: 10.1148/rg.230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Skin malignancies are commonly encountered as primary or incidental findings. Neoplasms that affect the skin include primary (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma) and secondary (mesenchymal neoplasms, lymphoma, and metastases) tumors. Imaging provides valuable anatomic information (tumor size, depth of involvement, presence of distant metastasis, and data for guiding biopsy) and functional information (metabolic activity and sentinel node mapping data). This information, in addition to biopsy results, improves the histopathologic characterization of tumors and treatment planning. Various histopathologic types of the same entity exhibit different biologic behavior and have different imaging features. Familiarity with the multimodality imaging features, histopathologic characteristics, and various modes of dissemination (direct invasion; perineural, lymphatic, and hematogenous spread) of the most common skin malignancies helps radiologists narrow the differential diagnosis in clinical practice. ©RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pathak
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bitania Wondimu
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rozita Jalilianhasanpour
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Atefe Pooyan
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Manuela C Matesan
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bahar Mansoori
- From the Department of Radiology, Divisions of Abdominal Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, University of Minnesota (M-Health), 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (P.P.); and the Department of Pathology (B.W.); Department of Radiology (R.J., A.P.), Divisions of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.M.) and Abdominal Imaging (B.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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14
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Spires LM, Wind E, Papp B, Toth Z. KSHV RTA utilizes the host E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40 to drive lytic reactivation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0138923. [PMID: 37888983 PMCID: PMC10688343 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01389-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-causing human herpesvirus that establishes a persistent infection in humans. The lytic viral cycle plays a crucial part in lifelong infection as it is involved in the viral dissemination. The master regulator of the KSHV lytic replication cycle is the viral replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein, which is necessary and sufficient to push the virus from latency into the lytic phase. Thus, the identification of host factors utilized by RTA for controlling the lytic cycle can help to find novel targets that could be used for the development of antiviral therapies against KSHV. Using a proteomics approach, we have identified a novel interaction between RTA and the cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40, which we have shown to be necessary for promoting RTA-induced KSHV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eleanor Wind
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bernadett Papp
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Informatics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Lee DH, Park SY, Hong N, Kook HD, Jung HJ, Ahn J, Park MY. Very Early Patch Stage of AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma: A Case Report. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:S310-S313. [PMID: 38061728 PMCID: PMC10727859 DOI: 10.5021/ad.22.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular and lymphatic neoplasm caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). AIDS-related KS has variable clinical courses ranging from mild disease presenting as an incidental finding to severe disease presenting as an aggressively progressing neoplasm that can lead to poor prognosis or even death. Typical clinical manifestation of KS is known as multiple cutaneous lesions on the extremities, trunk, and face with mucosal involvement. A 46-year-old male with AIDS complained of an erythematous patch on the right forearm which appeared 5 months ago. For a year, he was treated with antiretroviral drugs for AIDS. Physical examination revealed a 2.5-cm solitary erythematous patch only on the right forearm. Laboratory data revealed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA of less than 40 copies/ml and a CD4 cell count of 264 cells/mm3. Histological examination revealed numerous slit-like spaces and vascular proliferation with primitive blood vessels dissecting between the collagen bundles and the dermis. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive HHV-8 nuclear staining of spindle cells. The histological features and positive HHV-8 immunohistochemical stain were consistent with the diagnosis of early patch stage of AIDS-related KS. KS can readily be misdiagnosed in early patch stage even by experienced clinicians, which leads to requirement of pathologic determination. On close inspection, it can be distinguished from other mimickers by its distinctive histologic features and immunohistochemical staining for HHV-8. Therefore, in cases of HIV-positive patients with clinically or histologically vascular-appearing mucocutaneous lesions, KS should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Heon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Narang Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kook
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Youn Park
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Sidorov IV, Abramov DS, Strumila NA, Shelihova LN, Viktorova EA, Konovalov DM. Kaposi's Sarcoma in Children After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Two Cases of Rare Primary Tumor Localizations in the Lungs and Lymph Node. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:e972-e975. [PMID: 37669118 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular / mesenchymal tumor with an indefinite degree of malignancy, caused by complex etiopathogenetic factors including Human Herpes Virus-8 infection of immunocompromised patients. For example, KS is more common in adult men with HIV. We describe 2 very rare cases of iatrogenic KS in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplant with isolated organ damage (case 1: lung; case 2: inguinal lymph node). KS is a potential complication of bone marrow transplant in pediatric patients and can occur in different age groups and at atypical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry Mikhailovich Konovalov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education "Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Moscow, Russia
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17
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Booth AL, Voltaggio L, Waters R, Goldblum J, Feely MM, Agostini-Vulaj D, Pezhouh M, Gonzalez RS. Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma) of the gastrointestinal tract: Clinicopathologic analysis of 34 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 160:411-416. [PMID: 37289424 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) rarely involves the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study describes clinicopathologic features of LCH in a cohort of GI cases. METHODS We defined lobular capillary hemangioma as "a proliferation of capillary-sized blood vessels arranged at least focally in a lobular configuration," searched departmental archives for cases, and recorded clinicopathologic findings. RESULTS We identified 34 GI tract LCHs from 16 men and 10 women; 4 patients had multiple lesions. Mean age was 64 years. Cases arose in the esophagus (n = 7), stomach (n = 3), small bowel (n = 7), and colorectum (n = 17). Twelve patients had anemia or rectal bleeding. No patients had a known genetic syndrome. The lesions manifested as mucosal polyps, with median size of 1.3 cm. Microscopically, 20 lesions were ulcerated, and most involved the mucosa, with 9 extending into the submucosa. Vessel dilation was present in 27 patients, endothelial hobnailing in 13, hemorrhage in 13, and focal reactive stromal atypia in 2. Follow-up information was available for 10 patients, none of whom developed same-site recurrence. Six of the 26 cases (23%) were extradepartmental consultations, including 2 of the multifocal cases. CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal tract LCHs often arise as colorectal polyps. They are typically small but can reach a few centimeters in size and can be multifocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Booth
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, US
| | | | - Rebecca Waters
