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Shauly O, Marxen T, Menon A, Rumbika S, Ash M, Jean-Baptiste O, Losken A. The Effect of Bowel Anastomosis on Outcomes in Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 93:235-238. [PMID: 38980917 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000004017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients who require complex abdominal wall reconstruction (CAWR), the need for a bowel anastomosis could impact procedure choice and outcome. In this retrospective cohort study, we examine the effect of bowel anastomosis on complications and hernia recurrence. METHODS All patients who underwent CAWR between 2011 and 2021 by the senior author were reviewed in a retrospective cohort analysis. Patients were included if they met the above criteria. Patients were excluded if they did not undergo the above procedure or if they underwent a different procedure simultaneously. Univariate analysis was performed for patients who underwent bowel anastomosis, and multiple variable logistic regression analysis was performed with respect to overall complications. RESULTS A total of 264 patients underwent CAWR over a 10-year interval. A total of 41 patients underwent bowel anastomosis (16%), and 223 patients (84%) underwent CAWR without bowel anastomosis. Mean patient age was 55.50 ± 11.55 years. Mean patient body mass index was 32.36 ± 7.31 kg/m 2 . Mean follow-up time was 10.20 months. There was a significant difference in hernia repair etiology, with higher rates of recurrent hernia repair among patients receiving bowel anastomosis (odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-5.95; P = 0.0018). Acellular dermal matrix was used more frequently in patients who required a bowel anastomosis (odds ratio, 3.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-8.00; P = 0.0018). Major and minor complications were also significantly higher in this cohort. Regression analysis for overall complications revealed the presence of bowel anastomosis, fascial repair technique, and follow-up time as independent predictors of overall complications. CONCLUSION Bowel anastomosis performed at the time of CAWR significantly increased the rate of overall and major complications but did not predict hernia recurrence. Plastic surgeons should utilize this information in counseling patients and in deciding the most appropriate hernia repair technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Shauly
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Troy Marxen
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
| | - Ambika Menon
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Makenna Ash
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Albert Losken
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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Patel AA, Feng CL, Marquez J, Spaw JP, Garza RM, Lee GK, Nazerali RS. Prioritizing Native Breast Skin Preservation or Scar Symmetry in Autologous Breast Reconstruction? Using Crowdsourcing to Assess Preference. EPLASTY 2023; 23:e75. [PMID: 38229965 PMCID: PMC10790140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Recent literature on autologous breast reconstruction suggests that such factors as scar symmetry and skin paddle size impact patient preferences more than preservation of native breast skin. Since patient satisfaction with plastic surgery procedures can be largely influenced by beauty standards set by the general public, this study used a novel crowdsourcing method to evaluate laypeople's aesthetic preferences for different bilateral autologous breast reconstructions to determine the relative importance of scar and skin paddle symmetry and preservation of native skin. Methods Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing marketplace, participants ranked images of reconstructions based on overall aesthetic appearance. Images were digitally modified to reflect 4 types of reconstruction: immediate (IR), delayed symmetric (DS), delayed asymmetric (DA), or mixed (MR). Results DS was ranked most favorably (1.74), followed by IR (1.95), DA (2.93), and MR (3.34). Friedman rank sum and pairwise tests showed statistical significance for comparisons of all 4 reconstruction types. Likert ratings were higher for IR than for DA reconstructions for skin quality (P = .002), scar visibility (P < .001), scar position (P < .001), and breast symmetry, shape, and position (P < .001). Ratings increased for all aesthetic factors following nipple-areolar-complex reconstruction (P < .001). Conclusions More symmetric breast scars were rated aesthetically higher than nonsymmetric scarring, and our participants preferred maintenance of scar symmetry over preservation of native breast skin. These findings are consistent with previous studies that surveyed non-crowdsourced participants, which demonstrates the potential for crowdsourcing to be used to better understand the general public's preferences in plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Patel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah Hospitals & Clinics, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carol L. Feng
- Division of Urology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica Marquez
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah Hospitals & Clinics, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Gordon K. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rahim S. Nazerali
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California
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3
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Marquez JL, Sudduth JD, Kuo K, Patel AA, Eddington D, Agarwal JP, Kwok AC. A Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes Between Immediate, Delayed Immediate, and Delayed Autologous Free Flap Breast Reconstruction: Analysis of 2010-2020 NSQIP Data. J Reconstr Microsurg 2023; 39:664-670. [PMID: 36928907 DOI: 10.1055/a-2056-0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many factors influence decisions related to the timing between mastectomy and flap-based breast reconstruction, there is limited literature comparing postoperative complications between immediate (IBR), delayed immediate (DIBR), and delayed (DBR) reconstruction modalities. Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), we sought to compare postoperative complication rates of each timing modality. METHODS The NSQIP 2010-2020 database was queried for patients who underwent free flap breast reconstruction. Cases were categorized to include mastectomy performed concurrently with a free flap reconstruction, removal of a tissue expander with free flap reconstruction, and free flap reconstruction alone which are defined as IBR, DIBR, and DBR, respectively. The frequency of postoperative outcomes including surgical site infection (SSI), wound dehiscence, intraoperative transfusion, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and return to operating room (OR) was assessed. Overall complication rates, hospital length of stay (LOS), and operative time were analyzed. Multivariable regression analysis controlling for age, race, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, ASA class, and laterality was performed. RESULTS A total of 7,907 cases that underwent IBR, DIBR (n = 976), and DBR reconstruction (n = 6,713) were identified. No statistical difference in occurrence of SSIs, wound dehiscence, or DVT was identified. DIBR (9%) and DBR (11.9%) were associated with less occurrences of reoperation than IBR (13.2%, p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that DIBR and DBR were associated with a lower odds of complications and shorter operation time versus IBR. No statistically significant differences between DIBR and DBR in surgical complications, LOS, and operative time were identified. CONCLUSION Awareness of overall complication rates associated with each reconstructive timing modality can be used to help guide physicians when discussing reconstructive options. Our data suggests that DIBR and DBR are associated with less overall complications than IBR. Physicians should continue to consider patients' unique circumstances when deciding upon which timing modality is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Marquez
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jack D Sudduth
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Keith Kuo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashraf A Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Devin Eddington
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jayant P Agarwal
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alvin C Kwok
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Shammas RL, Phillips BT. ASO Author Reflections: Optimal Timing of Autologous Breast Reconstruction Should Incorporate Patient Perspectives When Balancing the Increased Risks of a Staged Approach. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:2550-2551. [PMID: 36469223 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Shammas
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Brett T Phillips
