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Ettrich RH, Caballero J, Sakharkar P, Ahmed S, Hurlston T, Parmar J, Deb S. Evaluation of agreement between a noninvasive method for real-time measurement of critical blood values with a standard point-of-care device. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304706. [PMID: 38889168 PMCID: PMC11185484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the degree of agreement between two distinct approaches for measuring a set of blood values and to compare comfort levels reported by participants when utilizing these two disparate measurement methods. Radial arterial blood was collected for the comparator analysis using the Abbott i-STAT® POCT device. In contrast, the non-invasive proprietary DBC methodology is used to calculate sodium, potassium, chloride, ionized calcium, total carbon dioxide, pH, bicarbonate, and oxygen saturation using four input parameters (temperature, hemoglobin, pO2, and pCO2). Agreement between the measurement for a set of blood values obtained using i-STAT and DBC methodology was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients, Passing and Bablok regression analyses, and Bland Altman plots. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 37 participants were included in this study. The mean age of the participants was 42.4 ± 13 years, most were male (65%), predominantly Caucasian/White (75%), and of Hispanic ethnicity (40%). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) analyses indicated agreement levels ranging from poor to moderate between i-STAT and the DBC's algorithm for Hb, pCO2, HCO3, TCO2, and Na, and weak agreement for pO2, HSO2, pH, K, Ca, and Cl. The Passing and Bablok regression analyses demonstrated that values for Hb, pO2, pCO2, TCO2, Cl, and Na obtained from the i-STAT did not differ significantly from that of the DBC's algorithm suggesting good agreement. The values for Hb, K, and Na measured by the DBC algorithm were slightly higher than those obtained by the i-STAT, indicating some systematic differences between these two methods on Bland Altman Plots. The non-invasive DBC methodology was found to be reliable and robust for most of the measured blood values compared to invasive POCT i-STAT device in healthy participants. These findings need further validation in larger samples and among individuals afflicted with various medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi H. Ettrich
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
- Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Joshua Caballero
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Prashant Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Traci Hurlston
- College of Biomedical Sciences, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jayesh Parmar
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Subrata Deb
- College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Colosimo G, Montemuro G, Lewbart GA, Gentile G, Gerber G. Hand grab or noose pole? Evaluating the least stressful practice for capture of endangered Turks and Caicos Rock Iguanas Cyclura carinata. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17171. [PMID: 38646487 PMCID: PMC11032654 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As the analysis of blood metabolites has become more readily accessible thanks to the use of point-of-care analyzers, it is now possible to evaluate stress level of wild animals directly in the field. Lactate is receiving much attention as a good stress level proxy in individuals subjected to capture, manual restraint, and data sampling in the wild, and appropriate protocols to maintain lactate values low should be preferred. In this study we compare how two different capture methodologies, hand grab vs. noose pole, affect the variation of blood lactate values in Cyclura carinata iguanas when captured for sampling. We used blood lactate concentration, measured immediately upon- and 15 min after-capture, as a proxy for stress level. While the primary goal of this work is to determine the least stressful capture methodology to be favored when sampling this and other wild iguanas, we also evaluated additional baseline physiological parameters relevant to the health and disease monitoring for this species. Our results show that while initial lactate values level-out in sampled individuals after 15 min in captivity, regardless of the capture methodology, rock iguanas captured by noose pole showed significantly higher lactate concentration and increased heartbeat rate immediately after capture. While the overall health evaluation determined that all analyzed individuals were in good health, based on our results we recommend that, when possible, hand capture should be preferred over noose pole when sampling wild individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Colosimo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Gwyneth Montemuro
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Mathew University of Grand Cayman, West Bay, Cayman Island
| | - Gregory A. Lewbart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gabriele Gentile
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Glenn Gerber
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California, United States
