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Marak JR, Chauhan A, Anand N, Khurana R. Primary Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of nasopharynx with metastatic cervical lymph nodes: an exceedingly rare entity with review of literature. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e255695. [PMID: 37758655 PMCID: PMC10537850 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-255695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx is extremely rare and displays aggressive nature with a poor prognosis. Neuroendocrine tumours rarely arise from the head and neck region and pose a diagnostic and management challenge. In English literature, only 16 cases of primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx have been reported so far; and to the best of our knowledge, this is the seventeenth case and second in the younger age group. Here, we report the case of an adolescent male patient who presented with nasal blockage, repeated episodes of epistaxis and neck swellings. After proper diagnostic workup, the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of nasopharynx was made. The patient was treated with chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy. Imaging investigation executed after the end of the treatment exhibited complete remission of the disease. The patient is kept under active surveillance with no signs of relapse at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Marak
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Radiodiagnosis, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Nidhi Anand
- Pathology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Israel AK, Cracolici V, Griffith CC. Challenging differential diagnoses in small biopsies from the sinonasal tract. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:321-332. [PMID: 37085435 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Sinonasal biopsy specimens are a challenging area in anatomic pathology. The small, often fragmented or crushed nature of these biopsies can hinder morphologic assessment. Additionally, many of the tumors in this area are rare and share morphologic, and sometime immunophenotypic similarities. In many cases, immunohistochemistry is helpful if not necessary to reach a specific diagnosis. In other cases, a specific diagnosis is not possible and a differential diagnosis must be given on a biopsy specimen despite access to a well-equipped immunohistochemistry laboratory. This review article groups some of the more challenging entities in the sinonasal region based on morphologic patterns. These include low grade squamoid lesions such as sinonasal (Schneiderian) papilloma and DEK::AFF2 rearranged carcinoma, glandular neoplasms such as intestinal and non-intestinal type sinonasal adenocarcinoma, high-grade carcinomas such as HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma, NUT carcinoma and SWI/SNF deficient carcinomas, small round blue cell tumors such as teratocarcinosarcoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma and olfactory neuroblastoma, and finally, low grade spindle cell neoplasms such as glomangiopericytoma, biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma and solitary fibrous tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karoline Israel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Cracolici
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert. J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, L2, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christopher C Griffith
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert. J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, L2, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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3
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Zhang Q, Zhu H, Zhang C, Wang Y, He Y, Li G. Ultrastructural and clinical features of central nervous system melanoma:Analysis of nine cases. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:79-89. [PMID: 33588681 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1874083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the ultrastructural and clinical characteristics of melanoma of the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical and electron microscopy pathology data of nine patients with melanoma surveyed from 1993 to 2017 were analyzed. All the CNS melanomas were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including eight cases of primary melanomas and one case of metastatic melanoma. In this study, four stage II melanosomes were intracranial space-occupying, three of which were malignant melanoma, the other one was melanoma. Among the five stage IV melanosomes, four cases were intraspinal space-occupying, the other one was intracranial space-occupying, and the pathological diagnoses were all melanoma. At present, TEM is an important tool for the diagnosis of CNS melanomas. Malignant melanoma has high malignancy and recurrence rate and poor prognosis, while benign melanoma with relatively low recurrence rate, so we speculate that patients with mainly immature melanosomes are more likely to exhibit recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao He