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, US
| | - John Goldblum
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Michael M Feely
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, US
| | - Diana Agostini-Vulaj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, US
| | - Maryam Pezhouh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, US
| | - Raul S Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, US
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18
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Fu L, Tian T, Wang B, Lu Z, Gao Y, Sun Y, Lin YF, Zhang W, Li Y, Zou H. Global patterns and trends in Kaposi sarcoma incidence: a population-based study. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1566-e1575. [PMID: 37734800 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma is a rare, possibly angioproliferative, tumour. Kaposi sarcoma is one of the most common cancers in people living with HIV and poses a serious public health challenge in regions with high HIV burden. We aim to describe global patterns and population-wide trends in the burden of Kaposi sarcoma. METHODS In this population-based study, the incidence and mortality estimates of Kaposi sarcoma from 185 countries and regions in 2020 were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database. The time trends in Kaposi sarcoma incidence were evaluated using the cancer registry data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus from 1998 to 2012. We did not apply any inclusion or exclusion criteria to the data used in this study. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to quantify trends in the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) of Kaposi sarcoma. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the ASIR or age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and Human Development Index (HDI). FINDINGS In 2020, the global estimated ASIR of Kaposi sarcoma was 0·39 (per 100 000 people), with an estimated 34 270 newly diagnosed cases (23 413 males and 10 857 females). An estimated 15 086 Kaposi sarcoma deaths were reported (9929 males and 5157 females), corresponding to an ASMR of 0·18 (per 100 000 people). In 2020, Africa accounted for 73·0% (25 010 of 34 270) of the incidence and 86·6% (13 066 of 15 086) of the deaths from Kaposi sarcoma worldwide. There was a significant correlation between the ASIR or ASMR and HDI. The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma increased in males in both Türkiye and the Netherlands. The AAPC was 11·5% (95% CI 3·2-20·4) for males in Türkiye and 2·5% (1·1-3·9) for males in the Netherlands from 1998 to 2012. The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma decreased in White Americans, Israel, Uganda, Costa Rica, Colombia, Canada, and Denmark, from 1998 to 2012. INTERPRETATION Kaposi sarcoma is a relatively rare cancer worldwide but is endemic in some countries in southern and eastern Africa. Addressing disparities in health-care resource allocation and improving HIV/AIDS care across different HDI regions might contribute to the prevention of Kaposi sarcoma. FUNDING The Natural Science Foundation of China Excellent Young Scientists Fund and the Natural Science Foundation of China International/Regional Research Collaboration Project. TRANSLATION For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zhang Z, Peng LJ, Tong YJ. Cellular angiolipoma: a case report and review of the literature. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231206290. [PMID: 37824729 PMCID: PMC10571695 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231206290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular angiolipoma is a rare subtype of angiolipoma, with vascular density approaching 95%. This case report describes a 55-year-old female that presented for treatment of a mass in her left breast that had been tender to slightly painful on palpation for nearly 2 years The patient underwent surgical excision of the mass, which was pathologically confirmed as a cellular angiolipoma. As of the 3-year follow-up, the patient reported no recurrence of the lesion. It is important to report this case and refresh knowledge of this and similar lesions to raise awareness of this diagnosis and treatment and improve future management of cellular angiolipoma cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Jun Tong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China
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Shi J, Ying G, Zhang Z. A Case of Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated with Disseminated AIDS: The Management Challenges. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6367-6374. [PMID: 37789840 PMCID: PMC10544134 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s428945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a malignant tumor derived from vascular endothelial cells, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is quite common in AIDS patients. Nonspecific clinical symptoms often lead to timely diagnosis or wrong treatment, leading to recurrent disease and poor prognosis. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) could significantly reduce its morbidity and aggressiveness. As one of the ARTs, liposome anthracyclines are the preferred chemotherapy regimen for disseminated KS with multiple organs or tissue invasion. The curative effect is highly related to the degree of immunosuppression. This is the first case of AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma, who was cured after ART and two consecutive chemotherapy with doxorubicin liposome without recurrence. This case may provide new ideas and methods for the clinical management of AIDS with Kaposi's sarcoma. Case Description The patient, a male aged 60 years, was hospitalized on 21/11/2018 following having a cough, expectoration, and difficulty breathing. He was infected with HIV eight years ago and presented symptoms of blood-stained sputum. The patient complained that he had not received ART before. After admission, he was diagnosed as KS with disseminated AIDS after multiple biopsies and histopathological examinations. The patient was treated with ten months of ART (lamivudine+tenofovir+dolutegravir) and 14 times of chemotherapy with doxorubicin liposome (20 mg/m2, three times per week, seven times per course of treatment). The patient's disease was finally alleviated, and there was no recurrence during the follow-up. Conclusion The reconstitution of immune function and consecutive chemotherapy with doxorubicin liposome play a vital role in treating KS. In addition, for the early general symptoms of AIDS patients, such as thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic purple papules, it is necessary to increase vigilance and obtain the results of histopathological verification as soon as possible to diagnose KS patients at an earlier stage and realize clinical intervention in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Shi
- The Second Infectious Disease Department, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoxiang Ying
- The Second Infectious Disease Department, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- The Second Infectious Disease Department, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310023, People’s Republic of China
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Navarro-Bielsa A, Gil-Pallares P, Diago-Irache A, Martínez-Arnau N, Gracia-Cazaña T, Gilaberte Y. Kaposi sarcoma of the penis successfully treated with oral propranolol. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1084-1086. [PMID: 37119240 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumour associated with human herpesvirus-8 infection, with a benign course in most cases. Local or minimally invasive treatments have been suggested for localized KS, including cryotherapy, electrosurgery or topical drugs, among others. However, relapse is frequent, and certain therapies might not be convenient in certain locations such as glans penis. Herein, we present a case of primary KS of the glans penis in an immunocompetent man successfully treated with oral propranolol, with total response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Navarro-Bielsa
- Dermatology Service, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil-Pallares
- Dermatology Service, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adrian Diago-Irache
- Dermatology Service, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Neus Martínez-Arnau
- Pathological Anatomy Service, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Dermatology Service, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Dermatology Service, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