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA
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Shammas RL, Gordee A, Lee HJ, Sergesketter AR, Scales CD, Hollenbeck ST, Phillips BT. Complications, Costs, and Healthcare Resource Utilization After Staged, Delayed, and Immediate Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction: A Longitudinal, Claims-Based Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:2534-2549. [PMID: 36474094 PMCID: PMC9735033 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of consensus detailing the optimal approach to free-flap breast reconstruction when considering immediate, delayed, or staged techniques. This study compared costs, complications, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) across staged, delayed, and immediate free-flap breast reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective study using MarketScan databases to identify women who underwent mastectomies and free-flap reconstructions between 2014 and 2018. Complications, costs, and HCRU [readmission, reoperation, emergency department (ED) visits] occurring 90 days after mastectomy and 90 days after free flap were compared across immediate, delayed, and staged reconstruction. RESULTS Of 3310 women identified, 69.8% underwent immediate, 11.7% underwent delayed, and 18.5% underwent staged free-flap reconstruction. Staged reconstruction was associated with the highest rate (57.8% staged, 42.3% delayed, 32.0% immediate; p < 0.001) and adjusted relative risk [67% higher than immediate (95% CI: 49-87%; p < 0.001)] of surgical complications. Staged displayed the highest HCRU (staged 47.9%, delayed, 38.4%, immediate 25.2%; p < 0.001), with 16.5%, 30.7%, and 26.5% of staged patients experiencing readmission, reoperation, or ED visit, respectively. The adjusted probability of HCRU was 206% higher (95% CI: 156-266%; p < 0.001) for staged compared with immediate. Staged had the highest mean total cost (staged $106,443, delayed $80,667, immediate $76,756; p < 0.001) with regression demonstrating the adjusted mean cost for staged is 31% higher (95% CI: 23-39%; p < 0.001) when compared with immediate. CONCLUSIONS Staged free-flap reconstruction is associated with increased complications, costs, and HCRU, while immediate demonstrated the lowest. The potential esthetic benefits of a staged approach should be balanced with the increased risk for adverse events after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Shammas
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander Gordee
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Jie Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amanda R Sergesketter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles D Scales
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott T Hollenbeck
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brett T Phillips
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Doherty C, McClure JA, Baxter NN, Brackstone M. Complications From Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy in Patients Undergoing Immediate Breast Reconstruction: A Population-Based Study. Adv Radiat Oncol 2023; 8:101104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Cuffolo G, Pandey A, Windle R, Adams T, Dunne N, Smith B. Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction: An assessment of complications and outcomes in the context of anticipated post-mastectomy radiotherapy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 77:319-327. [PMID: 36610277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The detrimental effects of post-mastectomy radiotherapy on breast reconstruction are well known. We report our experience with a delayed-immediate approach involving an initial subcutaneous implant with definitive reconstruction after adjuvant radiotherapy. METHODS Patients were identified retrospectively from hospital, theatre and implant registry records. Details regarding demographics, cancer pathology, surgical data and oncological therapies were collected. Primary outcomes included complication rates of first-stage surgery and time to definitive reconstruction. RESULTS A total of 115 patients underwent mastectomy and temporary subcutaneous implant (36 nipple sparing) between 2008 and 2019. Five were smokers with eleven having a body mass index > 30. The median age was 46 years (27-76 years) and tumour size 50 mm. Almost 95% underwent radiotherapy, 82% chemotherapy and 70% had axillary node clearance. Median mastectomy weight was 464 g (123-1300 g) with median temporary implant volume 375 cc (180-655 cc). Complications of first-stage surgery at three months included 5.2% implant loss (n = 6), 14.8% infection rate, 17.4% readmission rate and 10.4% returned to theatre. Reconstructive failure occurred in four cases (3.5%). A total of 76 patients completed definitive reconstruction, including 26 autologous, 21 latissimus dorsi with implant, and 28 implant-only reconstructions. The median time to reconstruction following the completion of radiotherapy was 12 months. This increased in those who had implant complications (28 vs. 15 months) or radiotherapy (16 vs. 10 months) versus those without. CONCLUSIONS Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction using a temporary subcutaneous implant has been shown to be a safe, feasible and potentially beneficial method than simple mastectomy and delayed reconstruction with a complication rate comparable to that of immediate implant reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cuffolo
- Department of oncoplastic breast surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, United Kingdom.
| | - Ayushi Pandey
- Department of oncoplastic breast surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Windle
- Department of General Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Titus Adams
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford, OX39DU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Dunne
- Department of oncoplastic breast surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Smith
- Department of oncoplastic breast surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, United Kingdom
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Victoria M, Marie B, Dominique R, Caroline A, Marc-Karim BD, Julien M, Sophie L, Anne-Déborah B. Breast reconstruction and quality of life five years after cancer diagnosis: VICAN French National cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:449-461. [PMID: 35608713 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women with breast cancer (BC) who have a mastectomy may subsequently undergo breast reconstruction (BR). This study aimed to identify (1) factors associated with having BR, (2) factors associated with immediate BR (IBR) and delayed BR (DBR), and (3) associations between no BR, IBR and DBR and physical and mental quality of life (QoL) 5 years after diagnosis. METHODS Analyses were based on data from the national French cancer cohort VICAN, which followed a representative sample of cancer survivors, including BC survivors, for 5 years after diagnosis. BR and BR type (IBR/DBR) were identified using medico-administrative databases. The SF12 scale was used to measure mental and physical QoL. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with BR, and linear models to evaluate associations between BR and BR type with QoL. RESULTS Of the 1192 BC survivors in VICAN, 32.6% (n = 388) had a mastectomy. Among them, 60.1% (n = 233) had BR. Of these, 38.6% (n = 90) and 61.4% (n = 143) had IBR and DBR, respectively. Compared with women who had BR, women who did not were more likely to be older and to have a lower level of health literacy. Compared with women who did not have BR, those with IBR had better mental QoL, while those who had either IBR or DBR had better physical QoL. CONCLUSION Older women and those with inadequate health literacy were less likely to have BR. This may reflect women's preferences, inequalities in care options offered after a mastectomy, and socioeconomic barriers to accessing BR. These issues need further exploration. Furthermore, BR was associated with a better long-term physical QoL. IBR was associated with better mental QoL and should be promoted when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memoli Victoria
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, Cancer Biomedicine & Society Group, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2019, 13009, Marseille, BDR, France
| | - Bannier Marie
- Department of Surgery, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Rey Dominique
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, Cancer Biomedicine & Society Group, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2019, 13009, Marseille, BDR, France
| | | | - Ben Diane Marc-Karim
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, Cancer Biomedicine & Society Group, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2019, 13009, Marseille, BDR, France
| | - Mancini Julien
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, Cancer Biomedicine & Society Group, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2019, 13009, Marseille, BDR, France.