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Machado I, Navarro S, López-Guerrero JA, Verdini L, Picci P, Giner F, Llombart-Bosch A. Neuroendocrine differentiation in a large series of genetically-confirmed Ewing's sarcoma family tumor: Does it provide any diagnostic or prognostic information? Pathol Res Pract 2021; 219:153362. [PMID: 33610950 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential for neuroendocrine differentiation in Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT), we aimed to determine neuroendocrine expression in a large series of genetically-confirmed ESFT and its prognostic significance in clinically-localised neoplasms (n = 176). Slides prepared from tissue microarrays were stained for Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), CD56, chromogranin-A and synaptophysin. INSM1 expression was present in 59% of ESFT, while synaptophysin, chromogranin-A and CD56 were expressed in only 13%, 8% and 5% of ESFT, respectively. Histological subtypes were only significantly correlated with INSM1 (p = 0.032) or CD56 (p = 0.016) immunoexpression. Regarding prognosis, no significant association was found between INSM1, synaptophysin or chromogranin-A immunoexpression and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Despite the low proportion of tumors with CD56 immunoreactivity, CD56 expression was shown to correlate with both poor PFS (p < 0.001) and poor OS (p < 0.001) in the present series. In conclusion, neuroendocrine differentiation is often present in ESFT, and in the present study INSM1 expression in particular was found to be higher than previously described in Ewing's tumors. Nevertheless, this finding does not distinguish these tumors from other round cell tumors that may show focal or diffuse neuroendocrine differentiation. CD56 expression could be used as a prognostic factor in ESFT, although given the results herein obtained, we recommend a prospective validation in independent series including localized and disseminated tumors in ESFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Machado
- Pathology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología and Pathology Department Hospital Quirón-Salud, Valencia Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Verdini
- Biotechnology School, Catholic University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Piero Picci
- Pathology Department, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francisco Giner
- Pathology Department, University Hospital, La Fe, Valencia Spain
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Church ME, Veluvolu SM, Durham AC, Woolard KD. Clinical outcomes, ultrastructure and immunohistochemical features of canine high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:578-584. [PMID: 31177641 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare intranasal neoplasm in both dogs and humans. Similar clinical presentation and overlapping histologic and immunohistochemical features of ONB with other intranasal neoplasms can make diagnosis and treatment of intranasal neoplasia challenging. Furthermore, in part because of their rarity, there is a lack of reporting on therapeutic regimen for these neoplasms. In humans, initial debulking surgery is usually followed by radiation therapy. Here we report on the histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of canine ONB and report on the clinical progression of cases treated with radiation therapy. In all nine canine ONB examined here, neoplastic cells were arranged in a lobular manner amidst a prominent neurofibrillary matrix and had features consistent with Grade III (high grade) ONB. The neoplastic cells demonstrated positive immunohistochemical staining for TuJ-1, a Class III beta-tubulin neuronal cytoskeletal protein, and variable staining for other markers, including chromogranin, synaptophysin, AE1/AE3 and MAP2. The longest surviving case was treated with a regimen similar to that used in humans, consisting of debulking surgery followed by definitive radiation therapy. Our study found that TuJ-1 is a useful marker for ONB and that radiation therapy, even in cases of advanced disease, may result in prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Church
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sridhar M Veluvolu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
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DNA methylation-based reclassification of olfactory neuroblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:255-271. [PMID: 29730775 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory neuroblastoma/esthesioneuroblastoma (ONB) is an uncommon neuroectodermal neoplasm thought to arise from the olfactory epithelium. Little is known about its molecular pathogenesis. For this study, a retrospective cohort of n = 66 tumor samples with the institutional diagnosis of ONB was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, copy number analysis, and in a subset, next-generation panel sequencing of 560 tumor-associated genes. DNA methylation profiles were compared to those of relevant differential diagnoses of ONB. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of DNA methylation data revealed four subgroups among institutionally diagnosed ONB. The largest group (n = 42, 64%, Core ONB) presented with classical ONB histology and no overlap with other classes upon methylation profiling-based t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) analysis. A second DNA methylation group (n = 7, 11%) with CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) consisted of cases with strong expression of cytokeratin, no or scarce chromogranin A expression and IDH2 hotspot mutation in all cases. T-SNE analysis clustered these cases together with sinonasal carcinoma with IDH2 mutation. Four cases (6%) formed a small group characterized by an overall high level of DNA methylation, but without CIMP. The fourth group consisted of 13 cases that had heterogeneous DNA methylation profiles and strong cytokeratin expression in most cases. In t-SNE analysis, these cases mostly grouped among sinonasal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. Copy number analysis indicated highly recurrent chromosomal changes among Core ONB with a high frequency of combined loss of chromosome 1-4, 8-10, and 12. NGS sequencing did not reveal highly recurrent mutations in ONB, with the only recurrently mutated genes being TP53 and DNMT3A. In conclusion, we demonstrate that institutionally diagnosed ONB are a heterogeneous group of tumors. Expression of cytokeratin, chromogranin A, the mutational status of IDH2 as well as DNA methylation patterns may greatly aid in the precise classification of ONB.
