1
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Crowe EP, Goel R, Al-Mozain N, Josephson CD. Neonatal Blood Banking Practices. Clin Perinatol 2023; 50:821-837. [PMID: 37866850 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
There is little formal guidance to direct neonatal blood banking practices and, as a result, practices vary widely across institutions. In this vulnerable patient population with a high transfusion burden, considerations for blood product selection include freshness, extended-storage media, pathogen inactivation, and other modifications. The authors discuss the potential unintended adverse impacts in the neonatal recipient. Concerns such as immunodeficiency, donor exposures, cytomegalovirus transmission, volume overload, transfusion-associated hyperkalemia, and passive hemolysis from ABO incompatibility have driven modifications of blood components to improve safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 3081-A, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Corporate Medical Affairs, Vitalant National Office, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Simmons Cancer Institute at SIU School of Medicine, 704 Lismore Lane, Springfield, IL 62704, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nour Al-Mozain
- Hematopathology & Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, 7652, Riyadh, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cassandra D Josephson
- Department of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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2
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Elmakki EE, Madkhali MA, Oraibi O, Alqassimi S, Saleh E. Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e44148. [PMID: 37753040 PMCID: PMC10518734 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare but fatal complication of blood transfusion that usually develops two to 30 days following a blood transfusion giving rise to graft versus host disease (GVHD) clinical features that are consisting of fever, skin rash, jaundice, diarrhea, and pancytopenia. The disease is fulminant in most patients with a mortality rate of >90% of cases. The main aim of this review is to enhance awareness among medical practitioners about this fatal disease. Data were extracted manually from the main medical databases (Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar) after the revision of selected articles and assessed for their contribution to the knowledge of TA-GVHD. TA-GVHD occurs when the viable donor T-cells in the blood or blood products attack the recipient's tissues which his/her immune system is incapable to destroy due to several reasons. The recipient's tissues that are usually involved in TA-GVHD include the liver, intestine, skin, lungs, and bone marrow. Any blood component either whole blood, packed red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, or fresh non-frozen plasma that contains viable T lymphocytes can cause TA-GVHD. Host immunodeficiency, transfusion of fresh blood, and partial human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching between the donors and the recipients represent the major risk factors of TA-GVHD. Partial HLA matching includes immunocompetent recipients who receive blood from a first-degree relative also, seen in genetically homogenous populations because of high rates of consanguineous marriage. The diagnosis of TA-GVHD is mainly suspected based on clinical manifestations. However, a histopathological study of either skin or rectal biopsy is diagnostic. The treatment of TA-GVHD is generally not effective, unless the patient received emergency stem cell transplantation, while prevention via irradiation of blood or blood products represents the standard of care for this disease. In conclusion, medical practitioners should have a high index of suspicion for this disease. Moreover, future clinical trials targeting and comparing the outcomes of the different therapeutic options for TA-GVHD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwa Eltayib Elmakki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Omar Oraibi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Sameer Alqassimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Eman Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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3
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Stephens LD, Jacobs JW, Adkins BD, Booth GS. Battle of the (Chat)Bots: Comparing Large Language Models to Practice Guidelines for Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prevention. Transfus Med Rev 2023; 37:150753. [PMID: 37704461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2023.150753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Published guidelines and clinical practices vary when defining indications for irradiation of blood components for the prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). This study assessed irradiation indication lists generated by multiple artificial intelligence (AI) programs, or chatbots, and compared them to 2020 British Society for Haematology (BSH) practice guidelines. Four chatbots (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, and Bing Chat) were prompted to list the indications for irradiation to prevent TA-GVHD. Responses were graded for concordance with BSH guidelines. Chatbot response length, discrepancies, and omissions were noted. Chatbot responses differed, but all were relevant, short in length, generally more concordant than discordant with BSH guidelines, and roughly complete. They lacked several indications listed in BSH guidelines and notably differed in their irradiation eligibility criteria for fetuses and neonates. The chatbots variably listed erroneous indications for TA-GVHD prevention, such as patients receiving blood from a donor who is of a different race or ethnicity. This study demonstrates the potential use of generative AI for transfusion medicine and hematology topics but underscores the risk of chatbot medical misinformation. Further study of risk factors for TA-GVHD, as well as the applications of chatbots in transfusion medicine and hematology, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Stephens
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jeremy W Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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4