- APHM, BIOSTIC, Hop Timone, Marseille, France.
| | - Lauzier Sophie
- Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Bouhnik Anne-Déborah
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, ISSPAM, Cancer Biomedicine & Society Group, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2019, 13009, Marseille, BDR, France
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Pittelkow E, DeBrock W, Christopher L, Mercho R, Suh LJY, Fisher CS, Hartman B, Lester M, Hassanein AH. Advantages of the Delayed-Immediate Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Extending the Choice. J Reconstr Microsurg 2022; 38:579-584. [PMID: 35135030 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) reconstruction can be performed in an immediate (at time of mastectomy), delayed-immediate (immediate tissue expander followed by staged DIEP), or delayed timing following mastectomy. Avoiding flap radiation is a known benefit of the delayed-immediate approach. The purpose of this study is to evaluate patients who chose DIEP flap as the reconstructive method during initial consultation and compared characteristics of surgery in relation to their final reconstructive choice. METHODS Consecutive patients having breast reconstruction from 2017 to 2019 were divided into three groups: immediate DIEP after mastectomy (Group I); delayed-immediate DIEP with tissue expander first followed by DIEP (Group II); and patients who initially chose delayed-immediate DIEP but later decided on implants for the second stage of reconstruction (Group III). Exclusion criteria were patients that had delayed DIEP (no immediate reconstruction) or had initially chose implant-based reconstruction. RESULTS The study included 59 patients. Unilateral free flaps in Group II had shorter operative times (318 minutes) compared with Group I unilateral free flaps (488 minutes) (p = 0.024). Eleven patients (30.6%) had prophylactic mastectomies in Group I compared with none in Group II (p = 0.004). Patients who had immediate tissue expansion frequently changed their mind from DIEP to implant for second stage reconstruction frequently (52.2%). CONCLUSION Delayed-immediate DIEP reconstruction has several advantages over immediate DIEP flap including shorter free flap operative times. Patients commonly alter their preference for second stage reconstruction. A patient-centered advantage of delayed-immediate reconstruction is prolonging the time for patients to make their choice for the final reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pittelkow
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Will DeBrock
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Laura Christopher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Raphael Mercho
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lily Ji-Yun Suh
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Carla S Fisher
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brett Hartman
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mary Lester
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aladdin H Hassanein
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Christopher AN, Morris MP, Broach RB, Serletti JM. A Comparative Analysis of Immediate and Delayed-immediate Breast Reconstruction after Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021; 38:499-505. [PMID: 34921369 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is an important component in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer. Optimal timing of therapy in relation to autologous breast reconstruction (ABR) remains clinically debated. Herein, we comparatively analyze short- and long-term outcomes between immediate ABR (I-ABR) and delayed-immediate ABR (DI-ABR) in the setting of PMRT. METHODS Adult patients undergoing ABR with PMRT were separated into cohorts based on reconstructive timeline: I-ABR or DI-ABR. The groups were propensity matched 1:1 by age, body mass index, and comorbidities. Surgical site events and long-term clinical outcomes (readmissions, reoperations, and revision procedures) were collected. Univariate analyses were completed using Pearson's chi-squared tests and Fisher's exact tests, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two flaps (66 in each cohort) were identified for inclusion. Patients with I-ABR were more likely to experience fat necrosis (p = 0.034) and skin necrosis (p < 0.001), require additional office visits (p < 0.001) and outpatient surgeries (p = 0.015) to manage complications, and undergo revision surgery after reconstruction (p < 0.001). DI-ABR patients, however, had a 42.4% incidence of complications following tissue expander placement prior to reconstruction, with 16.7% of patients requiring reoperation during this time. Only one patient (I-ABR) experienced flap loss due to a vascular complication. CONCLUSION The complications encountered in both of these groups were not prohibitive to offering either treatment. Patients should be made aware of the specific and unique risks of these reconstruction timelines and involved throughout the entire decision-making process. Plastic surgeons should continue to strive to elucidate innovative approaches that facilitate enhanced quality of life without compromising oncologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne N Christopher
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin P Morris
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robyn B Broach
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph M Serletti
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Dickey RM, Amaya J, Teotia SS, Haddock NT. Influence of Triple-Negative versus Luminal A Breast Cancer Subtype on Choice of Autologous versus Implant-Based Delayed-Immediate Breast Reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021; 39:264-271. [PMID: 34666408 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative (TN) and luminal A breast cancer molecular subtypes have divergent clinical and prognostic characteristics for breast cancer patients. Our study aims to compare the reconstructive choice of these two groups from the time they receive a tissue expander (TE) to the time they complete autologous or implant-based breast reconstruction. METHODS A total of 255 patients who underwent delayed-immediate breast reconstruction with TE placement from 2013 to 2017 diagnosed with either TN (n = 73) or luminal A (n = 182) invasive breast cancer subtype seen by two surgeons at a single institution were identified. Preference of autologous and implant-based reconstruction was analyzed, along with TE complications, race, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, adjuvant therapy, and comorbidities. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the choice of implant- or autologous-based reconstruction among these two groups (p < 0.05). A greater proportion of luminal A patients underwent implant-based reconstruction (63.47%) and a greater proportion of TN patients underwent autologous-based reconstruction (53.13%). With regard to TE outcomes, there was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to duration of TE placement by reconstructive type or TE surgical complications. Significantly, more TN patients underwent radiation therapy (p < 0.01) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p < 0.0001) than luminal A patients. BMI, comorbidities, radiation therapy, and overall TE complications were identified as predictive factors of patients electing for autologous reconstruction over implants. CONCLUSION TN breast cancer patients mostly chose autologous-based reconstruction, while luminal A patients chose implant-based reconstruction. Both patient groups carried their TEs for similar duration with similar complication profile. Radiation therapy is likely a major factor in the decision for the type of delayed-immediate reconstruction among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Dickey
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joshua Amaya
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sumeet S Teotia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicholas T Haddock
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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12