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Voufo RA, Kouotou AE, Tatah NJ, TeTo G, Gueguim C, Ngondé CME, Njiguet Tepa AG, Gabin A, Amazia F, Yembeau NL, Kouanfack C, Anatole PC. Relation between interleukin-6 concentrations and oxidative status of HIV infected patients with /or at risk of Kaposi disease in Yaounde. Virol J 2023; 20:165. [PMID: 37491285 PMCID: PMC10369812 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between interleukin-6 concentration and oxidative status of HIV infected patients with or at risk of Kaposi's disease in Yaoundé. METHODS We conducted a two-months cross-sectional study on 87 consenting HIV infected patients followed at the Day Hospital of the Yaoundé Central Hospital. Serum/plasma obtained after centrifugation of blood collected in dry/EDTA tubes was used for the determination of Human Herpes Virus-8 antigen (HHV-8) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) by the ELISA technique, and that of oxidative stress markers: Malondialdehyde (MDA) reduced Glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Subjects belonging to the [40-50[year-old age group were mainly represented in our study population with 43.7%. The average age was 44.6 ± 10.4 years with extremes ranging from 26 to 72 years. The sex ratio was 0.24. Our population was mainly represented by people infected with HIV type I (90.8%) and 3.4% had developed clinical signs of Kaposi's disease. The prevalence of the HHV-8 antigen was 57.5%. Immune and oxidative parameters did not vary with age, sex and therapeutic line. We noted a significant increase in IL-6 concentrations in patients positive to the HHV-8 antigen for IL-6 concentrations < 37 (P = 0.005; CI= [0.40; 0.59]. MDA and GSH concentrations increased significantly with the HHV-8 infection (P < 0.0001; CI= [0.40; 0.59] and P < 0.0001; CI= [13.30;21.45], respectively). Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) decreased significantly with HHV-8 infection (P = 0.004; CI= [-69.18; -13.78]). We noted a significant increase in MDA concentrations in patients taking their ARVs irregularly, (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our study showed a weak positive correlation between IL-6 and MDA, a strong negative correlation between FRAP and MDA and a strong positive correlation between MDA and GSH highlighting the association of these few markers of oxidative stress and Il-6 to the risk of Kaposi's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ahouga Voufo
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Armand Emmanuel Kouotou
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Nchinda Jones Tatah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georges TeTo
- Centre International de Référence Chantal Biya (CICRB), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Cédric Gueguim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Arnaud Gabin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Falmata Amazia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Natacha Lena Yembeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Charles Kouanfack
- Faculty of Medicine and pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Pieme Constant Anatole
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
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Anthony M, Farkouh C, Abdi P. Kaposi's Sarcoma, a Gateway to Understanding Healthcare Disparities Present in the Racial Minority Communities of America. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:e2023167. [PMID: 37557146 PMCID: PMC10412004 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1303a167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parsa Abdi
- Memorial University Faculty of Medicine, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
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Portella R, Ponce CC, Patzina RA, Ardengh JC, Calanca R. Disseminated Kaposi Sarcoma Associated With Cytomegalovirus Proctitis in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV): A Major Diagnostic Dilemma. Cureus 2023; 15:e42039. [PMID: 37593320 PMCID: PMC10431931 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor of low malignancy. Lesions may vary in shape, color, and size. Angiogenesis, spindle-shaped cells, and inflammatory infiltration are the main histologic features of the condition. Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection and immune dysfunction play a key role in the development of KS. We report a case of a 40-year-old man with disseminated KS (DKS) who underwent an endoscopic examination. Colonoscopy revealed an ulcer in the anal canal. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) proctitis, a rare and underreported pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Portella
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | | | - Rosely Antunes Patzina
- Pathology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRA
- Pathology, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | - Jose C Ardengh
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
- Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRA
- Digestive Endoscopy, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | - Richard Calanca
- Digestive Endoscopy, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
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Jagirdhar GSK, Pulakurthi YS, Chigurupati HD, Surani S. Gastrointestinal tract and viral pathogens. World J Virol 2023; 12:136-150. [PMID: 37396706 PMCID: PMC10311582 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is the most common viral illness that affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, causing inflammation and irritation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Common signs and symptoms associated with this condition include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration. The infections commonly involved in viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, which spread through the fecal-oral and contact routes and cause non-bloody diarrhea. These infections can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Since the pandemic in 2019, coronavirus gastroenteritis has increased in incidence and prevalence. Morbidity and mortality rates from viral gastroenteritis have declined significantly over the years due to early recognition, treatment with oral rehydration salts, and prompt vaccination. Improved sanitation measures have also played a key role in reducing the transmission of infection. In addition to viral hepatitis causing liver disease, herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus are responsible for ulcerative GI disease. They are associated with bloody diarrhea and commonly occur in im-munocompromised individuals. Hepatitis viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, herpesvirus 8, and human papillomavirus have been involved in benign and malignant diseases. This mini review aims to list different viruses affecting the GI tract. It will cover common symptoms aiding in diagnosis and various important aspects of each viral infection that can aid diagnosis and management. This will help primary care physicians and hospitalists diagnose and treat patients more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salim Surani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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26
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Doodnauth AV, Zhou J, Sivarajah S, Xavier HE, McFarlane SI. Kaposi Sarcoma: A Rare Presentation of Elephantiasis Nostras Verrucosa. Cureus 2023; 15:e37339. [PMID: 37182020 PMCID: PMC10169094 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a low-grade vascular tumor, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) can have mucosal, and visceral involvement. Additionally, disfiguring disseminated lesions can be seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). KS may cause lymphatic obstruction leading to chronic lymphedema that further contributes to progressive cutaneous hypertrophy and severe disfigurement in the form of non-filarial elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (ENV). This report highlights a case of a 33-year-old male with AIDS who presented in acute respiratory distress with bilateral lower extremity nodular lesions. We confirmed a diagnosis of KS with overlying ENV via a multi-disciplinary approach. Collaboratively, we optimized our patient and observed adequate treatment response and overall improvement in clinical status. Our report emphasizes the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach in recognizing a rare presentation of ENV. Recognition of the disease and understanding the extent of the disease are crucial in preventing irreversible disease progression and allowing for maximum response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan Zhou
- Internal Medicine, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Sigogini Sivarajah