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Arjunan C, Khetan D, Singh V, Elhence P, Chaudhary RK, Kumar A. Demographics and appropriateness of cellular blood component irradiation practices: Ambispective analysis from a tertiary care center. Transfus Apher Sci 2023:103651. [PMID: 36774274 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) is often underreported. There may also be lapses in TA-GVHD prevention practices due to lack of revision of some of the existing clinical guidelines as well as limited audits on practices of blood component irradiation. This study was undertaken to highlight these shortcomings, and generate data for development of institutional guidelines. METHODS/MATERIALS Study cohort was selected from patients requiring transfusion support during June 2019 to May 2020. Transfusion history of these patients were followed, both retrospectively and prospectively till July 2021. Transfusion requisitions were categorized as IR (with request for irradiation) or NIR (with no request for irradiation) and justified or unjustified according to published international guidelines. RESULTS Total 6963 requisitions for cellular blood components were received from 255 patients included in the study cohort. Of these, 3690 (54.9 %) were IR requisitions, while remaining 3029 (45.1 %) requisitions were NIR. Overall, 4242 (63.1 %) requisition were justified for their irradiation status as per published guidelines and 1595 (23.8 %) were found to be Unjustified while justification could not be assessed for remaining 882 (13.1 %) of the requisitions. The highest proportion of Unjustified demands in NIR requisitions was observed in patients with Severe Aplastic anemia (59.4 %). CONCLUSION Many units were unnecessarily irradiated (7.7 %) while irradiation was missed in 16 % of the requisitions included in analysis which may be attributed to lack of institutional guidelines. We recommend that every centre should adopt a published well-researched guideline including amendments based on review of practices at their center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charumathy Arjunan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
| | - Dheeraj Khetan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
| | - Vasundhara Singh
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
| | - Priti Elhence
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
| | - R K Chaudhary
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
| | - Anurag Kumar
- Senior Medical Officer, District Hospital, Unnao, India.
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5
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Wang Y, Rao Q, Li X. Adverse transfusion reactions and what we can do. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:711-726. [PMID: 35950450 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transfusions of blood and blood components have inherent risks and the ensuing adverse reactions. It is very important to understand the adverse reactions of blood transfusion comprehensively for ensuring the safety of any future transfusions. AREAS COVERED According to the time of onset, adverse reactions of blood transfusion are divided into immediate and delayed transfusion reactions. In acute transfusion reactions, timely identification and immediate cessation of transfusion is critical. Vigilance is required to distinguish delayed responses or reactions that present non-specific signs and symptoms. In this review, we present the progress of mechanism, clinical characteristics and management of commonly encountered transfusion reactions. EXPERT OPINION The incidence of many transfusion-related adverse events is decreasing, but threats to transfusion safety are always emerging. It is particularly important for clinicians and blood transfusion staff to recognize the causes, symptoms and treatment methods of adverse blood transfusion reactions to improve the safety. In the future, at-risk patients will be better identified and can benefit from more closely matched blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quan Rao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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6
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Saito-Benz M, Bennington K, Gray CL, Murphy WG, Flanagan P, Steiner F, Atkinson G, Berry MJ. Effects of Freshly Irradiated vs Irradiated and Stored Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Cerebral Oxygenation in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:e220152. [PMID: 35344031 PMCID: PMC8961404 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gamma irradiation of leukoreduced red blood cells (RBCs) prevents transfusion-associated graft-vs-host disease but also exacerbates storage lesion formation in RBCs. It is unknown whether freshly irradiated RBCs are more efficacious than irradiated and stored RBCs in preterm infants with high transfusion requirements. OBJECTIVE To examine whether transfusion of freshly irradiated vs irradiated and stored RBC components improves cerebral oxygen delivery in preterm infants with anemia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This single-center, double-blinded, proof-of-concept randomized clinical trial was conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of Wellington Regional Hospital in Wellington, New Zealand, between December 1, 2017, and November 30, 2018. Participants were preterm infants (<34 weeks' gestation at birth) who were at least 14 days of age and had anemia. Participants underwent nonurgent transfusions, and these episodes were randomized to the intervention group (in which the infants received a transfusion of RBCs that were freshly irradiated on the day of transfusion) or control group (in which the infants received a transfusion of RBCs that were irradiated and stored for up to 14 days). Data were analyzed using the evaluable population approach. INTERVENTION Transfusion of freshly irradiated RBCs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The prespecified primary outcome was the change in cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) from baseline (immediately before) to immediately after the transfusion. The prespecified secondary outcomes were the change in cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) at different time points (immediately after, 24 hours after, and 120 hours or 5 days after transfusion). Outcomes were measured by blinded clinicians using near-infrared spectroscopy. A covariate-adjusted linear mixed model was used to quantify mean treatment effects and account for multiple transfusions in some infants. RESULTS A total of 42 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 26 [10] weeks and 3 days; 29 [69%] boys) were enrolled in the trial and underwent 64 transfusion episodes, which were randomized to the intervention (n = 31) or control (n = 33) group. Compared with infants in the control group, those in the intervention group showed a covariate-adjusted mean increase in crSO2 (2.0 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8 percentage points) and a mean decrease in cFTOE (0.02; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04) immediately after transfusion. These differences were sustained up to 120 hours or 5 days after transfusion. There were negligible mean changes in crSO2 or cFTOE in infants in the control group at any of the follow-up time points. