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Englund M, Carbajal JP, Ferré A, Bassan M, Hoai Vu AT, Nguyen VA, Strande L. Modelling quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of faecal sludge in Hanoi, Vietnam and Kampala, Uganda for improved management solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110202. [PMID: 32148272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance of faecal sludge management is gaining recognition. However, methods are still lacking to reasonably estimate the quantities and qualities (Q&Q) that need to be managed, which makes the planning for and implementing of management solutions quite difficult. The objective of this study was to collect and analyse Q&Q of faecal sludge at a citywide scale, and to evaluate whether "SPA-DET" data (=> spatially analysable - demographic, environmental and technical) could then be used as predictors of Q&Q of faecal sludge. 60 field samples and questionnaires from Hanoi and 180 from Kampala were analysed. Software tools were used in an iterative process to predict total solids (TS) and emptying frequency in both Hanoi, Vietnam and Kampala, Uganda. City-specific data could be predicted with types of "SPA-DET" data as input variables, and model performance was improved by analysing septic tanks and pit latrines separately. Individual models were built for TS concentrations and emptying frequency. In addition, a model was built across both cities for emptying frequency of septic tanks based on number of users and containment volume, indicating predictive models can be relevant for multiple cities. Number of users, containment volume, truck volume and income level were identified as the most common variables for the correction function. Results confirm the high intrinsic variability of faecal sludge characteristics, and illustrate the importance of moving beyond simple reporting of city-wide average values for estimations of Q&Q. The collected data and developed scripts have been made available for replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Englund
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pablo Carbajal
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Siam: Systems Analysis, Integrated Assessment and Modelling, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Amédé Ferré
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magalie Bassan
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - An Thi Hoai Vu
- HUCE: Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, IESE: Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Viet-Anh Nguyen
- HUCE: Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, IESE: Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Linda Strande
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sandec: Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Strande L, Schoebitz L, Bischoff F, Ddiba D, Okello F, Englund M, Ward BJ, Niwagaba CB. Methods to reliably estimate faecal sludge quantities and qualities for the design of treatment technologies and management solutions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:898-907. [PMID: 30005415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sanitation access in urban areas of low-income countries is provided through unstandardized onsite technologies containing accumulated faecal sludge. The demand for infrastructure to manage faecal sludge is increasing, however, no reliable method exists to estimate total accumulated quantities and qualities (Q&Q) This proposed approach averages out complexities to estimate conditions at a centralized to semi-centralized scale required for management and treatment technology solutions, as opposed to previous approaches evaluating what happens in individual containments. Empirical data, demographic data, and questionnaires were used in Kampala, Uganda to estimate total faecal sludge accumulation in the city, resulting in 270 L/cap∙year for pit latrines and 280 L/cap∙year for septic tanks. Septic tank sludge was more dilute than pit latrine sludge, however, public toilet was not a distinguishing factor. Non-household sources of sludge represent a significant fraction of the total and have different characteristics than household-level sludge. Income level, water connection, black water only, solid waste, number of users, containment volume, emptying frequency, and truck size were predictors of sludge quality. Empirical relationships such as a COD:TS of 1.09 ± 0.56 could be used for more resource efficient sampling campaigns. Based on this approach, spatially available demographic, technical and environmental (SPA-DET) data and statistical relationships between parameters could be used to predict Q&Q of faecal sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Strande
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Lars Schoebitz
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian Bischoff
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Ddiba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Francis Okello
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Miriam Englund
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara J Ward
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Charles B Niwagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Jakariya M, Housna A, Islam MN, Ahsan GU, Mahmud K. Modeling on environmental-economic effectiveness of Vacutug technology of fecal sludge management at Dhaka city in Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40808-018-0418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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