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Li YS, Du JX, Jiang HC, Zhu W. Clinical practice guidelines for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction: Chinese Society of Breast Surgery (CSBrS) practice guidelines 2021. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2272-2274. [PMID: 34561321 PMCID: PMC8509949 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shuang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jun-Xian Du
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Shammas RL, Sergesketter AR, Taskindoust M, Biswas S, Hollenbeck ST, Phillips BT. Assessing the Influence of Failed Implant Reconstruction on Patient Satisfaction and Decision Regret after Salvage Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021; 38:441-450. [PMID: 34425595 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free-flap breast reconstruction after failed implant reconstruction is associated with improved patient outcomes. How the level of satisfaction achieved compares between patients with and without previously failed implant reconstruction remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of prior failed implant-based reconstruction on long-term patient-reported outcomes after free-flap breast reconstruction. METHODS All patients undergoing free-flap breast reconstruction between 2015 and 2019 were identified. Patient satisfaction using the BREAST-Q and decisional regret using the Decision Regret Scale were compared between patients with and without a history of implant breast reconstruction. RESULTS Overall, 207 patients were contacted and 131 completed the BREAST-Q and Decision Regret Scale. A total of 23 patients had a history of failed implant-based reconstruction requiring free-flap-flap salvage, most commonly due to infection (39.1%), chronic pain (34.8%), capsular contracture (26%), and implant malposition (26.1%). Following definitive free-flap reconstruction, patients with prior failed implant reconstruction had significantly lower BREAST-Q scores for satisfaction with breast (61.2 ± 16.7 vs. 70.4 ± 18.7; p = 0.04) and sexual well-being (38.5 ± 18.2 vs. 52.8 ± 24.7; p = 0.01) and reported higher decision regret (19.1 ± 18.6 vs. 9.6 ± 15.6, respectively). There were no significant differences for psychosocial well-being (p = 0.67), physical well-being (chest; p = 0.27), and physical well-being (abdomen; p = 0.91). CONCLUSION A history of failed implant-based reconstruction is associated with reduced satisfaction and increased decision regret with the final reconstructive outcome. This data underscores the importance of appropriate patient selection at the initial consultation, and informed preoperative counseling regarding long-term outcomes in patients presenting for free-flap reconstruction after a failed implant-based reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Shammas
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda R Sergesketter
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mahsa Taskindoust
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sonali Biswas
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott T Hollenbeck
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brett T Phillips
- Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
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A Comparison of Surgical Complications in Patients Undergoing Delayed versus Staged Tissue-Expander and Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:501-509. [PMID: 34270511 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing mastectomy may not be candidates for immediate free-flap breast reconstruction because of medical comorbidities or postmastectomy radiation therapy. In this setting, flap reconstruction may be intentionally delayed or staged with tissue expander placement ("delayed-immediate" reconstruction). The optimal reconstructive choice and incidence of complications for these approaches remain unclear. METHODS The authors retrospectively identified patients who underwent delayed [n = 140 (72 percent)] or staged [n = 54 (28 percent)] abdominal free-flap breast reconstruction between 2010 and 2018 and compared the incidence of postoperative complications. RESULTS Patients undergoing staged reconstruction had a higher overall incidence of perioperative complications, including surgical-site infection (40.7 percent versus 6.5 percent; p < 0.001), wound healing complications (29.6 percent versus 12.3 percent; p = 0.004), hematoma (11.1 percent versus 0.7 percent; p < 0.001), and return to the operating room (27.8 percent versus 4.4 percent; p < 0.0001). These complications occurred predominately during the expansion stage, resulting in an 18.5 percent (n = 10) rate of tissue expander failure. Mean time from mastectomy to flap reconstruction was 476.8 days (delayed, 536.4 days; staged, 322.4 days; p < 0.001). At the time of flap reconstruction, there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the staged cohort versus the delayed cohort, including microsurgical complications (1.9 percent versus 4.3 percent; p = 0.415), total flap loss (0 percent versus 2.1 percent; p = 0.278), or fat necrosis (5.6 percent versus 5.0 percent; p = 0.875). CONCLUSIONS The aesthetic and psychosocial benefits of staged free-flap breast reconstruction should be balanced with the increased risk of perioperative complications as compared to a delayed approach. Complications related to definitive flap reconstruction do not appear to be affected by the approach taken at the time of mastectomy. . CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
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15
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O'Donnell JPM, Murphy D, Ryan ÉJ, Gasior SA, Sugrue R, O'Neill BL, Boland MR, Lowery AJ, Kerin MJ, McInerney NM. Optimal reconstructive strategies in the setting of post-mastectomy radiotherapy - A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2021; 47:2797-2806. [PMID: 34301444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A third of breast cancer patients require mastectomy. In some high-risk cases postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is indicated, threatening reconstructive complications. Several PMRT and reconstruction combinations are used. Autologous flap (AF) reconstruction may be immediate (AF→PMRT), delayed-immediate with tissue expander (TE [TE→PMRT→AF]) or delayed (PMRT→AF). Implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) includes immediate TE followed by PMRT and conversion to permanent implant (PI [TE→PMRT→PI]), delayed TE insertion (PMRT→TE→PI), and prosthetic implant conversion prior to PMRT (TE→PI→PMRT). AIM Perform a network metanalysis (NMA) assessing optimal sequencing of PMRT and reconstructive type. METHODS A systematic review and NMA was performed according to PRISMA-NMA guidelines. NMA was conducted using R packages netmeta and Shiny. RESULTS 16 studies from 4182 identified, involving 2322 reconstructions over three decades, met predefined inclusion criteria. Studies demonstrated moderate heterogeneity. Multiple comparisons combining direct and indirect evidence established AF-PMRT as the optimal approach to avoid reconstructive failure, compared with IBBR strategies (versus PMRT→TE→PI; OR [odds ratio] 0.10, CrI [95% credible interval] 0.02 to 0.55; versus TE→PMRT→PI; OR 0.13, CrI 0.02 to 0.75; versus TE→PI→PMRT OR 0.24, CrI 0.05 to 1.05). PMRT→AF best avoided infection, demonstrating significant improvement versus PMRT→TE→PI alone (OR 0.12, CrI 0.02 to 0.88). Subgroup analysis of IBBR found TE→PI→PMRT reduced failure rates (OR 0.35, CrI 0.15-0.81) compared to other IBBR strategies but increased capsular contracture. CONCLUSION Immediate AF reconstruction is associated with reduced failure in the setting of PMRT. However, optimal reconstructive strategy depends on patient, surgeon and institutional factors. If IBBR is chosen, complication rates decrease if performed prior to PMRT. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD 42020157077.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P M O'Donnell
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland.