- Internal Medicine, Downstate Health Sciences University, St. George's University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Hannah E Xavier
- Internal Medicine, Downstate Health Sciences University, St. George's University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Samy I McFarlane
- Internal Medicine, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
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Herson AB, Sousou JM, Boldig K, Patel F, Reddy P. Non-Cutaneous Visceral Kaposi's Sarcoma Diagnosis Confounded by Mycobacterium Avium Complex Lymphadenitis. Cureus 2023; 15:e36765. [PMID: 37123716 PMCID: PMC10132861 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-defining illness, with cutaneous KS being a more common presentation. Visceral involvement, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, without cutaneous involvement, is rare. Consisting of generally non-specific symptoms, GI-KS can have potentially fatal outcomes, including hemorrhage or perforation, making prompt diagnosis and treatment imperative. Our case describes a 31-year-old male with AIDS who presented with a neck mass and purulent, bloody rectal drainage. The neck mass was biopsied and identified as caseated necrotic cervical lymphadenitis caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). The patient presented with rectal drainage, and additional abdominal necrotic lymph nodes were discovered on CT. A subsequent colonoscopy was completed, confirming the diagnosis of visceral KS. Delayed diagnosis of visceral KS can lead to an extensive, widespread disease requiring adjuvant and prolonged treatment. Prompt diagnosis can reduce morbidity and mortality. This case aims to shed light on a rare presentation of a common disease state with potentially fatal complications and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis.
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28
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Siddiqui F, Al Ameer MA, Al-Khalaf J, Al-Marzooq Y, Al Ameer A. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Staining: A Savior in Early Kaposi Sarcoma. Cureus 2023; 15:e36486. [PMID: 37090417 PMCID: PMC10118310 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection. The disease has various phases, and the morphology of the lesion may vary, especially in the early course of the disease, where the morphological features may not be even suggestive of Kaposi sarcoma. The authors take this opportunity to report a case of Kaposi sarcoma where the diagnosis was established because of HHV-8 staining rather than its histopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Siddiqui
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, SAU
| | | | - Jawad Al-Khalaf
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, SAU
| | - Yusef Al-Marzooq
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, SAU
| | - Ali Al Ameer
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahad Hospital, Hofuf, SAU
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29
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Barron K, Omiunu A, Celidonio J, Cruz-Mullane A, Din-Lovinescu C, Chemas-Velez MM, Baredes S, Eloy JA, Fang CH. Kaposi Sarcoma of the Larynx: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:269-281. [PMID: 35671149 DOI: 10.1177/01945998221105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the larynx is a rare disease with few cases reported in the literature. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of laryngeal KS, including patient characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted. An electronic search and bibliographic examination of articles pertaining to laryngeal KS were performed. Demographic data, tumor site, treatment strategies, follow-up, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS A total 77 cases from 50 articles were included in the review. The mean age was 47.6 years (range, 8-81). There was an 8.6:1 male:female ratio. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea (n = 35) and hoarseness (n = 25). Laryngeal KS arose most frequently in the supraglottic region (n = 16). Chemotherapy alone (n = 27) was the most common treatment modality in patients with AIDS-associated KS, and surgical excision alone (n = 7) was most common in patients with other subtypes of KS (eg, classic, transplant associated). Average follow-up was 20.4 months (range, 0.75-120). Most patients with AIDS-associated KS died of other causes (n = 25), but most patients with other subtypes of KS were alive with no evidence of disease at follow-up (n = 13). CONCLUSION This review contains the largest pool of laryngeal KS cases to date. Long-term outcomes were generally unfavorable, often due to advanced HIV disease at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendyl Barron
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ariel Omiunu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Celidonio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra Cruz-Mullane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Corina Din-Lovinescu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria Manuela Chemas-Velez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Soly Baredes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center-RWJBarnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christina H Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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30
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Kumari J, Das K, Patil A, Babaei M, Cockerell CJ, Goldust M. Clinical update on cutaneous and subcutaneous sarcomas. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:402-409. [PMID: 36074118 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous sarcomas are uncommon cancers that can have a wide range of clinical symptoms and lead to considerable cutaneous as well as systemic morbidity. AIM The objective of this review article is to discuss epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of different types of cutaneous sarcomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature was screened to retrieve articles from PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar and related websites. Cross-references from the relevant articles were also considered for review. Review articles, clinical studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant information from selected websites were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cutaneous sarcomas have a negative effect on the quality of life. In their diagnosis, clinical presentation and histological evaluation are crucial. Complete surgical removal is the solution for more or less all cutaneous and subcutaneous sarcomas. The prognosis for cutaneous sarcomas is generally favorable since they tend to recur locally with distant metastases only on rare occasions. Patients having advanced disease should be treated in the setting of clinical trials if possible; choices include radiation therapy and systemic medicines. The value of innovative immunotherapy cannot be determined decisively at this time due to a paucity of relevant trials. CONCLUSION As cutaneous sarcomas are rarely diagnosed based on clinical findings, histology plays an important role in the diagnosis. They have a relatively favorable prognosis if treated properly. Patients should be treated at specialized centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Kinnor Das
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, Silchar Medical College, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Mahsa Babaei
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Clay J Cockerell
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Cockerell Dermatopathology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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31
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Endemic Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030872. [PMID: 36765830 PMCID: PMC9913747 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a common neoplasm in Eastern and central Africa reflecting the spread of human gammaherpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), now considered a necessary causal agent for the development of KS. The endemic KS subtype can follow an aggressive clinical course with ulcerative skin lesions with soft tissue invasion or even bone or visceral involvement. In the latter cases, a thorough imaging work-up and better follow-up schedules are warranted. As KS is a chronic disease, the therapeutic goal is to obtain sustainable remission in cutaneous and visceral lesions and a good quality of life. Watchful monitoring may be sufficient in localized cutaneous forms. Potential therapeutic modalities for symptomatic advanced KS include systemic chemotherapies, immunomodulators, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and antiangiogenic drugs.