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this trial showed that transfusion of freshly irradiated RBCs conferred a small advantage in cerebral oxygenation for at least 5 days after transfusion compared with transfusion of irradiated and stored RBC components. On-demand irradiation of RBC components may be considered to optimize oxygen delivery in the recipient, but this physiological finding requires further research. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR Identifier: ACTRN12617001581358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saito-Benz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Karen Bennington
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clint L. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - William G. Murphy
- New Zealand Blood Service, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand,School of Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Flanagan
- New Zealand Blood Service, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Frederica Steiner
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Greg Atkinson
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mary J. Berry
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand,Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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7
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Rodriguez JV, Tormey CA. Can transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD) be prevented with leukoreduction alone? Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Manduzio P. Transfusion-associated graftversus- host disease: A brief comment on blood safety. Hematol Rep 2021; 13:9280. [PMID: 34650784 PMCID: PMC8451072 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2021.9280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Palma Manduzio
- Diagnostic Department, Clinical Pathology, Agostino Murri Civil Hospital of Fermo, Italy
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9
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Mittal A, Verma S, Natanasabapathi G, Kumar P, Verma AK. Diacetylene-Based Colorimetric Radiation Sensors for the Detection and Measurement of γ Radiation during Blood Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9482-9491. [PMID: 33869928 PMCID: PMC8047693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Blood and its cellular components are irradiated by ionizing radiation before transfusion to prevent the proliferation of viable T lymphocytes which cause transfusion associated-graft versus host disease. The immunodeficient patients undergoing chemotherapy for various malignancies are at risk of this disease. The international guidelines for blood transfusion recommend a minimum radiation exposure of 25 Gray (Gy) to the midplane of the blood bag, while a minimum dose of 15 Gy and a maximum dose of 50 Gy should be given to each portion of the blood bag. Therefore, precise dosimetry of the blood irradiator is essential to ensure the adequate irradiation of the blood components. The paper presents the fabrication of diacetylene-based colorimetric film dosimeters for the verification of irradiated doses. The diacetylene analogues are synthesized by tailoring them with different amide-based headgroups followed by their coating to develop colorimetric film dosimeters. Among all the synthesized diacetylene analogues, aminofluorene-substituted diacetylene exhibits the most significant color transition from white to blue color at a minimum γ radiation dose of 5 Gy. The quantitative study of color change is performed by the digitization of the scanned images of film dosimeters. The digital image processing of the developed film dosimeters facilitates rapid dose measurement which enables their facile implementation and promising application in routine blood irradiator dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Mittal
- Department
of Medical Physics, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shalini Verma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Gopishankar Natanasabapathi
- Department
of Radiotherapy, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Pratik Kumar
- Department
of Medical Physics, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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10
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Inanc MT, Demirkan I, Ceylan C, Ozkan A, Gundogdu O, Goreke U, Gurkan UA, Unlu MB. Quantifying the influences of radiation therapy on deformability of human red blood cells by dual-beam optical tweezers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15519-15527. [PMID: 35481205 PMCID: PMC9029388 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is widely used as a treatment tool for malignancies. However, radiation-related complications are still unavoidable risks for off-target cells. Little is known about radiation therapy's possible effects on mechanical features of the off-target cells such as human red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs are nucleus-free circulating cells that can deform without losing functionality in healthy conditions. Thus, to evaluate in vitro effects of radiation therapy on the healthy plasma membrane of cells, RBCs were selected as a primary test model. RBCs were exposed to clinically prescribed radiotherapy doses of 2 Gy, 12 Gy and, 25 Gy, and each radiotherapy dose group was compared to a non-irradiated group. Cells were characterized by stretching using dual-beam optical tweezers and compared using the resulting deformability index. The group receiving the highest radiation dose was found statistically distinguishable from the control group (DI0Gy = 0.33 ± 0.08), and revealed the highest deformability index (DI25Gy = 0.38 ± 0.11, p = 0.0068), while no significant differences were found for 2 Gy (DI2Gy = 0.33 ± 0.08, p = 0.9) and 12 Gy (DI12Gy = 0.31 ± 0.09, p = 0.2) dose groups. Based on these findings, we conclude that radiotherapy exposure may alter the deformability of red blood cells depending on the dose amount, and measurement of deformability index by dual-beam optical tweezers can serve as a sensitive biomarker to probe responses of cells to the radiotherapy. Little is known about radiation therapy's possible effects on mechanical features of off-target cells such as human red blood cells. Here, irradiated human red blood cells were stretched using dual-beam optical tweezers and compared using the resulting deformability index.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irem Demirkan