| | - D Murphy
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - É J Ryan
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - S A Gasior
- University of Limerick School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - R Sugrue
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - B Lane O'Neill
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - M R Boland
- Department of Surgery, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A J Lowery
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M J Kerin
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - N M McInerney
- Department of Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
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Shammas RL, Sergesketter AR, Taskindoust M, Glener AD, Cason RW, Hollins A, Atia AN, Mundy LR, Hollenbeck ST. An Assessment of Patient Satisfaction and Decisional Regret in Patients Undergoing Staged Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:S538-S544. [PMID: 34100812 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the setting of radiation therapy or significant medical comorbidities, free-flap breast reconstruction may be intentionally delayed or staged with tissue expander placement ("delayed-immediate" approach). The effect of a staged approach on patient satisfaction and decisional regret remains unclear. METHODS All patients undergoing free-flap breast reconstruction (n = 334) between 2014 and 2019 were identified. Complication rates, patient satisfaction using the BREAST-Q, and decisional regret using the Decision Regret Scale were compared between patients undergoing immediate, delayed, and staged approaches. RESULTS Overall, 100 patients completed the BREAST-Q and Decision Regret Scale. BREAST-Q scores for psychosocial well-being (P = 0.19), sexual well-being (P = 0.26), satisfaction with breast (P = 0.28), physical well-being (chest, P = 0.49), and physical well-being (abdomen, P = 0.42) did not significantly vary between patients undergoing delayed, staged, or immediate reconstruction. Overall, patients experienced low regret after reconstruction (mean score, 11.5 ± 17.1), and there was no significant difference in regret scores by reconstruction timing (P = 0.09). Compared with normative BREAST-Q data, unlike immediate and delayed approaches, staged reconstruction was associated with lower sexual well-being (P = 0.006). Furthermore, a significantly higher infection rate was seen among staged patients (immediate 0%, delayed 5%, staged 20%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Staged free-flap breast reconstruction confers similar long-term satisfaction and decisional regret as immediate and delayed reconstruction but may be associated with worsened sexual well-being, when compared with normative data, and an increased risk of surgical site infection. When counseling patients regarding the timing of reconstruction, it is important to weigh these risks in the context of equivalent long-term satisfaction and decisional regret between immediate, delayed, and staged approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie L Shammas
- From the Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
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17
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Patel AA, Arquette CP, Yesantharao PS, Borrelli MR, Broderick KP, Cheesborough JE, Lee GK, Nazerali RS. Examining the Effects of Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy in Prepectoral Versus Subpectoral Autologous Breast Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:S390-S394. [PMID: 33976068 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is known to increase the risk of multiple adverse outcomes after breast reconstruction. In the context of delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction, PMRT is typically conducted after placement of subpectoral (SP) tissue expanders. With the re-emergence of prepectoral (PP) reconstruction, there are little data assessing the outcomes of PP reconstruction in breasts receiving PMRT. We compared postoperative outcomes of PMRT patients undergoing delayed-immediate, autologous breast reconstruction with placement of tissue expanders in either the PP or SP plane. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on all consecutive patients who underwent delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction and received PMRT at either the Stanford University or the Johns Hopkins University Hospitals between January 2009 and December 2018. Demographics, comorbidities, perioperative information, and oncologic data were collected for all patients. Complications were collected and analyzed after stage 1 surgery, between 30 days of stage 1 and up to stage 2 surgery, and after stage 2 surgery. Multivariable regressions were used to determine predictors of 1 or more complications. RESULTS A total of 71 patients (73 breasts) were included. Prepectoral reconstruction comprised of 52.2% of the cohort, and the remaining 47.8% were SP reconstructions. Demographics and comorbidities were similar between groups, except for premastectomy radiation, which was more prevalent in the PP cohort (P = 0.010). Complications were similar between cohorts after stage 1 surgery (P = 0.420), between stages 1 and 2 (P = 0.100), and after stage 2 (P = 0.570). There were higher rates of skin necrosis in the SP cohort between stages 1 and 2 (PP: 2.6%, SP: 20%, P = 0.004). Multivariable analysis revealed body mass index to be the only predictor of complication (P = 0.041). The mean number of revisionary surgeries was higher in the SP cohort (PP: 0.8 vs SP: 1.9, P = 0.002). The mean follow-up was 385.5 days and similar between groups (P = 0.870). CONCLUSIONS Rates of overall complication were similar between PP and SP expander placement. However, in SP reconstructions, skin necrosis was significantly higher between stages 1 and 2. The patients in the SP cohort also underwent a greater number of revisionary surgeries, although overall rates of pursuing any revisionary surgery were similar between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Patel
- From the College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Connor P Arquette
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Pooja S Yesantharao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kristen P Broderick
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer E Cheesborough
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Gordon K Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Rahim S Nazerali
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
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Chidley P, Foroudi F, Tacey M, Khor R, Yeh J, Bevington E, Hyett A, Loh SW, Chew G, McCracken J, Neoh D, Yeo B, Baker C, Jassal S, Law M, Zantuck N, Cokelek M, Guerrieri M, Brown B, Stoney D, Ng M, Chao M. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally advanced and high-risk breast cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2021; 65:345-353. [PMID: 33821576 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NART) as part of a multi-modality approach for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) requires further investigation. Importantly, this approach may allow for a single-staged surgical procedure, with mastectomy and immediate autologous reconstruction. Multiple other potential benefits of NART include improved pathological downstaging of breast disease, reduced overall treatment time, elimination of time period with breast tissue deficit and improved patient satisfaction. METHODS This is a retrospective multi-institutional review of patients with LABC and high-risk breast disease undergoing NART. Eligible patients sequentially underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) with or without HER2-targeted therapy, NART, followed by mastectomy with immediate autologous breast reconstruction (BR) 4- to 6 weeks post-completion of radiotherapy. Patient and tumour characteristics were analysed using descriptive statistics. Surgical complications were assessed using the Clavien-Dindo Classification (Ann Surg 2004; 240: 205). RESULTS From 3/2013 to 9/2019, 153 patients were treated with NART. The median age was 47 years (IQR 42-52), with median body mass index of 27. Eighteen patients experienced Grade 3 acute surgical complications. This included 13 Grade 3B breast-site events and 9 Grade 3B donor-site events, where further surgical intervention was required for management of wound infection, wound dehiscence, flap or mastectomy skin necrosis, haematoma and internal mammary venous anastomotic thrombosis. No autologous flap loss was observed. CONCLUSION Neoadjuvant radiotherapy facilitates a single-stage surgical procedure with mastectomy and immediate autologous BR, eliminating the delay to reconstructive surgery and thus shortening a woman's breast cancer journey. The findings of this review support the use of NART, with comparable rates of surgical complications to standard sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Chidley
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farshad Foroudi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Tacey
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Khor
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janice Yeh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elaine Bevington
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Hyett
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Su Wen Loh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grace Chew
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCracken
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Neoh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Baker
- St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Law
- Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Margaret Cokelek
- Genesis Care Victoria, Ringwood Private Hospital, Ringwood East, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mario Guerrieri
- Genesis Care Victoria, Ringwood Private Hospital, Ringwood East, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael Ng
- Genesis Care Victoria, Ringwood Private Hospital, Ringwood East, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Chao