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32
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Desai AD, Lipner SR. Overall improved survival of patients with Kaposi Sarcoma and lagging survival of HIV-infected patients with Kaposi Sarcoma in a National Cancer Database Analysis, 2004-2018. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:1197-1198. [PMID: 36634748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amar D Desai
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shari R Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
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33
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Neto BV, Tavares V, Santos JMO, Cerqueira F, Pereira D, Medeiros R. Map of thrombogenesis in viral infections and viral-driven tumours. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 36617364 PMCID: PMC9826626 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are pathogenic agents responsible for approximately 10% of all human cancers and significantly contribute to the global cancer burden. Until now, eight viruses have been associated with the development of a broad range of malignancies, including solid and haematological tumours. Besides triggering and promoting oncogenesis, viral infections often go hand-in-hand with haemostatic changes, representing a potential risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Conversely, VTE is a cardiovascular condition that is particularly common among oncological patients, with a detrimental impact on patient prognosis. Despite an association between viral infections and coagulopathies, it is unclear whether viral-driven tumours have a different incidence and prognosis pattern of thromboembolism compared to non-viral-induced tumours. Thus, this review aims to analyse the existing evidence concerning the association of viruses and viral tumours with the occurrence of VTE. Except for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which are associated with a high risk of VTE, little evidence exists concerning the thrombogenic potential associated with oncoviruses. As for tumours that can be induced by oncoviruses, four levels of VTE risk are observed, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric carcinoma (GC) associated with the highest risk and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) associated with the lowest risk. Unfortunately, the incidence of cancer-related VTE according to tumour aetiology is unknown. Given the negative impact of VTE in oncological patients, research is required to better understand the mechanisms underlying blood hypercoagulability in viral-driven tumours to improve VTE management and prognosis assessment in patients diagnosed with these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vieira Neto
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria Tavares
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, FP-BHS, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal
| | - Deolinda Pereira
- Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPOP), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/ Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dep., Clinical Pathology SV/ RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, FP-BHS, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150, Porto, Portugal.
- Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), 4200-172, Porto, Portugal.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Wani M. Kaposi Sarcoma in an Immunocompetent Patient Treated With Paclitaxel. Cureus 2023; 15:e33641. [PMID: 36788873 PMCID: PMC9918335 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare multifocal tumor originating from the cells lining the blood vessels. It is characterized by vascular proliferation and is usually associated with immunosuppression due to multiple factors, including AIDS or organ transplantation. However, sporadic cases of KS have been reported in HIV-negative immunocompetent patients. Paclitaxel has shown efficacy and may be an alternative for the initial therapy of patients with KS. We report a case of KS in a 70-year-old Asian male who was HIV-negative, with no history of immunosuppression or homosexuality and a good response to treatment with Paclitaxel.