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Elrobaa IH, Khan K, Mohamed E. The Role of Point-of-Care Testing to Improve Acute Care and Health Care Services. Cureus 2024; 16:e55315. [PMID: 38434607 PMCID: PMC10905651 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Health care is one of the most important services that need to be provided to any community. Many challenges exist in delivering proper and effective health services, including ensuring timely delivery, providing adequate care through effective management and achieving good outcomes. Point-of-care testing (POCT) plays a crucial role in delivering urgent and appropriate health services, especially in peripheral communities, emergency situations, disaster areas and overcrowded areas. We collected and reviewed secondary data about point-of-care testing from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Our findings emphasize that POCT provides fast care with minimal waiting time, avoids unnecessary investigations, aids in triage, and provides decision-makers with a clear understanding of the patient's condition to make informed decisions. We recommend point-of-care testing as a frontline investigation in emergency departments, intensive care units, peripheral hospitals, primary health care centers, disaster areas and field hospitals. Point-of-care testing can improve the quality of health services and ensure the provision of necessary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam H Elrobaa
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, QAT
- Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, QAT
| | - Keebat Khan
- Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, QAT
| | - Eslam Mohamed
- Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, QAT
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Tian Y, Fan Z, Xu L, Cao Y, Chen S, Pan Z, Gao Y, Li H, Zheng S, Ma Y, Duan Z, Zhang X, Ren F. CRISPR/Cas13a-assisted rapid and portable HBV DNA detection for low-level viremia patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2177088. [PMID: 36735916 PMCID: PMC9946317 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2177088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The WHO declared to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV) by 2030. However, an increasing number of patients are presenting with low-level viremia (LLV) with the widespread use of antiviral medications. The diagnostic efficiency and coverage area of HBV infection are low. Hence, this study intended to drive the HBV infection detection to effectively adaptable for any small to medium-sized laboratory or field survey. METHODS We established, optimized, and evaluated a colloidal gold test strip for detection of HBV DNA based on CRISPR/Cas13a combined with recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) technology. Furthermore, 180 HBV-infected patients (including patients with different viral loads, LLV patients and dynamic plasma samples of patients on antiviral therapy) were enrolled for clinical validation. RESULTS The strip detection of HBV DNA was established based on RAA-CRISPR-Cas13a technology with a sensitivity of 101 copies/μL and a specificity of 100%. HBV DNA gradient concentration plasmids and clinical samples were effectively identified by this approach. The positive coincidence rate for LLV patients was 87%, while the negative coincidence rate was 100%. The positive coincidence rate reached 100% in LLV patients (viral loading >100 IU/mL). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive agreement (PPA) and negative predictive agreement (NPA) values of dynamic plasma detection in patients on antiviral therapy were 100%, 92.15%, 93.75%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We develop rapid and portable RAA-CRISPR/Cas13a-based strip of HBV DNA detection for LLV patients. This study provides a visual and faster alternative to current PCR-based diagnosis for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihao Fan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaling Cao
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Pan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Gao
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingmin Ma
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Zhongping Duan Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing 100069, China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Xiangying Zhang Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, XitouTiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing 100069, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Feng Ren Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, XitouTiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing100069, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Collier BB, Brandon WC, Chappell MR, Kovach PM, Grant RP. Maximizing Microsampling: Measurement of Comprehensive Metabolic and Lipid Panels Using a Novel Capillary Blood Collection Device. J Appl Lab Med 2023; 8:1115-1126. [PMID: 37748757 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand continues to grow for patient-centric sampling solutions that enable collection of small volumes of blood outside of healthcare facilities. Various technologies have been developed to facilitate sample collection but gaps in knowledge remain, preventing these technologies from replacing standard venipuncture. METHODS A novel blood collection device, Touch Activated Phlebotomy (TAP) II® from YourBio Health, and standard fingerstick collection using a BD Microtainer® were utilized to collect capillary serum samples. Measurements of a comprehensive metabolic and lipid panels were measured on these samples and compared to results from venous serum samples that were collected in parallel. Hemolysis was used to assess sample quality. Sample volumes obtained from self-collected TAP II samples were also determined. RESULTS Correlation of capillary serum with respect to venous serum was demonstrated (R > 0.9) for professionally collected TAP II samples, self-collected TAP II samples, and professionally collected fingerstick samples for alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, total bilirubin, and triglycerides. Results for creatinine demonstrated acceptable correlation, however, a consistent negative bias was observed. Biases (with unacceptable correlations) were also observed for measurements of carbon dioxide and potassium. Correlative results for albumin were not consistently acceptable across the collection techniques utilized while the remaining analytes tested did not demonstrate acceptable correlations under any condition. Correlation results, however, would improve with a wider distribution of analyte concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Collections of small volumes of liquid blood continue to show potential as a patient-centric solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peyton M Kovach
- Center for Esoteric Testing, Labcorp, Burlington, NC, United States
| | - Russell P Grant
- Center for Esoteric Testing, Labcorp, Burlington, NC, United States
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Servaas S, de Vreede S, Smeets RL, Stroobants A, van Eijk LT, Malagon I, Slagt C. Validation of non-invasive point of care blood content analysis using the TensorTip™ MTX device: a method comparison study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1867-1874. [PMID: 37134309 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The TensorTip™ MTX is a non-invasive device designed to determine several physiological parameters with additional analysis of haemoglobin, haematocrit and blood gas analysis by interpreting blood diffusion colour of the finger skin based on spectral analysis. The aim of our study was to investigate the accuracy and precision of the TensorTip MTX in a clinical setting in comparison with routine analysis of blood samples. METHODS Forty-six patients, scheduled for elective surgery, were enrolled in this study. Placement of an arterial catheter had to be part of the standard of care. Measurements were performed during the perioperative period. The measurements obtained with the TensorTip MTX were compared with the results of routine analysis of the blood samples as a reference using correlation, Bland-Altman analysis and mountain plots. RESULTS No significant correlation was present in the measurements. Measurement of haemoglobin with the TensorTip MTX had a mean bias of 0.4 mmol/L, haematocrit's bias was 3.0 %. Bias of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen was 3.6 and 66.6 mmHg, respectively. Calculated percentage errors were 48.2 , 48.9, 39.9 and 109.0 %. Proportional bias was present in all Bland-Altman analyses. Less than 95 % of the differences fell within the pre-set limits of allowable error. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive blood content analysis with the TensorTip MTX device is not equivalent to and did not correlate sufficiently with conventional laboratory analysis. None of the parameters measured showed results within the limits of allowable error. Therefore, the use of the TensorTip MTX is not recommended for perioperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Servaas
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke de Vreede
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben L Smeets
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - An Stroobants
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas T van Eijk
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Malagon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Slagt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Li Q, Zhao L, Chan CL, Zhang Y, Tong SW, Zhang X, Ho JWK, Jiao Y, Rainer TH. Multi-Level Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Ischaemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13821. [PMID: 37762122 PMCID: PMC10530879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood biomarkers hold potential for the early diagnosis of ischaemic stroke (IS). We aimed to evaluate the current weight of evidence and identify potential biomarkers and biological pathways for further investigation. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science, used R package meta4diag for diagnostic meta-analysis and applied Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to identify vital biological processes (BPs). Among 8544 studies, we included 182 articles with a total of 30,446 participants: 15675 IS, 2317 haemorrhagic stroke (HS), 1798 stroke mimics, 846 transient ischaemic attack and 9810 control subjects. There were 518 pooled biomarkers including 203 proteins, 114 genes, 108 metabolites and 88 transcripts. Our study generated two shortlists of biomarkers for future research: one with optimal diagnostic performance and another with low selection bias. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was eligible for diagnostic meta-analysis, with summary sensitivities and specificities for differentiating HS from IS between 3 h and 24 h after stroke onset ranging from 73% to 80% and 77% to 97%, respectively. GO analysis revealed the top five BPs associated with IS. This study provides a holistic view of early diagnostic biomarkers in IS. Two shortlists of biomarkers and five BPs warrant future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Ching Long Chan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - See Wai Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Joshua Wing Kei Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaqing Jiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.L.)