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Du J, Huang LL, Xu A, Zhang AL, Kong X, Ding M, Hu W, Guo ZL, Zhong W, Sun SB, Li H, Chen J, Shen Q, Xu LL, Wu HB. Undifferentiated sinonasal malignant melanoma: A case report. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:580-584. [PMID: 29930718 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated sinonasal malignant melanoma (MM) is a rare type of tumor, which can be easily misdiagnosed. The present study reports a 41-year-old male patient who presented with a 4-day history of epistaxis. Clinical examination and radiological imaging lead to the detection of a mass in the right sinonasal region. Histopathological examination revealed that the mass was composed of malignant epithelioid cells arranged in nests and sheets. These cells displayed a hemangiopericytoma-like pattern with antler-like branching vessels. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the tumor cells exhibited negative expression of melanocytic markers. This increased the difficulty of distinguishing undifferentiated MM from other malignant tumors located in the sinonasal area, particularly undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The diagnosis of undifferentiated MM was determined by ultrastructures, including the mature melanosomes and premelanosomes, in tumor cells by transmission electron microscopy. The present study suggests that the analysis of cancer stem cell marker and vasculogenic mimicry may be an important auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Du
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Ao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - An-Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Kong
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Min Ding
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Wen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Li Guo
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Si-Bai Sun
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Xu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
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Azevedo D, Rios E, Vendeira L, Sarmento C. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx: a rare case report. Autops Case Rep 2017; 7:31-35. [PMID: 28536685 PMCID: PMC5436919 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma rarely appears primarily in the head and neck and exhibits aggressive behavior with a poor prognosis. The pathologist has a significant role in the diagnosis, and a consensual treatment still does not exist. The authors report the case of a middle-aged male patient who presented repeated episodes of massive epistaxis. The diagnostic work-up disclosed the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx. The patient was treated with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Imaging examinations performed after the end of treatment showed apparent complete remission of the disease. The patient was kept under active surveillance with no signs of local relapse or distant metastasis after 4 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Azevedo
- Clinical Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto - Portugal
| | - Elisabete Rios
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto - Portugal
| | - Lurdes Vendeira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto - Portugal
| | - Cristina Sarmento
- Clinical Oncology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto - Portugal
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Abstract
Although clinical history and morphologic appearance should be the initial considerations when evaluating small round blue cell tumors of the sinonasal tract, the final diagnosis often hinges on immunohistochemical findings. Unfortunately, interpretation of stains in these tumors is fraught with numerous pitfalls and limitations. This article presents an approach to sinonasal small round blue cell tumors based on four common immunohistochemical patterns: cytokeratin positivity, squamous marker positivity, neuroendocrine marker positivity, and cytokeratin negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 401 North Broadway, Weinberg 2242, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410, USA
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 401 North Broadway, Weinberg 2249, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 401 North Broadway, Weinberg 2249, Baltimore, MD 21231-2410, USA.
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Bishop JA. Problematic Differential Diagnoses in Paranasal Sinus Tumor Histopathology. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-016-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Soldatova L, Campbell RG, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Wakely P, Otto BA, Filho LFD. Sinonasal Carcinomas with Neuroendocrine Features: Histopathological Differentiation and Treatment Outcomes. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2016; 77:456-465. [PMID: 27857871 PMCID: PMC5112165 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sinonasal cancers with neuroendocrine features share similar clinical, radiological, and histopathological features; however, these tumors often exhibit varying degrees of aggressive behavior presenting significant treatment challenges. The objective of this study was to report our experience with these rare malignancies and to present a review of current literature. Methods Following institutional review board approval, the records of all patients with biopsy-proven sinonasal malignancies over a 5-year period were reviewed. Results The study included 14 patients with olfactory neuroblastomas (ONBs), 7 patients with sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (SNUC), and 2 patients with sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas (SNEC). Histopathologic markers aided in final diagnosis, but showed variable specificity. In patients with sufficient follow-up, the 2-year disease-free survival rate was 81% (9/11) for ONB and 75% (3/4) for SNUC. Three patients developed a regional or distant recurrence (two with ONBs and one with SNUC). Two patients, one with SNEC and one with ONB, succumbed to brain radionecrosis related to proton radiation therapy. Conclusions Overlapping clinical and histopathological features in poorly differentiated sinonasal cancers with neuroendocrine features continue to present a diagnostic challenge. Individualized assessment and treatment strategies can improve the accuracy of the initial assessment and the treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuba Soldatova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Raewyn G. Campbell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Ricardo L. Carrau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Daniel M. Prevedello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Paul Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Bradley A. Otto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Leo F. Ditzel Filho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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Hachem RA, Beer-Furlan A, Elkhatib A, Rangarajan S, Prevedello D, Blakaj D, Bhatt A, Carrau R. Modern Treatment Outcomes in Sinonasal Malignancies. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-016-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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