- Department of Physics
- Bogazici University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Cemile Ceylan
- Istanbul Oncology Hospital
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute
- Yeditepe University
| | | | | | - Utku Goreke
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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11
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Reece JT, Sesok-Pizzini D. Inventory Management and Product Selection in Pediatric Blood Banking. Clin Lab Med 2020; 41:69-81. [PMID: 33494886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood banks need to understand patterns of use and ordering practices to provide the blood donor centers with the best information with which to develop daily scheduled deliveries of blood products. Blood use is a large component of this process through maximizing physician education about appropriate ordering practices and use of appropriate tools. Simple measures can help provide guidance on the number of available components and the need to order more from the blood donor center. Special product requests in pediatrics, such as fresh blood, leukoreduction, irradiation, and antigen-negative units can also drive inventory practices and use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna T Reece
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deborah Sesok-Pizzini
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 5136 Main Hospital, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA.
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12
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Loingsigh SN, Flegel WA, Hendrickson JE, Tormey CA. Preventing transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease with blood component irradiation: indispensable guidance for a deadly disorder. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:653-657. [PMID: 32738068 PMCID: PMC9128360 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Ní Loingsigh
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway,
Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Willy A. Flegel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jeanne E. Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Christopher A. Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School
of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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13
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Elliot J, Narayan S, Poles D, Tuckley V, Bolton-Maggs PHB. Missed irradiation of cellular blood components for vulnerable patients: Insights from 10 years of SHOT data. Transfusion 2020; 61:385-392. [PMID: 33219533 PMCID: PMC7894557 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Irradiation of cellular blood components is recommended for patients at risk of transfusion‐associated graft‐vs‐host disease (TA‐GvHD). Prestorage leucodepletion (LD) of blood components is standard in the UK since 1999. Study Design and Methods Analysis of 10 years' reports from UK national hemovigilance scheme, Serious Hazards of Transfusion (2010‐2019), where patients failed to receive irradiated components when indicated according to British Society for Haematology guidelines (2011). Results There were 956 incidents of failure to receive irradiated components all due to errors. One hundred and seventy two incidents were excluded from analysis, 125 of 172 (72.7%) because of missing essential information. No cases of TA‐GvHD were reported in this cohort. The 784 patients received 2809 components (number unknown for 67 incidents). Most failures occurred in patients treated with purine analogues (365) or alemtuzumab (69), or with a history of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (192). Together these make up 626 of 784 (79.9%). Poor communication is an important cause of errors. Conclusion Leucodepletion appears to reduce the risk for TA‐GvHD. None of 12 cases of TA‐GvHD reported to SHOT prior to introduction of LD occurred in patients with conditions recommended for irradiated components by current guidelines. Irradiation indefinitely for all stages of HL is not based on good evidence and is a difficult guideline to follow. Further research on long‐term immune function in HL is required. Variation between different national guidelines reflects the very limited evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathon Elliot
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office, Manchester Blood Center, UK
| | - Shruthi Narayan
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office, Manchester Blood Center, UK
| | - Debbi Poles
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office, Manchester Blood Center, UK
| | - Victoria Tuckley
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office, Manchester Blood Center, UK
| | - Paula H B Bolton-Maggs
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office, Manchester Blood Center, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
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14
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Shehata N. BSH guidelines for the use of irradiated blood components: guidance that is needed. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:658-660. [PMID: 33152100 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Shehata
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Foukaneli T, Kerr P, Bolton‐Maggs PH, Cardigan R, Coles A, Gennery A, Jane D, Kumararatne D, Manson A, New HV, Torpey N. Guidelines on the use of irradiated blood components. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:704-724. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Foukaneli
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Department of Haematology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Paul Kerr
- Department of Haematology Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter UK
| | - Paula H.B. Bolton‐Maggs
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office Manchester Blood Centre Manchester UK
| | - Rebecca Cardigan