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Eastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Genesis Care Victoria, Ringwood Private Hospital, Ringwood East, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Hershenhouse KS, Bick K, Shauly O, Kondra K, Ye J, Gould DJ, Patel KM. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate versus delayed autologous breast reconstruction in the setting of post-mastectomy adjuvant radiation therapy". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:931-944. [PMID: 33423976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate post-mastectomy autologous breast reconstruction in breast cancer patients requiring post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) minimizes the number of operations that patients must undergo and alleviates the psychological impact of living without a breast. However, the safety and impact of radiation on the reconstructed breast remains to be established. This study aimed to compare immediate versus delayed autologous reconstruction in the setting of PMRT to determine the optimal sequencing of reconstruction and adjuvant radiation. METHODS A systematic review of the literature identified 292 studies meeting criteria for full-text review, 44 of which underwent meta-analysis. This represented data on 1,927 immediate reconstruction (IR) patients and 1,546 delayed reconstruction (DR) patients (3,473 total patients). Early complications included flap loss, fat necrosis, thrombosis, seroma, hematoma, infection, and skin dehiscence. Late complications included fibrosis or contracture, severe asymmetry, hyperpigmentation, and decreased flap volume. RESULTS Immediate breast reconstruction did not demonstrate significantly increased complication rates. Reported mean complication rates in IR versus DR groups, respectively, were fat necrosis 14.91% and 8.12% (p = 0.076), flap loss 0.99% and 1.80% (p = 0.295), hematoma 1.91% and 1.14% (p = 0.247), infection 11.66% and 4.68% (p = 0.155), and thrombosis 1.51% and 3.36% (p = 0.150). Seroma rates were significantly lower in the immediate cohort at 2.69% versus 10.57% in the delayed cohort (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION Complication rates are comparable between immediate and delayed breast reconstruction in the setting of PMRT. Given the patient benefits incurred by an IR algorithm, immediate autologous breast reconstruction should be considered as a viable treatment option in patients requiring PMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Bick
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Orr Shauly
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katelyn Kondra
- Department of Surgery, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason Ye
- Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ketan M Patel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck Hospital of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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20
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Is Tissue Expansion Worth It? Comparative Outcomes of Skin-preserving versus Delayed Autologous Breast Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e3217. [PMID: 33299693 PMCID: PMC7722539 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The requirement for postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) at the time of mastectomy is often unknown. Autologous reconstruction is preferred in the setting of radiotherapy by providing healthy vascularized tissue to the chest. To maximize mastectomy skin preservation, tissue expander (TE) placement maintains the breast pocket until definitive reconstruction. This study aims to compare outcomes of skin-preserving delayed versus standard delayed autologous breast reconstruction in the setting of PMRT. Methods: A retrospective review of a prospective database was performed of two patient cohorts at a single center between 2006 and 2016. Inclusion criteria were locally advanced breast cancer patients who completed PMRT and free autologous reconstruction. Primary outcomes were major intraoperative and postoperative TE and flap complications. Results: Over 10 years, 241 patients underwent mastectomy and PMRT. Standard delayed autologous breast reconstruction was performed in 131 breasts (non-TE group). Skin-preserving delayed autologous reconstruction was performed in 113 breasts (TE group). The TE group was associated with a higher incidence of intraoperative complications during flap reconstruction (P = 0.002) and had a higher venous thrombosis incidence than the non-TE cohort (P = 0.007). Other major postoperative complications were not significantly different between the two groups. TE patients had 7.5 times higher risk of intraoperative complications and an 18.6% TE loss rate. Conclusions: We identified higher intraoperative flap complications and a high rate of TE loss in patients who underwent skin-preserving delayed autologous breast reconstruction. The benefit of mastectomy skin preservation needs to be weighed against the increased risk of TE loss and higher rates of flap thrombosis.
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21
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Wagner RD, Hamilton KL, Doval AF, Spiegel AJ. How to Maximize Aesthetics in Autologous Breast Reconstruction. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:S45-S54. [PMID: 33202010 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With continuous technical and functional advances in the field of breast reconstruction, there is now a greater focus on the artistry and aesthetic aspects of autologous reconstruction. Whereas once surgeons were most concerned with flap survival and vessel patency, they are now dedicated to reconstructing a similarly or even more aesthetically pleasing breast than before tumor resection. We discuss the approach to shaping the breast through the footprint, conus, and skin envelope. We then discuss how donor site aesthetics can be optimized through flap design, scar management, and umbilical positioning. Each patient has a different perception of their ideal breast appearance, and through conversation and counseling, realistic goals can be set to reach optimal aesthetic outcomes in breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Wagner
- Residents, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kristy L Hamilton
- Residents, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Aldona J Spiegel
- Institute for Reconstructive Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
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22
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Delayed, two-staged autologous breast reconstruction: an approach to improving delayed reconstructive outcomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-020-01668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Dyrberg DL, Gunnarsson GL, Bille C, Sørensen JA, Thomsen JB. Direct-to-Implant Extracellular Matrix Hammock-based Breast Reconstruction; Prepectoral or Subpectoral? Trials 2020; 21:160. [PMID: 32041661 PMCID: PMC7011213 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate implant-based breast reconstruction is a commonly used treatment for breast cancer. However, when placing the implant in a subpectoral pocket, a high incidence of breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported. Besides the nuisance that BAD can cause, lifting of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) can result in a more extended postoperative recovery period. When placing the implant solely prepectorally leaving the PMM undisturbed, the incidence and severity of BAD might be mitigated. However, new challenges may occur because of thinner skin cover. METHODS/DESIGN A prospective, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial will be carried out with the primary aim of assessing and comparing the incidence and degree of BAD in women having a direct-to-implant breast reconstruction with either a prepectorally or a subpectorally placed implant. The secondary outcomes are shoulder and arm function, quality of life, aesthetic evaluation, length of stay, complications, need for surgical corrections, and development of capsular contracture. A total of 70 included patients will be followed under admittance and at clinical check-ups 3 months and 1 year after surgery. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this trial is the first randomised controlled trial evaluating and comparing subpectoral and prepectoral implant placement when performing direct-to-implant breast reconstruction following skin-sparing mastectomy. The results will hopefully provide us with a broader knowledge of the outcomes of immediate breast reconstruction, making better preoperative planning possible in the future by providing our patients with a more objective information. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03143335. Prospectively registered on 8 May 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Dyrberg
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense/ Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Sdr Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Camilla Bille
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens A Sørensen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørn B Thomsen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense/ Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Sdr Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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A Clinical Algorithm for Breast Cancer Patients: Exploring Reconstructive Options after Radiation. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-019-00344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Practical Applications of Delayed-Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Flexible and Safe Operative Strategy. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 80:S299-S302. [PMID: 29620551 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timing is an important consideration in patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. While immediate reconstruction results in superior aesthetic outcomes, the need for postmastectomy radiation can often only be ascertained after review of surgical pathology. Delayed-immediate autologous reconstruction (DIAR) is a reconstructive approach that consists of mastectomy with tissue expander placement in the first stage and flap-based breast reconstruction in the second stage. We describe our institution's experience with DIAR to characterize the reasons in which patients opt for this reconstructive approach and analyze its ultimate outcomes. METHODS We conducted an institutional review board-approved retrospective chart review of all consecutive patients undergoing DIAR performed by the senior author from 2007 to 2016. Data gathered included demographics, operative techniques, and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS In our study, 17 patients and 26 breasts underwent DIAR. Seven patients initially planned for and eventually underwent DIAR. Ten patients initially planned for implant-based reconstructions but ultimately underwent DIAR instead. Flap types included deep inferior epigastric perforator (n = 6), superficial inferior epigastric artery (n = 2), and muscle-sparing free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (n = 18). The mean time between mastectomy and reconstruction was 208 days. Complications included tissue expander infection, vascular compromise, abscess formation, hematoma, and skin necrosis. CONCLUSIONS The delayed-immediate approach allows for breast reconstruction with aesthetic and psychosocial benefits, while enabling postmastectomy radiation in patients with advanced disease. We describe modifications to DIAR, including use of a flap skin paddle and prolonged time between stages, which allow for broader applicability. We show that DIAR accommodates a range of patient preferences with few complications.