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Wang J, Li F, Chen Z, Guo Y, Liu N, Liu B, Xiao S, Yao L, Li J, Zhuo C, He N, Zou G, Zhuo C. Antibiotic Prescription Patterns for Acute Respiratory Infections in Rural Primary Healthcare Settings in Guangdong, China: Analysis of 162,742 Outpatient Prescriptions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020297. [PMID: 36830207 PMCID: PMC9952100 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics are important contributors to bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in ambulatory primary healthcare (PHC) settings in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic prescription patterns among patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in rural PHC facilities in the Guangdong Province, China. A total of 444,979 outpatient prescriptions were extracted from the electronic medical record system of 35 township health centers (THCs) and 2 community health centers (CHCs) between November 2017 and October 2018. We used the chi-square test to analyze the antibiotic prescription patterns and binary logistic regression to explore patient-related factors associated with antibiotic prescriptions. Of the 162,742 ARI prescriptions, 85.57% (n = 139,259) included at least one antibiotic. Among the 139,259 prescriptions with antibiotics, 37.82% (n = 52,666) included two or more antibiotics, 55.29% (n = 76,993) included parenteral antibiotics, and 56.62% (n = 78,852) included Watch group antibiotics. The binary logistic regression indicated that (1) female patients were slightly less likely to be prescribed antibiotics than males (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.954, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.928-0.981]; p = 0.001); and (2) compared to patients aged ≤5 years, those who were 6-15 years old (adjusted OR = 1.907, 95% CI [1.840-1.978]; p < 0.001), 16-60 years old (adjusted OR = 1.849, 95% CI [1.785-1.916]; p < 0.001), and >60 years old (adjusted OR = 1.915, 95% CI [1.810-2.026]; p < 0.001) were more likely to be prescribed antibiotics. The overuse and irrational use of antibiotics in PHC settings remain major healthcare challenges in rural Guangdong. Thus, it is imperative to implement targeted antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) policies to address this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Feifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhixu Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou 514000, China
| | - Yingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ningjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Baomo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shunian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Likang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chuyue Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Nanhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Guanyang Zou
- School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (C.Z.)
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Hu T, Ke X, Li W, Lin Y, Liang A, Ou Y, Chen C. CRISPR/Cas12a-Enabled Multiplex Biosensing Strategy Via an Affordable and Visual Nylon Membrane Readout. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204689. [PMID: 36442853 PMCID: PMC9839848 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Most multiplex nucleic acids detection methods require numerous reagents and high-priced instruments. The emerging clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas has been regarded as a promising point-of-care (POC) strategy for nucleic acids detection. However, how to achieve CRISPR/Cas multiplex biosensing remains a challenge. Here, an affordable means termed CRISPR-RDB (CRISPR-based reverse dot blot) for multiplex target detection in parallel, which possesses the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, cost-effectiveness, instrument-free, ease to use, and visualization is reported. CRISPR-RDB integrates the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR-Cas12a with a commercial RDB technique. It utilizes different Cas12a-crRNA complexes to separately identify multiple targets in one sample and converts targeted information into colorimetric signals on a piece of accessible nylon membrane that attaches corresponding specific-oligonucleotide probes. It has demonstrated that the versatility of CRISPR-RDB by constructing a four-channel system to simultaneously detect influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2. With a simple modification of crRNAs, the CRISPR-RDB can be modified to detect human papillomavirus, saving two-thirds of the time compared to a commercial PCR-RDB kit. Further, a user-friendly microchip system for convenient use, as well as a smartphone app for signal interpretation, is engineered. CRISPR-RDB represents a desirable option for multiplexed biosensing and on-site diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- The Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang310052China
