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Safaei-Mahroo B, Ghaffari H, Niamir A. A synoptic review of the Amphibians of Iran: bibliography, taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, conservation status, and identification key to the eggs, larvae, and adults. Zootaxa 2023; 5279:1-112. [PMID: 37518755 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5279.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an illustrated account, a comprehensive update of the systematics, and a bibliography of the 15 species of anurans in five families, eight genera; and of the six species of urodeles in two families, four genera in Iran. Bufonidae, with eight species, is the most diverse family; Salamandridae has five species and Ranidae has four species. This study also presents updated identification keys for the eggs, larvae, and metamorphosed amphibians of Iran. We designated specimen NMW 19855.1 as neotype of Pelophylax persicus (Schneider, 1799) comb. nov.. Along with distribution maps obtained from all the reliable localities and museum specimens known at this time, the modelled habitat of species, and for the first time, the National Red List of amphibians based on the IUCN red list categories and criteria. Based on our evaluation we propose to categorize Bufo eichwaldi, Paradactylodon persicus, Neurergus derjugini, and N. kaiseri as Vulnerable at National Red List, and to move Bufotes (Calliopersa) luristanicus, B. (C.) surdus, Firouzophrynus olivaceus, and Rana pseudodalmatina from the category of Least Concern (LC) to Near Threatened (NT). The National Red List of amphibians that we propose has significant implications for endangered species management and conservation. Forty-one percent of amphibian species in Iran are endemic to the country, and more than forty percent of the Iranian amphibians are at risk of extinction. Zagros Mountain forest and Hyrcaniain forests have more than 80% (i.e. 18 species) of the diversity of Iranian amphibians. A considerable amount of scientific literature published on Iranian amphibians in Persian language is not easily accessible to researchers outside Iran. This monograph attempts to remedy the situation and provides broader access to international herpetology. We recognize that taxonomy is always in a state of flux, and the names and synonymies used here reflect our current view.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanyeh Ghaffari
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Natural Resources; University of Kurdistan; Sanandaj; Iran.
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Frankfurt am Main; Germany.
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Kidov AA, Ivolga RA, Kondratova TE, Kidova EA. Features of Reproduction and Early Development in the Batura Toad (Bufotes baturae, Amphibia, Bufonidae), the Most High-Montaine Amphibian in the Former Soviet Union, Based on the Results of a Laboratory Study. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902209014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Fedotovskikh GV, Arifulova II, Dujsebayeva TN. Ultrastructural study of the mucocytes in the dermal glands of
Bufotes pewzowi
(Amphibia, Bufonidae), with some reflections on the polymorphism of the secretory epithelium. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dufresnes C, Mazepa G, Jablonski D, Oliveira RC, Wenseleers T, Shabanov DA, Auer M, Ernst R, Koch C, Ramírez-Chaves HE, Mulder KP, Simonov E, Tiutenko A, Kryvokhyzha D, Wennekes PL, Zinenko OI, Korshunov OV, Al-Johany AM, Peregontsev EA, Masroor R, Betto-Colliard C, Denoël M, Borkin LJ, Skorinov DV, Pasynkova RA, Mazanaeva LF, Rosanov JM, Dubey S, Litvinchuk S. Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 141:106615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hermaniuk A, Rybacki M, Taylor JRE. Low Temperature and Polyploidy Result in Larger Cell and Body Size in an Ectothermic Vertebrate. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:118-29. [PMID: 27082722 DOI: 10.1086/684974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that low temperatures result in increases in both cell size and body size in ectotherms that may explain patterns of geographic variation of their body size across latitudinal ranges. Also, polyploidy showed the same effect on body size in invertebrates. In vertebrates, despite their having larger cells, no clear effect of polyploidy on body size has been found. This article presents the relationship between temperature, cell size, growth rate, and body size in diploid and polyploid hybridogenetic frog Pelophylax esculentus reared as tadpoles at 19° and 24°C. The size of cells was larger in both diploid and triploid tadpoles at 19°C, and triploids had larger cells at both temperatures. In diploid and triploid froglets, the temperature in which they developed as tadpoles did not affect the size of their cells, but triploids still had larger cells. Triploid tadpoles grew faster than diploids at 19°C and had larger body mass; there was no clear difference between ploidies in growth rate at 24°C. This indicates better adaptation of triploid tadpoles to cold environment. This is the first report on the increase of body mass of a polyploid vertebrate caused by low temperature, and we showed relationship between increase in cell size and increased body mass. The large body mass of triploids may provide a selective advantage, especially in colder environments, and this may explain the prevalence of triploids in the northern parts of the geographic range of P. esculentus.
