Use of ototoxic medications in neonates-the need for follow-up hearing test

Ototoxic Drug Exposure and Hearing Loss in Neonates: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE

This scoping review aims to map the effects of dosage levels, dosage intervals, duration of exposure, and serum concentration levels of gentamicin, amikacin, vancomycin, furosemide, and bumetanide on newborn hearing.

METHOD

Using PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid databases (January 2010-2022), a scoping review was conducted to identify studies on ototoxic drug exposure in neonates. The review included articles that described details on ototoxic drug exposure and hearing status, dosage levels, duration of exposure, and serum concentration levels. The search results were summarized using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews.

RESULTS

Out of 4,395 entries, 28 were selected for inclusion in the scoping review. The studies were separated according to the exposed drugs: gentamicin, amikacin, vancomycin, furosemide, bumetanide, and a combination of drugs. Four out of five studies on amikacin exposure revealed an increased association with ototoxicity and abnormal trough levels. Six of seven studies on gentamicin exposure reported elevated trough concentration levels in a small number of infants, but no studies reported hearing loss. Two out of four studies on vancomycin exposure reported a dose-dependent risk for infants to develop hearing loss.

CONCLUSIONS

Gentamicin exposure in neonates has been extensively studied and considered relatively safe, except in cases of elevated peak or trough concentration levels. Amikacin exposure was reported to be more ototoxic, as the elevation of trough concentration levels was associated with refer results in hearing. Loop-diuretic exposure demonstrated a significant ototoxic effect. When used with other ototoxic medications, vancomycin is said to have a greater effect on ototoxicity.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26814700.

Monitoring neonates for ototoxicity

OBJECTIVES

Neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at greater risk of permanent hearing loss compared to infants in well mother and baby units. Several factors have been associated with this increased prevalence of hearing loss, including congenital infections (e.g. cytomegalovirus or syphilis), ototoxic drugs (such as aminoglycoside or glycopeptide antibiotics), low birth weight, hypoxia and length of stay. The aetiology of this increased prevalence of hearing loss remains poorly understood.

DESIGN

Here we review current practice and discuss the feasibility of designing improved ototoxicity screening and monitoring protocols to better identify acquired, drug-induced hearing loss in NICU neonates.

STUDY SAMPLE

A review of published literature.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that current audiological screening or monitoring protocols for neonates are not designed to adequately detect early onset of ototoxicity. This paper offers a detailed review of evidence-based research, and offers recommendations for developing and implementing an ototoxicity monitoring protocol for young infants, before and after discharge from the hospital.