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35
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Bortolotti D, Corazza M, Rotola A, Bencivelli D, Schiuma G, Danese E, Rizzo S, Beltrami S, Rizzo R, Borghi A. Inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptor and HHV-8 in classic or endemic Kaposi sarcoma. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:79-85. [PMID: 35169985 PMCID: PMC9939483 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DL2, an inhibitory Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR), has been shown to predispose to the development of several herpesvirus-associated diseases by inhibiting the efficiency of Natural Killer (NK) cells against virus-infected cells. The aim of this observational study was to assess the prevalence of KIR2DL2 and Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) in patients affected with classical and endemic Kaposi sarcoma (KS), as well as in controls. Blood samples collected from 17 Caucasian, HIV-negative, immunocompetent patients affected with classical KS (c-KS), 12 African, HIV-negative patients with endemic KS (e-KS), 83 healthy subjects and 26 psoriatic patients were processed for genotypization by PCR for two KIR alleles, such as KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 and analyzed for HHV-8 presence. The totality of both c-KS and e-KS patients presented HHV-8 infection, whereas HHV8 was found in 26.9% of psoriatic subjects and 19.3% of healthy subjects. KIR2DL2 was found in the 76.5% of c-KS subjects, while the receptor was found in 41.7% of the e-KS group, 34.6% of psoriatic patients and 43.4% of healthy controls (p < 0.0001). A significantly higher prevalence of KIR2DL2 in c-KS patients than in all the other subjects was also confirmed comparing age-matched groups. Based on these results, the inhibitory KIR2DL2 genotype appears to be a possible cofactor which increases the risk of developing c-KS in HHV8-positive, immunocompetent subjects, while it seems less relevant in e-KS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Bencivelli
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Danese
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Primary angiosarcoma of the ascending colon diagnosed after the discovery of intraoral tumor. Clin J Gastroenterol 2022; 16:193-197. [PMID: 36538257 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-022-01745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a case of primary angiosarcoma of the ascending colon diagnosed after the discovery of an oral tumor. An 86-year-old woman presented to our hospital with severe anemia. Although she did not report any oral symptoms, an intraoral mass 15 mm in size with ulceration was observed. Since colonic tumors and osteolytic tumors in the maxilla and sacra were also identified by fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET), colonoscopy was performed. A semi-peripheral tumor with ulceration from the cecum to the ascending colon was detected. Biopsies of the oral cavity and colon revealed a poorly differentiated tumor, and multiple additional immunohistochemical stains were performed to confirm the diagnosis of angiosarcoma. Angiosarcoma progresses rapidly and has a very poor prognosis. Hence, although it is rare, angiosarcoma should always be considered in the differential diagnoses of malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Clemente T, Spagnuolo V, Bottanelli M, Ripa M, Del Forno B, Busnardo E, Di Lucca G, Castagna A, Danise A. Disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infection favoring the development of Kaposi's sarcoma: a case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:57. [PMID: 36494813 PMCID: PMC9735029 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infection is an emerging disease in people undergone to cardiothoracic surgery, which need to be suspected also with atypical presentations. CASE PRESENTATION We report the case of a 74-year-old man with fever of unknown origin, purple nodules on both feet and a history of open-heart surgery. Imaging investigations showed an abscess near aortic bioprosthesis but screening for endocarditis resulted negative and pyrexia did not respond to antibiotic therapy. A biopsy of cutaneous lesions showed HHV8-related Kaposi's sarcoma, so bone marrow biopsy was executed with evidence of HHV8 localization. Bone marrow and urine mycobacterial cultures resulted positive for M. chimaera and a specific antimicrobial therapy was started, with apyrexia after 7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS M. chimaera infection should be always investigated as a possible etiology of fever of unknow origin in people with a history of open-heart surgical intervention, even with negative mycobacterial blood cultures. The possible role of disseminated infection in inducing immunodepression with the occurrence of other opportunistic diseases (such as Kaposi's sarcoma) cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Clemente
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Stamira D’Ancona, 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Bottanelli
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Stamira D’Ancona, 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ripa
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetto Del Forno
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Department of Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Busnardo
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Myocarditis Disease Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Lucca
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884General Medicine and Advanced Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892School of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Stamira D’Ancona, 20, 20127 Milan, Italy ,grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Danise
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Plaza JA, Sangueza OP, Giubellino A, Gru AA, Kaffenberger B, Wakely PE, Sangueza MJ. Angiosarcoma-like Kaposi Sarcoma: A Distinctive Histomorphologic Variant Representing an Important Diagnostic Pitfall. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:1732-1738. [PMID: 35948518 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare low-grade angioproliferative neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection with multiple clinical subtypes and varying histopathologic patterns. Histologically, many different variants of KS have been reported, yet all can be difficult to recognize and must be differentiated from other vascular tumors. In this report, we studied fourteen cases of a newly described variant of KS reminiscent of a well-differentiated angiosarcoma (angiosarcoma-like KS). All cases showed a diffuse, ill-defined infiltrative dermal-based lesion composed of numerous anastomosing vascular channels of varying caliber lined by a single layer of endothelium with minimal pleomorphism. The vascular proliferation ramified through the dermis and dissected the collagen bundles along with infiltration into the subcutaneous fat and around skin appendages. All cases showed expression of vascular markers (CD31, CD34, and ERG) and were positive for HHV-8. None showed the classic histopathology associated with KS. Without clinical guidance these tumors can be difficult to recognize as KS, creating significant diagnostic challenges. Our study expands on a rare histologic variant of KS that ought to be considered in the differential diagnosis of any cutaneous well-differentiated angiosarcoma. Awareness of this variant of KS is of important for proper diagnosis and management of these patients; thus, careful attention to the histomorphology and clinical history can help lead the pathologist to the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Plaza
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC), Columbus, OH
| | - Omar P Sangueza
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Benjamin Kaffenberger
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC), Columbus, OH
| | - Paul E Wakely
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC), Columbus, OH
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Mangusan RF, Ekwede I, Widell A. CE: HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era. Am J Nurs 2022; 122:32-40. [PMID: 36321823 PMCID: PMC9671845 DOI: 10.1097/01.naj.0000901848.07128.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, also known as human herpesvirus 8. Its occurrence is associated with an immunocompromised state. Kaposi sarcoma that occurs among people living with HIV (PLWH) is known as epidemic Kaposi sarcoma. Despite the decline in HIV-associated complications because of the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy two decades ago, Kaposi sarcoma continues to affect PLWH worldwide. It affects young African American men more than other age and racial groups and can result in multiorgan dysfunction, leading to short-term and chronic debilitating symptoms as well as death. While some patients with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma are managed as outpatients, others may require higher levels of care and their acuity may fluctuate throughout their life span. Therefore, nurses, regardless of their specialty, may experience caring for a patient with epidemic Kaposi sarcoma at some point in their career. Learning about this condition and the needs of patients who have it will help nurses provide effective care. Here, the authors describe Kaposi sarcoma in general as well as the epidemiology, characteristics, and management of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma. They also describe specific nursing considerations in the care of PLWH who have the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph F Mangusan
