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Kampke EH, de Souza Barroso ME, Marques FM, Fronza M, Scherer R, Lemos MF, Campagnaro BP, Gomes LC. Genotoxic effect of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown essential oil on fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and mammal (Mus musculus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:163-171. [PMID: 29605588 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"Erva cidreira" (Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown) is popular for its therapeutic properties, especially its sedative properties. Such properties led to the discovery of the anesthetic action of Lippia alba essential oil in fish culture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effect of Lippia alba essential oil in fish and mammals. The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where the compounds linalool, eucalyptol, γ-muurolene, and caryophyllene were identified as the most abundant compounds. Lippia alba essential oil showed inhibitory activity on LPS-stimulated Nitric Oxide (NO) production (77% at 20 μg mL-1) in RAW 264.7 macrophages without influence cellular viability. Genotoxic action was observed by micronucleus and comet assay in the doses 100, 200 and 300 mg Kg-1, showing greater damage to fish than mammals. When we compared the treatment modes, greater damage was observed in the treatment by inhalation, but this was still not toxic. The oxidative stress measured by quantification of advanced oxidation protein products revealed low oxidation but significantly more harm than the control. These findings support the use of Lippia alba essential oil as an anesthetic for fish without harm to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Hell Kampke
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Franciane Martins Marques
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Fumiere Lemos
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Prandi Campagnaro
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Levy Carvalho Gomes
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, 29102-770, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, and Antifungal Activity of the Oleoresin Essential Oil of Protium amazonicum from Ecuador. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4040070. [PMID: 28946630 PMCID: PMC5750594 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Protium species (Burseraceae) have been used in the treatment of various diseases and conditions such as ulcers and wounds. Methods: The essential oil from the oleoresin of Protium amazonicum was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS, GC-FID, and chiral GC-MS. P. amazonicum oleoresin oil was screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Results: A total of 54 components representing 99.6% of the composition were identified in the oil. The essential oil was dominated by δ-3-carene (47.9%) with lesser quantities of other monoterpenoids α-pinene (4.0%), p-cymene (4.1%), limonene (5.1%), α-terpineol (5.5%) and p-cymen-8-ol (4.8%). Chiral GC-MS revealed most of the monoterpenoids to have a majority of levo enantiomers present with the exceptions of limonene and α-terpineol, which showed a dextro majority. P. amazonicum oleoresin oil showed promising activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC = 156 μg/mL. Conclusions: This account is the first reporting of both the chemical composition and enantiomeric distribution of the oleoresin essential oil of P. amazonicum from Ecuador. The oil was dominated by (−)-δ-3-carene, and this compound, along with other monoterpenoids, likely accounts for the observed antifungal activity of the oil.
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