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Pham GH, Ou W, Bursulaya B, DiDonato M, Herath A, Jin Y, Hao X, Loren J, Spraggon G, Brock A, Uno T, Geierstanger BH, Cellitti SE. Tuning a Protein-Labeling Reaction to Achieve Highly Site Selective Lysine Conjugation. Chembiochem 2018; 19:799-804. [PMID: 29388367 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated esters are widely used to label proteins at lysine side chains and N termini. These reagents are useful for labeling virtually any protein, but robust reactivity toward primary amines generally precludes site-selective modification. In a unique case, fluorophenyl esters are shown to preferentially label human kappa antibodies at a single lysine (Lys188) within the light-chain constant domain. Neighboring residues His189 and Asp151 contribute to the accelerated rate of labeling at Lys188 relative to the ≈40 other lysine sites. Enriched Lys188 labeling can be enhanced from 50-70 % to >95 % by any of these approaches: lowering reaction temperature, applying flow chemistry, or mutagenesis of specific residues in the surrounding protein environment. Our results demonstrated that activated esters with fluoro-substituted aromatic leaving groups, including a fluoronaphthyl ester, can be generally useful reagents for site-selective lysine labeling of antibodies and other immunoglobulin-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Pham
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Weijia Ou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ananda Herath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yunho Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xueshi Hao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ansgar Brock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Tetsuo Uno
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bernhard H Geierstanger
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Susan E Cellitti
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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Gulati NM, Pitek AS, Steinmetz NF, Stewart PL. Cryo-electron tomography investigation of serum albumin-camouflaged tobacco mosaic virus nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3408-3415. [PMID: 28112764 PMCID: PMC5507697 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06948g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer great potential in drug delivery and imaging, but shielding strategies are necessary to increase circulation time and performance. Structure-function studies are required to define the design rules to achieve effective shielding. With several formulations reaching clinical testing and approval, the ability to assess and detail nanoparticle formulations at the single particle level is becoming increasingly important. To address this need, we use cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to investigate stealth-coated nanoparticles. As a model system, we studied the soft matter nanotubes formed by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coated with human serum albumin (SA) stealth proteins. Cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging allow for visualization of individual SA molecules and determination of their orientations relative to the TMV surface, and also for measurement of the surface coverage provided by added stealth proteins. This information fills a critical gap in the understanding of the structural morphology of stealth-coated nanoparticles, and therefore cryo-ET may play an important role in guiding the development of future nanoparticle-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu M Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrzej S Pitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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