- Ralph F. Mangusan is an NP III, clinical research directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in Bethesda, MD. Irene Ekwede is a research nurse specialist, and Anaida Widell is senior research nurse specialist, both in the HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, MD. The authors acknowledge Dr. Robert Yarchoan and Dr. Ramya Ramaswami at the HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch for their editorial comments. Contact author: Ralph F. Mangusan, . The authors and planners have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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40
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Santiago JC, Adams SV, Towlerton A, Okuku F, Phipps W, Mullins JI. Genomic changes in Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus and their clinical correlates. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010524. [PMID: 36441790 PMCID: PMC9731496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a common HIV-associated malignancy, presents a range of clinicopathological features. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is its etiologic agent, but the contribution of viral genomic variation to KS development is poorly understood. To identify potentially influential viral polymorphisms, we characterized KSHV genetic variation in 67 tumors from 1-4 distinct sites from 29 adults with advanced KS in Kampala, Uganda. Whole KSHV genomes were sequenced from 20 tumors with the highest viral load, whereas only polymorphic genes were screened by PCR and sequenced from 47 other tumors. Nine individuals harbored ≥1 tumors with a median 6-fold over-coverage of a region centering on K5 and K6 genes. K8.1 gene was inactivated in 8 individuals, while 5 had mutations in the miR-K10 microRNA coding sequence. Recurring inter-host polymorphisms were detected in K4.2 and K11.2. The K5-K6 region rearrangement breakpoints and K8.1 mutations were all unique, indicating that they arise frequently de novo. Rearrangement breakpoints were associated with potential G-quadruplex and Z-DNA forming sequences. Exploratory evaluations of viral mutations with clinical and tumor traits were conducted by logistic regression without multiple test corrections. K5-K6 over-coverage and K8.1 inactivation were tentatively correlated (p<0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) with nodular rather than macular tumors, and with individuals that had lesions in ≤4 anatomic areas (both p≤0.01). Additionally, a trend was noted for miR-K10 point mutations and lower survival rates (HR = 4.11, p = 0.053). Two instances were found of distinct tumors within an individual sharing the same viral mutation, suggesting metastases or transmission of the aberrant viruses within the host. To summarize, KSHV genomes in tumors frequently have over-representation of the K5-K6 region, as well as K8.1 and miR-K10 mutations, and each might be associated with clinical phenotypes. Studying their possible effects may be useful for understanding KS tumorigenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clement Santiago
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott V. Adams
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrea Towlerton
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fred Okuku
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Warren Phipps
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Nyeko R, Geriga F, Angom R, Kambugu JB. Oral-visceral iatrogenic Kaposi sarcoma following treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:405. [PMID: 36329498 PMCID: PMC9635084 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have hardly been any reported cases of children presenting with Kaposi sarcoma as a second malignancy following treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia outside a transplant setting. Case presentation We report a case of a 5-year-old boy of Bantu origin, which, to our knowledge, could be only the second reported case of oral–visceral Kaposi sarcoma after acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. The patient presented with a 1-month history of progressive, non-painful, soft tissue oral mass, 1 month after completing treatment for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was successfully treated for Kaposi sarcoma on a two-drug regimen (bleomycin and vincristine) with good clinical response. Conclusion Visceral Kaposi sarcoma as a second malignancy may occur after pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, but its rarity makes it unlikely to raise suspicion among clinicians, thus precluding early diagnosis and treatment. We recommend routine evaluation for Kaposi sarcoma lesions in children undergoing long-term surveillance following treatment for childhood acute leukemia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13256-022-03620-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Nyeko
- grid.512320.70000 0004 6015 3252Department of Paediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 3935, Kampala, Uganda ,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Lira University, P.O. Box 1035, Lira, Uganda
| | - Fadhil Geriga
- grid.512320.70000 0004 6015 3252Department of Paediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 3935, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Racheal Angom
- grid.512320.70000 0004 6015 3252Department of Paediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 3935, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joyce Balagadde Kambugu
- grid.512320.70000 0004 6015 3252Department of Paediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 3935, Kampala, Uganda
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Ambrogio F, Laface C, Perosa F, Lospalluti L, Ranieri G, De Prezzo S, Prete M, Cazzato G, Guarneri F, Romita P, Foti C. An 82-year-old woman with new onset of multiple purple-reddish nodules during treatment with abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2339-2341. [PMID: 35781779 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ambrogio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Laface
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional and Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Serena De Prezzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Pathology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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43
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Vascular Anomalies. Dermatol Clin 2022; 40:339-343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Histologic Variants of Kaposi Sarcoma in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Contemporary Multi-institutional Clinicopathologic Analysis of 46 Cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:1500-1506. [PMID: 35973011 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) can pose diagnostic challenges in biopsy specimens. Multiple histologic variants of cutaneous KS have been described; however, the histomorphologic spectrum of gastrointestinal (GI) KS has not been systematically studied. This large series comprehensively evaluated 46 cases of KS involving the GI tract and identified 7 histomorphologic variants, some that have not been previously described. Five of them are inconspicuous but have unique morphologic patterns, including lymphangioma/lymphangiectatic-like (n=17), mucosal hemorrhage/telangiectatic-like (n=17), mucosal inflammation-like (n=15), granulation tissue-like (n=13), and mucosal prolapse-like (n=4) variants. These variants can be easily misdiagnosed or misinterpreted on routine examination if KS is not considered, and if the immunohistochemical stain for human herpesvirus-8 is not performed. The other 2 morphologic variants present as spindle cell proliferations and are the GI stromal tumor-like (n=8) and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor-like (n=2). These variants raise a broad differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumors of the GI tract and could pose diagnostic challenges. In summary, GI KS lesions exhibit variable, often unconventional histomorphologic patterns. KS should be included in the differential diagnosis even if features of conventional KS are not seen, particularly in limited biopsies in immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although the clinical significance of these morphologic variants is yet to be determined, they are nonetheless important from a diagnostic standpoint. Misdiagnosis and delay in appropriate management can be avoided by recognizing the morphologic diversity of GI KS and appropriately utilizing the human herpesvirus-8 immunohistochemical stain.