- Haematology University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Alasdair Coles
- Clinical Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Department of Paediatric Immunology Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University Cambridge Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - David Jane
- Department of Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Dinakantha Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Immunology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Ania Manson
- Department of Clinical Immunology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Helen V. New
- NHS Blood and Transplant London UK
- Department of Haematology Imperial College London London UK
| | - Nicholas Torpey
- Department of Clinical Nephrology and Transplantation Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
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16
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Thibodeaux SR, Milone MC. Immunotherapy Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells: A Novel Cellular Therapy with Important Implications for the Clinical Laboratory. Clin Chem 2018; 65:519-529. [PMID: 30593467 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.258988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have entered a new era of cancer therapy, with a number of immune-based therapies already used clinically as a standard of care. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using T cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) represents a novel therapeutic approach. CAR-T cells have produced clinical responses in B-cell malignancies that are otherwise refractory to conventional therapies. Two CAR-T cell therapies obtained regulatory approval in 2017, with many more of these therapies under clinical development. CONTENT This review focuses on the current state of adoptive cellular immunotherapy, specifically CAR-T cells, in the clinic and how this therapy differs from traditional small molecule and biologic therapies. Areas in which the clinical laboratory is affected by these novel therapies are discussed. Opportunities for the clinical laboratory to help guide these therapies are also highlighted. SUMMARY The clinical laboratory will play an integral role in the care of patients undergoing adoptive cellular therapy with engineered T cells. There are many ways that this new therapeutic approach affects the clinical laboratory, and the clinical laboratory will likely play a critical role in managing patients that are treated with CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Thibodeaux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael C Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA;
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17
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Manduzio P. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease: A concise review. Hematol Rep 2018; 10:7724. [PMID: 30542528 PMCID: PMC6240831 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2018.7724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-associated graft-versushost disease (TA-GVHD) represents a rare fatal event observed in immunocompromised patients and immunocompetent individuals. The main clinical features of this transfusion reaction are pancitopenia and multiorgan failure (skin, liver, gut). The possible pathogenesis includes donor T lymphocyte proliferation in blood, their engraftment and host tissue attack. The purpose of this narrative review was analyzing the international guidelines for irradiation of cellular blood components to prevent TA-GVHD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed articles published between January 2000 to July 2018. American, Australian, British and Japanese transfusion guidelines have been compared regarding clinical indications. The contribution of manuscripts has been focused on recipients of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, severe cellular immunodeficient patients, fetuses and neonates, immunocompentent individuals. Furthermore, 348 cases of TA-GVHD in the last five decades have been documented according to a recent systematic review. The standard of care to prevent this complication is gamma or x irradiation of cellular blood products. New treatments with pathogen inactivation appear safe and effective against proliferating white blood cells and T cells. Further clinical and biological studies are necessary to better characterize immunocompetence of T cells and select alternative preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Manduzio
- Diagnostic Department, Clinical Pathology, 'Augusto Murri' Civil Hospital of Fermo, Italy
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18
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Kleinman S, Stassinopoulos A. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease reexamined: potential for improved prevention using a universally applied intervention. Transfusion 2018; 58:2545-2563. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kleinman
- Clinical Pathology; University of British Columbia, School of Medicine; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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19
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Saito-Benz M, Murphy WG, Tzeng YC, Atkinson G, Berry MJ. Storage after gamma irradiation affects in vivo oxygen delivery capacity of transfused red blood cells in preterm infants. Transfusion 2018; 58:2108-2112. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saito-Benz
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
- Centre for Translational Physiology; University of Otago
| | - William G. Murphy
- NZ Blood Service, Wellington Regional Hospital; Wellington New Zealand
- School of Medicine and Medical Science; University College; Dublin Ireland
| | - Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Centre for Translational Physiology; University of Otago
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care; Teesside University; Middlesbrough North Yorkshire United Kingdom
| | - Mary J. Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
- Centre for Translational Physiology; University of Otago
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20