| | - Xinxin Ke
- The Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang310052China
| | - Wei Li
- The Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineNational Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouZhejiang310052China
| | - Yu Lin
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health HospitalShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyInstitute of Embryo‐Fetal Original Adult DiseaseSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Ajuan Liang
- Center of Reproductive MedicineShanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghai201204China
| | - Yangjing Ou
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health HospitalShanghai Municipal Key Clinical SpecialtyInstitute of Embryo‐Fetal Original Adult DiseaseSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Chuanxia Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of JinanJinanShandong250022China
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Parween S, Asthana A, Nahar P. Fundamentals of Image-Based Assay (IBA) System for Affordable Point of Care Diagnostics. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Li J, Sun D. Molecularly Imprinted Ratiometric Fluorescence Nanosensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13305-13312. [PMID: 36278924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescence (MIR-FL) nanosensors feature recognition selectivity, detection sensitivity, application universality, visualization accuracy, and device portability, and have gained popularity. However, the fluorescence intensity, nanostructure, color range, and practical application of the sensor still face severe difficulties to be solved. New strategies combined with various technologies have been developed to construct MIR-FL nanosensors for expanded applications. This Perspective highlights current resarch challenges and future prospects involving constructions and applications of MIR-FL nanosensors including dual-emission and triple-emission modes. The postimprinting mixing/modification strategies, microdevices, and multitarget detection are focused, and technology synergy, sensitivity/reproducibility improvement, application diversity/portability, etc. are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Shandong Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dani Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Shandong Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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What is the scope of teaching and training of undergraduate students and trainees in point of care testing in United Kingdom universities and hospital laboratories? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268506. [PMID: 35913944 PMCID: PMC9342762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Point of care testing (POCT) is an analytical test performed by a healthcare professional outside of a conventional laboratory. The global POCT market was valued at US$ 23.16 billion in 2016 and is forecasted to grow to US$ 36.96 billion in 2021. This upward trend for POCT has increased workload for pathology departments who manage POCT. This research aims to characterize and analyse the teaching and training of POCT at United Kingdom (UK) universities on Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS) accredited biomedical science degrees, and at UK hospital laboratories. A freedom of information (FOI) request was sent in 2018 to all 52 UK universities with an accredited IBMS Biomedical science degree to request information on teaching of POCT, with a 100% response rate. Further FOI requests were sent to all National Health Service (NHS) hospital pathology departments in the UK, regarding POCT training provided to trainee Biomedical scientists, with a 97% response rate. Twelve of the degrees contained no POCT teaching, with a further 9 having no specific POCT teaching. Sixty-six laboratories confirmed that there was no POCT training. The university teaching hours varied between 0 and 35 hours. The median time spent teaching POCT at university was 2 hours. The laboratory teaching hours varied between 0 and 450 hours The median time spent teaching POCT in hospital laboratories was 3 hours. A content analysis of the learning outcomes provided by 29 universities showed that only 61% (84/137) were measurable and 26% (36/137) of the learning outcomes used action verbs that have previously been listed to be avoided in learning outcome writing. Only 9% (13/137) of outcomes specifically described POCT, with 8 of these being measurable. The findings demonstrate that although this is a commonly required skill for biomedical scientists, there is a clear lack of POCT teaching and training in the UK. To meet the new Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) guidelines, but most importantly to ensure the workforce is fit for the needs of the current healthcare system, the quality and quantity of POCT teaching and training needs to improve.