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Analysis of Aesthetic Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction After Delayed-Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 80:S303-S307. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Optimizing Aesthetic Outcomes in Delayed Breast Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1447. [PMID: 28894666 PMCID: PMC5585439 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: The need to restore both the missing breast volume and breast surface area makes achieving excellent aesthetic outcomes in delayed breast reconstruction especially challenging. Autologous breast reconstruction can be used to achieve both goals. The aim of this study was to identify surgical maneuvers that can optimize aesthetic outcomes in delayed breast reconstruction. Methods: This is a retrospective review of operative and clinical records of all patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral delayed breast reconstruction with autologous tissue between April 2014 and January 2017. Three groups of delayed breast reconstruction patients were identified based on patient characteristics. Results: A total of 26 flaps were successfully performed in 17 patients. Key surgical maneuvers for achieving aesthetically optimal results were identified. A statistically significant difference for volume requirements was identified in cases where a delayed breast reconstruction and a contralateral immediate breast reconstruction were performed simultaneously. Conclusions: Optimal aesthetic results can be achieved with: (1) restoration of breast skin envelope with tissue expansion when possible, (2) optimal positioning of a small skin paddle to be later incorporated entirely into a nipple areola reconstruction when adequate breast skin surface area is present, (3) limiting the reconstructed breast mound to 2 skin tones when large area skin resurfacing is required, (4) increasing breast volume by deepithelializing, not discarding, the inferior mastectomy flap skin, (5) eccentric division of abdominal flaps when an immediate and delayed bilateral breast reconstructions are performed simultaneously; and (6) performing second-stage breast reconstruction revisions and fat grafting.
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Dayicioglu D, Tugertimur B, Zemina K, Dallarosa J, Killebrew S, Wilson A, Atisha D, Khakpour N. Vertical Mastectomy Incision in Implant Breast Reconstruction After Skin Sparing Mastectomy: Advantages and Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 76 Suppl 4:S290-4. [PMID: 27187251 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type of since skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) incision directly impacts the final aesthetic and functional results of reconstruction. Different incisions are used for SSM depending on tumor location, previous biopsy scars, breast weight, and ptosis degree. A vertical scar is less visible to the patient, reminiscent of a mastopexy, and patients may not have the stigma of mastectomy. OBJECTIVE This study investigates complication rates, patient demographics, patient reported outcomes, and plastic surgeon evaluations to compare vertical incision mastectomy to other incisions. METHODS After institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review was performed. A total population of 167 patients that underwent mastectomy with tissue expander reconstruction was separated into vertical incision and nonvertical incision mastectomy groups consisting of 38 and 129 patients, respectively. Patient demographics, complications, tumor margins, staging, breast weight, and breast implant volume were compared. BREASTQ Survey analysis was conducted using patient reported outcomes from the patient's perspective. Aesthetic evaluations of postoperative photos were systematically scored by plastic surgeons to obtain data from the plastic surgeon's perspective. RESULTS Vertical incision orientation did not increase surgical complication rates or mastectomy skin necrosis (P = 0.142). Vertical incisions did not interfere with obtaining adequate tumor margins (P = 0.907). Vertical incisions did not have a significantly different breast weight or implant volume. There was no statistical difference for patient satisfaction or plastic surgeon aesthetic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The use of vertical incision does not increase complication rates; does not interfere with tumor margins; and can be applied to all age, BMI, breast weight, and breast implant volume groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Dayicioglu
- From the *Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; †University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; and ‡Moffitt Cancer Center, Center for Women's Oncology, Tampa, FL
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Patient-centered outcomes of breast reconstruction in the setting of post-mastectomy radiotherapy: A comprehensive review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017; 70:768-780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Complications After Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction for Breast Cancer: A Claims-Based Analysis. Ann Surg 2016; 263:219-27. [PMID: 25876011 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate complications after postmastectomy breast reconstruction, particularly in the setting of adjuvant radiotherapy. BACKGROUND Most studies of complications after breast reconstruction have been conducted at centers of excellence; relatively little is known about complication rates in irradiated patients treated in the broader community. This information is relevant for decision making in patients with breast cancer. METHODS Using the claims-based MarketScan database, we described complications in 14,894 women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer from 1998 to 2007 and who underwent immediate autologous reconstruction (n = 2637), immediate implant-based reconstruction (n = 3007), or no reconstruction within the first 2 postoperative years (n = 9250). We used a generalized estimating equation to evaluate associations between complications and radiotherapy over time. RESULTS Wound complications were diagnosed within the first 2 postoperative years in 2.3% of patients without reconstruction, 4.4% patients with implants, and 9.5% patients with autologous reconstruction (P < 0.001). Infection was diagnosed within the first 2 postoperative years in 12.7% of patients without reconstruction, 20.5% with implants, and 20.7% with autologous reconstruction (P < 0.001). A total of 5219 (35%) women received radiation. Radiation was not associated with infection in any surgical group within the first 6 months but was associated with an increased risk of infection in months 7 to 24 in all 3 groups (each P < 0.001). In months 7 to 24, radiation was associated with higher odds of implant removal in patients with implant reconstruction (odds ratio = 1.48; P < 0.001) and fat necrosis in those with autologous reconstruction (odds ratio = 1.55; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Complication risks after immediate breast reconstruction differ by approach. Radiation therapy seems to modestly increase certain risks, including infection and implant removal.