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Bahar B, Tormey CA. Prevention of Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease With Blood Product Irradiation: The Past, Present, and Future. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:662-667. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0620-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a disease with a very high mortality rate. In this report, we discuss TA-GVHD from a historical perspective, highlight the pathogenesis of TA-GVHD, and emphasize the importance of blood product irradiation, which is a very effective means to prevent this disease. We summarize the current recommendations in different patient populations from different countries and review recent developments, such as alternatives for the use of radioactive materials. We also speculate on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Tormey
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Bahar and Tormey); and the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut (Dr Tormey)
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21
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Schiffer CA, Bohlke K, Delaney M, Hume H, Magdalinski AJ, McCullough JJ, Omel JL, Rainey JM, Rebulla P, Rowley SD, Troner MB, Anderson KC. Platelet Transfusion for Patients With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:283-299. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.76.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To provide evidence-based guidance on the use of platelet transfusion in people with cancer. This guideline updates and replaces the previous ASCO platelet transfusion guideline published initially in 2001. Methods ASCO convened an Expert Panel and conducted a systematic review of the medical literature published from September 1, 2014, through October 26, 2016. This review builds on two 2015 systematic reviews that were conducted by the AABB and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines. For clinical questions that were not addressed by the AABB and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (the use of leukoreduction and platelet transfusion in solid tumors or chronic, stable severe thrombocytopenia) or that were addressed partially (invasive procedures), the ASCO search extended back to January 2000. Results The updated ASCO review included 24 more recent publications: three clinical practice guidelines, eight systematic reviews, and 13 observational studies. Recommendations The most substantial change to a previous recommendation involved platelet transfusion in the setting of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Based on data from randomized controlled trials, adult patients who undergo autologous stem-cell transplantation at experienced centers may receive a platelet transfusion at the first sign of bleeding, rather than prophylactically. Prophylactic platelet transfusion at defined platelet count thresholds is still recommended for pediatric patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation and for adult and pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Other recommendations address platelet transfusion in patients with hematologic malignancies or solid tumors or in those who undergo invasive procedures. Guidance is also provided regarding the production of platelet products, prevention of Rh alloimmunization, and management of refractoriness to platelet transfusion ( www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Schiffer
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Kari Bohlke
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Heather Hume
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Anthony J. Magdalinski
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Jeffrey J. McCullough
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - James L. Omel
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - John M. Rainey
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Paolo Rebulla
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Scott D. Rowley
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Michael B. Troner
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Charles A. Schiffer, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Kari Bohlke, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Meghan Delaney, Children’s National Medical System & George Washington University, Washington DC; Heather Hume, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Anthony J. Magdalinski, Alliance Cancer Specialists, Sellersville, PA; Jeffrey J. McCullough, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; James L. Omel,
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22
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Photochemical inactivation of lymphocytes by riboflavin with visible light for TA-GVHD prevention. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 174:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Frazier SK, Higgins J, Bugajski A, Jones AR, Brown MR. Adverse Reactions to Transfusion of Blood Products and Best Practices for Prevention. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2017; 29:271-290. [PMID: 28778288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion, a common practice in critical care, is not without complication. Acute adverse reactions to transfusion occur within 24 hours and include acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction, allergic and anaphylactic reactions, and transfusion-related acute lung injury, transfusion-related infection or sepsis, and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. Delayed transfusion adverse reactions develop 48 hours or more after transfusion and include erythrocyte and platelet alloimmunization, delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions, posttransfusion purpura, transfusion-related immunomodulation, transfusion-associated graft versus host disease, and, with long-term transfusion, iron overload. Clinical strategies may reduce the likelihood of reactions and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Frazier
- PhD Program, RICH Heart Program, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, CON Building, Office 523, 751 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA.
| | - Jacob Higgins
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, CON Building, 751 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA
| | - Andrew Bugajski
- College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, CON Building, 751 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA
| | - Allison R Jones
- Department of Acute, Chronic & Continuing Care, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NB 543, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, USA
| | - Michelle R Brown
- Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHPB 474, 1705 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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