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A review on point of care tests in parasitology. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:337-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xiao Y, Li S, Pang Z, Wan C, Li L, Yuan H, Hong X, Du W, Feng X, Li Y, Chen P, Liu BF. Multi-reagents dispensing centrifugal microfluidics for point-of-care testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 206:114130. [PMID: 35245866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) has shown great advantages for public health monitoring in resource-limited settings. However, developing of POCT tools with automated and accurate quantitative dispensing of multiple reagents and samples is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a novel multi-reagents dispensing centrifugal microfluidics (MDCM) that allows rapid and automated dispensing of multiple reagents and samples with high throughput and accuracy. The MDCM was designed with multiple aliquoting units with the hydrophobic valve at different radial positions. All reagents and samples were loaded simultaneously, dispensed in parallel by centrifugation at low speed, and then introduced into the reaction chamber sequentially by centrifugation at high speed. Two MDCM chips are demonstrated, including a uniform concentration generator and a gradient concentration generator. The concentration coefficient of variation (CV) among the independent reaction chambers was lower than 0.56%, and the theoretical quantitative concentration gradient was strongly correlated with the actual concentration gradient (R2 = 0.9938). We have successfully applied the MDCM to loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based nucleic acid detection for multiple infectious pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for kanamycin sulfate against E. coli. To further extend the applications, the MDCM has also been applied to bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assays with online calibration, reducing the detection time from 2 h to 10 min with a twenty-fold reduction in reagent consumption. These results indicated that the MDCM is a high potential platform for POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Xiao
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shunji Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zheng Pang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lina Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianzhe Hong
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Du
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Lee B, Park H. Performance evaluation of the i‐Smart 300E cartridge for point‐of‐care electrolyte measurement in serum and plasma. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24295. [PMID: 35156738 PMCID: PMC8993652 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrolytes are measured regularly in a variety of clinical settings because electrolyte imbalance can be life‐threatening. Although arterial blood‐gas analysis reports electrolyte levels, the result often is discrepant with results from serum and plasma samples. Since prompt and accurate measurement of serum electrolyte levels could allow early treatment, point‐of‐care (POC) electrolyte analyzers would be beneficial. We evaluated a POC electrolyte analyzer cartridge based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Methods Precision and linearity were assessed according to the CLSI EP05‐A3 and EP06‐A guidelines, respectively. A comparison study was conducted with both serum and plasma samples according to the CLSI EP09‐A3. For serum, results from the i‐Smart 300E analyzer were compared with results from the Nova 8 and i‐Smart 30 analyzers. For plasma, results were compared among the i‐Smart 300E, Nova 8, i‐Smart 30, and Cobas c702 analyzers. Results Coefficients of variation in the precision analysis were all less than 5%. Linearity assessment demonstrated a coefficient of determination between 0.999 and 1.000 for all analytes. The comparison study showed a high Pearson's correlation coefficient greater than 0.9 for all analytes, instruments, and specimens. Conclusions The i‐Smart 300E demonstrated good analytical performance. Its use could be beneficial in terms of both efficiency and clinical outcome in point‐of‐care testing (POCT) for electrolyte levels from serum and plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hyung‐Doo Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics Samsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
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Sahoo S, Sahoo J, Singh N, Hansda U, Guru S, Topno N. Point-of-care versus central laboratory measurements of electrolytes and hemoglobin: A prospective observational study in critically ill patients in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2022; 12:160-164. [PMID: 36506927 PMCID: PMC9728077 DOI: 10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A blood gas analyzer is a point-of-care (POC) testing device used in the Emergency Department (ED) to manage critically ill patients. However, there were differences in results found from blood gas analyzers for hemoglobin (Hgb) and electrolytes parameters. We conducted a comparative validity study in ED in patients who had requirements of venous gas analysis, complete blood count, and electrolytes. The objective was to find the correlation of Hgb, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) values between the blood gas analyzer and laboratory autoanalyzer. Methods A total of 206 paired samples were tested for Hgb, Na+, and K+. Total 4.6 ml of venous blood was collected from each participant, 0.6 ml was used for blood gas analysis as POC testing and 4 ml was sent to the central