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45
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Pereira M, Vale N. Saquinavir: From HIV to COVID-19 and Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070944. [PMID: 35883499 PMCID: PMC9313067 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saquinavir was the first protease inhibitor developed for HIV therapy, and it changed the standard of treatment for this disease to a combination of drugs that ultimately led to increased survival of this otherwise deadly condition. Inhibiting the HIV protease impedes the virus from maturing and replicating. With this in mind, since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the research for already approved drugs (mainly antivirals) to repurpose for treatment of this disease has increased. Among the drugs tested, saquinavir showed promise in silico and in vitro in the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro). Another field for saquinavir repurposing has been in anticancer treatment, in which it has shown effects in vitro and in vivo in several types of cancer, from Kaposi carcinoma to neuroblastoma, demonstrating cytotoxicity, apoptosis, inhibition of cell invasion, and improvement of radiosensibility of cancer cells. Despite the lack of follow-up in clinical trials for cancer use, there has been a renewed interest in this drug recently due to COVID-19, which shows similar pharmacological pathways and has developed superior in silico models that can be translated to oncologic research. This could help further testing and future approval of saquinavir repurposing for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Rafiyan M, Abadi MHJN, Zadeh SST, Hamblin MR, Mousavi M, Mirzaei H. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling and microRNAs: New Roles in Various Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:917471. [PMID: 35814375 PMCID: PMC9259992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.917471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of microRNAs (miRNAs) are coded for in the human genome and contribute to the regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs are able to degrade mRNAs and/or prevent the RNA transcript from being translated through complementary binding of the miRNA seed region (nucleotide 2-8) to the 3’-untranslated regions of many mRNAs. Although miRNAs are involved in almost all processes of normal human cells, they are also involved in the abnormal functions of cancer cells. MiRNAs can play dual regulatory roles in cancer, acting either as tumor suppressors or as tumor promoters, depending on the target, tumor type, and stage. In the current review, we discuss the present status of miRNA modulation in the setting of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling. LPA is produced from lysophosphatidylcholine by the enzyme autotaxin and signals via a range of G protein-coupled receptors to affect cellular processes, which ultimately causes changes in cell morphology, survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion. Several studies have identified miRNAs that are over-expressed in response to stimulation by LPA, but their functional roles have not yet been fully clarified. Since RNA-based treatments hold tremendous promise in the area of personalized medicne, many efforts have been made to bring miRNAs into clinical trials, and this field is evolving at an increasing pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rafiyan
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | | | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Mahboubeh Mousavi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mahboubeh Mousavi, ; Hamed Mirzaei, ;
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mahboubeh Mousavi, ; Hamed Mirzaei, ;
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Lin M, Luo R, Zhang P, Xiao Z, Gong T, Ji C. Case Report: Successful Treatment of Kaposi’s Sarcoma With Anlotinib in an HIV-Negative Patient After the Treatment of Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Accessory Tragus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:907345. [PMID: 35692553 PMCID: PMC9174420 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.907345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a neoplasm derived from endothelial cells and is associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection. It is mostly seen in patients suffering from AIDS and/or chronic immunosuppression. Currently, systemic chemotherapy is the primary treatment option for the advanced KS. However, there is no consensus on the treatment of KS. In this case, an 84-year-old man with a history of psoriasis developed multiple painful dark purple nodules on the trunk and extremities during the treatment of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). KS was confirmed by the skin biopsy, and the immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the positivity for HHV-8 while the anti-HIV test was negative. The patient then received anlotinib treatment, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for 5 months, and his skin lesions subsided. This case indicates that anlotinib may be a potential treatment option for KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Renwei Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhixun Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ting Gong,
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Chao Ji,
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48
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Meriem H, Bouhairi MEL, Ben Yahya I. Non HIV oral Kaposi Sarcoma: Rare case report literature review. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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49
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Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma without Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Lesions in an HIV-Naïve Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:228-242. [PMID: 35447880 PMCID: PMC9025598 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms. The pKS was initially identified as a tumoral suspected nodular lesion and only after immunohistochemical analysis was it characterized as KS. Furthermore, the diagnosis of pKS led to the discovery of the HIV-seropositive status of the patient, previously unknown. Our report underlines the importance of considering pKS even without skin lesions and as a first manifestation of HIV infection. We also reviewed literature on the current knowledge about pKS in people living with HIV (PLWH) to underline how one of the most common HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated tumors can have a challenging localization and be difficult to recognize.
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50
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Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment with Neodymium:YAG Laser 1064 nm in Patients with Classic and Epidemic Kaposi Sarcoma. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030106. [PMID: 35324795 PMCID: PMC8945379 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8), which can affect the skin, mucous membranes and viscera. There is currently no standard treatment for KS; this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser 1064 nm treatment in patients with classic and HIV-associated KS. 15 patients with classic KS (group A) and 15 with epidemic KS (group B), with exclusively cutaneous localization, were treated with Nd:YAG laser 1064 nm. Four treatment sessions were performed at 4 weeks intervals. 24/30 (80%) of treated patients underwent clinical improvement. Better results have been obtained in HIV-positive patients, especially in terms of reduced lesion size and the flattening of elevated lesions. The 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser is effective and safe in the treatment of classic and epidemic KS, especially in patients with symptomatic, slow-progressing local disease, where other treatment options may be inappropriate.
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