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Discovery of triploidy in Palearctic green toads (Anura: Bufonidae) from Iran with indications for a reproductive system involving diploids and triploids. ZOOL ANZ 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Colley E, Fischer ML. [Speciation and its mechanisms: conceptual background and recent advances]. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2013; 20:1671-1694. [PMID: 24473657 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-597020130005000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a historical approach on general concepts of speciation and its mechanisms, from the primordial ideas to the most recent theories that seek to elucidate the origin of biodiversity. It is common knowledge that speciation is a controversial and complex issue that encompasses virtually all the lines of research of biology, in addition to geology and paleontology. The main objective of the paper is to clarify the theoretical concepts on the origin of the animal species, in the chronological order in which they became established throughout the whole of the development of evolutionary biology as a science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Colley
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil, CuritibaPR, Pesquisador colaborador do Departamento de Zoologia / Universidade Federal do Paraná . Caixa Postal 19020. 81531-980 - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
| | - Marta Luciane Fischer
- Laboratório Núcleo de Estudos do Comportamento Animal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brasil, CuritibaPR, Professora do Laboratório Núcleo de Estudos do Comportamento Animal / Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná . Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155. 80215-901 - Curitiba - PR - Brasil
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GUIGNARD MAÏTÉ, BÜCHI LUCIE, GÉTAZ MICHAEL, BETTO-COLLIARD CAROLINE, STÖCK MATTHIAS. Genome size rather than content might affect call properties in toads of three ploidy levels (Anura: Bufonidae: Bufo viridis subgroup). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Litvinchuk SN, Mazepa GO, Pasynkova RA, Saidov A, Satorov T, Chikin YA, Shabanov DA, Crottini A, Borkin LJ, Rosanov JM, Stöck M. Influence of environmental conditions on the distribution of Central Asian green toads with three ploidy levels. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stöck M, Moritz C, Hickerson M, Frynta D, Dujsebayeva T, Eremchenko V, Macey JR, Papenfuss TJ, Wake DB. Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 41:663-89. [PMID: 16919484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Taxa involving three bisexually reproducing ploidy levels make green toads a unique amphibian system. We put a cytogenetic dataset from Central Asia in a molecular framework and apply phylogenetic and demographic methods to data from the entire Palearctic range. We study the mitochondrial relationships of diploids to infer their phylogeography and the maternal ancestry of polyploids. Control regions (and tRNAs between ND1 and ND2 in representatives) characterize a deeply branched assemblage of twelve haplotype groups, diverged since the Lower Miocene. Polyploidy has evolved several times: Central Asian tetraploids (B. oblongus, B. pewzowi) have at least two maternal origins. Intriguingly, the mitochondrial ancestor of morphologically distinctive, sexually reproducing triploid taxa (B. pseudoraddei) from Karakoram and Hindukush represents a different lineage. We report another potential case of bisexual triploid toads (B. zugmayeri). Identical d-loops in diploids and tetraploids from Iran and Turkmenistan, which differ in morphology, karyotypes and calls, suggest multiple origins and retained polymorphism and/or hybridization. A similar system involves diploids, triploids and tetraploids from Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan where green toads exemplify vertebrate genomic plasticity. A new form from Sicily and its African sister species (B. boulengeri) allow internal calibration and divergence time estimates for major clades. The subgroup may have originated in Eurasia rather than Africa since the earliest diverged lineages (B. latastii, B. surdus) and earliest fossils occur in Asia. We delineate ranges, contact and hybrid zones. Phylogeography, including one of the first non-avian datasets from Central Asian high mountains, reflects Quaternary climate and glaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ), University of California-Berkeley, 3101 Valley of Life Sciences Building #3160, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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Stöck M, Steinlein C, Lamatsch DK, Schartl M, Schmid M. Multiple origins of tetraploid taxa in the Eurasian Bufo viridis subgroup. Genetica 2005; 124:255-72. [PMID: 16134338 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-3085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We used Q-banding and analyzed nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) to study the cytogenetic evolution of tetraploids within the Palearctic Bufo viridis subgroup, the only known amphibian complex comprising di-, tri- and tetraploid bisexually reproducing taxa. We examined three diploid (2n) nominal taxa (Bufo viridis viridis, B. v. turanensis, B. v. kermanensis) from five Eurasian localities and six tetraploid (4n) nominal taxa (B. oblongus, B. o. danatensis, B. pewzowi pewzowi, B. p. taxkorensis, B. p. unicolor, B. p. strauchi) from eight Central Asian localities. Homeologous chromosomes of 2n and 4n toads exhibit a similar morphology. Silver-staining and in situ hybridization revealed terminal NORs in the long arms of chromosomes 6 in all 2n but in only two out of four chromosomes 6 in all 4n taxa. Q-banding and a rapidly evolving mitochondrial marker suggest at least two origination events for Asian 4n toads: "Western Central Asian tetraploids" (B. oblongus Nikolsky, 1896) exhibit distinct differences within some chromosome quartets, which are divisible into pairs of chromosomes and may be allopolyploid. In contrast, "Central Asian tetraploids" (B. pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898) showed homogenous Q-banding patterns within each quartet, suggesting autopolyploidy. In Northeastern Iran, we discovered a zone of either common ancestry or hybridization of 2n and Western Central Asian 4n toads. This raises intriguing questions about how diploid and tetraploid taxa may evolve by exchanging genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building #3160, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA.
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