laboratory for electrolyte and Hgb estimation. Results The mean difference between POC and laboratory method was 0.608 ± 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.80; P < 0.001) for Hgb, 0.92 ± 3.5 (95% CI, 0.44-1.40) for Na+, and 0.238 ± 0.62 (95% CI, -0.32-0.15; P < 0.001) for K+. POC testing and laboratory method showed a strong positive correlation with Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.873, 0.928, and 0.793 for Hgb, Na+, and K+, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion Although there was a statistical difference found between the two methods, it was under the United States Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment range. Hence, starting the therapy according to the blood gas analyzer results may be beneficial to the patient and improve the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Sahoo
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyotiranjan Sahoo
- Department of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, AIIMS, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Upendra Hansda
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Upendra Hansda, Department of Trauma and Emergency, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. E-mail:
| | - Satyabrata Guru
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nitish Topno
- Department of Trauma and Emergency, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Yamasaki T, Kumagai S. Nonwearable Sensor-Based In-Home Assessment of Subtle Daily Behavioral Changes as a Candidate Biomarker for Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Pers Med 2021; 12:jpm12010011. [PMID: 35055326 PMCID: PMC8781414 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients show subtle changes in daily behavioral patterns, revealed by traditional assessments (e.g., performance- or questionnaire-based assessments) even in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD; i.e., the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage). An increase in studies on the assessment of daily behavioral changes in patients with MCI and AD using digital technologies (e.g., wearable and nonwearable sensor-based assessment) has been noted in recent years. In addition, more objective, quantitative, and realistic evidence of altered daily behavioral patterns in patients with MCI and AD has been provided by digital technologies rather than traditional assessments. Therefore, this study hypothesized that the assessment of daily behavioral changes with digital technologies can replace or assist traditional assessment methods for early MCI and AD detection. In this review, we focused on research using nonwearable sensor-based in-home assessment. Previous studies on the assessment of behavioral changes in MCI and AD using traditional performance- or questionnaire-based assessments are first described. Next, an overview of previous studies on the assessment of behavioral changes in MCI and AD using nonwearable sensor-based in-home assessment is provided. Finally, the usefulness and problems of nonwearable sensor-based in-home assessment for early MCI and AD detection are discussed. In conclusion, this review stresses that subtle changes in daily behavioral patterns detected by nonwearable sensor-based in-home assessment can be early MCI and AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yamasaki
- Kumagai Institute of Health Policy, Fukuoka 816-0812, Japan;
- Department of Neurology, Minkodo Minohara Hospital, Fukuoka 811-2402, Japan
- School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-947-0040
| | - Shuzo Kumagai
- Kumagai Institute of Health Policy, Fukuoka 816-0812, Japan;
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Hoang TX, Phan LMT, Vo TAT, Cho S. Advanced Signal-Amplification Strategies for Paper-Based Analytical Devices: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050540. [PMID: 34066112 PMCID: PMC8150371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have emerged as a promising approach to point-of-care (POC) detection applications in biomedical and clinical diagnosis owing to their advantages, including cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and rapid responses as well as for being equipment-free, disposable, and user-friendly. However, the overall sensitivity of PADs still remains weak, posing a challenge for biosensing scientists exploiting them in clinical applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the current applicable potential of PADs, focusing on total signal-amplification strategies that have been applied widely in PADs involving colorimetry, luminescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, photoacoustic, photothermal, and photoelectrochemical methods as well as nucleic acid-mediated PAD modifications. The advances in signal-amplification strategies in terms of signal-enhancing principles, sensitivity, and time reactions are discussed in detail to provide an overview of these approaches to using PADs in biosensing applications. Furthermore, a comparison of these methods summarizes the potential for scientists to develop superior PADs. This review serves as a useful inside look at the current progress and prospective directions in using PADs for clinical diagnostics and provides a better source of reference for further investigations, as well as innovations, in the POC diagnostics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.)
| | - Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (L.M.T.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Thuy Anh Thu Vo
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.)
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: (L.M.T.P.); (S.C.)
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