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Should We Excise Native Breast Skin Envelope to Achieve Symmetric Scars in Bilateral Autologous Breast Reconstruction?--A Survey of Surgeon and Patient Preference. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76 Suppl 3:S175-8. [PMID: 26954739 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the multiple possible scar patterns in autologous breast reconstruction and combinations of such patterns in bilateral reconstruction, the present study aimed to determine the importance of scar symmetry in achieving aesthetically pleasing results. METHODS A survey was administered to 128 participants including plastic surgeons and female breast reconstruction patients. In part A of the survey, participants were provided with photos of bilateral autologous breast reconstructions, and scar placement was varied to represent bilateral (1) immediate, (2) delayed symmetric, (3) delayed asymmetric, and (4) a mixture of immediate and delayed free flap reconstructions. Participants were asked to rank the photos in order of best to worst aesthetic outcome. In part B, pairs of the same reconstruction before and after nipple-areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction were presented, and participants were asked to assign a score to each photo according to aesthetic outcome. RESULTS In part A, immediate reconstructions that included the smallest flap skin paddles ranked best among 52.5% ± 30% of participants, followed by delayed symmetric reconstructions that ranked best in 46.7% ± 29.6%. Mixed reconstructions ranked worst among 53.6% ± 37.6% of participants, followed by delayed asymmetric reconstructions (42.5% ± 37.9%). When NAC reconstruction was added to 1 set of the photos in part A, the same immediate reconstruction was ranked best, a significantly higher proportion of the time (36.3% increase, P < 0.001). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in top ranking for the delayed symmetric reconstruction (37.9% decrease, P < 0.001). In part B, addition of NAC increased each reconstruction's score by an average of 1.36 points on a 5-point scale with patients citing less improvement between the conditions (0.93 ± 0.03) than plastic surgeons (1.13 ± 0.49) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS More symmetric breast scars led to higher aesthetic ranking of bilateral autologous breast reconstructions. Participants in our survey preferred symmetric scars, even if achieving such a scar pattern would require excision of native breast skin and inclusion of more flap skin. Furthermore, NAC reconstruction alone improves aesthetic outcome, and improvement was most notable among immediate reconstructions.
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El-Sabawi B, Carey JN, Hagopian TM, Sbitany H, Patel KM. Radiation and breast reconstruction: Algorithmic approach and evidence-based outcomes. J Surg Oncol 2016; 113:906-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassim El-Sabawi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Joseph N. Carey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Thomas M. Hagopian
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Hani Sbitany
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Ketan M. Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
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Voineskos SH, Frank SG, Cordeiro PG. Breast reconstruction following conservative mastectomies: predictors of complications and outcomes. Gland Surg 2015; 4:484-96. [PMID: 26645003 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2015.04.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast reconstruction can be performed using a variety of techniques, most commonly categorized into an alloplastic approach or an autologous tissue method. Both strategies have certain risk factors that influence reconstructive outcomes and complication rates. In alloplastic breast reconstruction, surgical outcomes and complication rates are negatively impacted by radiation, smoking, increased body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and prior breast conserving therapy. Surgical factors such as the type of implant material, undergoing immediate breast reconstruction, and the use of fat grafting can improve patient satisfaction and aesthetic outcomes. In autologous breast reconstruction, radiation, increased BMI, certain previous abdominal surgery, smoking, and delayed reconstruction are associated with higher complication rates. Though a pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap is the most common type of flap used for autologous breast reconstruction, pedicled TRAMs are more likely to be associated with fat necrosis than a free TRAM or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap. Fat grafting can also be used to improve aesthetic outcomes in autologous reconstruction. This article focuses on factors, both patient and surgical, that are predictors of complications and outcomes in breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles H Voineskos
- 1 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 2 Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOURCE), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ; 3 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Simon G Frank
- 1 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 2 Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOURCE), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ; 3 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Peter G Cordeiro
- 1 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 2 Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOURCE), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ; 3 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Sanati-Mehrizy P, Massenburg BB, Rozehnal JM, Gupta N, Rosa JH, Ingargiola MJ, Taub PJ. A Comparison of Postoperative Outcomes in Immediate Versus Delayed Reconstruction After Mastectomy. EPLASTY 2015; 15:e44. [PMID: 26483861 PMCID: PMC4594228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of various postoperative complications in patients undergoing either immediate or delayed breast reconstruction after mastectomy for malignancy. METHODS The ACS-NSQIP 2005-2012 database was queried for patients who underwent mastectomy for the treatment of breast malignancy. These mastectomy cases were then stratified, generating "mastectomy alone" and "mastectomy with immediate reconstruction" cohorts. Database analysis also identified "delayed-reconstruction" oncologic patients. All patients undergoing reconstruction were then stratified into the tissue expander/implant or flap-based reconstruction group. The frequency of postoperative complications was assessed. A multiplicative risk model was used to calculate the probability of postoperative complications after undergoing a mastectomy alone, followed by reconstruction on a different date. These values were compared with the frequency of postoperative complications in the "mastectomy with immediate reconstruction" cohort, and 1-sample binomial tests were performed to determine statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 49,450 cases that underwent either mastectomy alone (n = 30,226), mastectomy with immediately tissue expander/implant reconstruction (n = 13,513), mastectomy with immediate flap reconstruction (n = 2854), delayed tissue expander/implant reconstruction (n = 2047), or delayed flap reconstruction (n = 810) were identified. When compared with a delayed reconstructive model, immediate reconstruction after mastectomy was associated with increased flap or tissue expander/implant failure. However, delayed reconstructive modalities were associated with increased postoperative medical and surgical complications. Finally, in flap-based reconstruction, the incidence of return to the operating room was higher in delayed reconstruction than in immediate reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of complications associated with each reconstructive modality will allow both surgeons and patients to effectively decide upon reconstructive options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonatan Hernandez Rosa
- cDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Michael J. Ingargiola
- cDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Peter J. Taub
- cDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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El-Sabawi B, Sosin M, Carey JN, Nahabedian MY, Patel KM. Breast reconstruction and adjuvant therapy: A systematic review of surgical outcomes. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112:458-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassim El-Sabawi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Michael Sosin
- Department of Surgery; Medstar Georgetown University Hospital; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Joseph N. Carey
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
| | - Maurice Y. Nahabedian
- Department of Plastic Surgery; Georgetown University; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Ketan M. Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Los Angeles California
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