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Uchida S, Sugino T. ERBB2-Mutant Gastrointestinal Tumors Represent Heterogeneous Molecular Biology, Particularly in Microsatellite Instability, Tumor Mutation Burden, and Co-Mutated Genes: An In Silico Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7404-7416. [PMID: 37754252 PMCID: PMC10528499 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During recent years, activating mutations in ERBB2 have been reported in solid tumors of various organs, and clinical trials targeting ERBB2-mutant tumors have been conducted. However, no effective treatment has been established for gastrointestinal tumors targeting ERBB2 mutations. ERBB2-mutant tumors have a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) than ERBB2 non-mutant tumors, but not all ERBB2-mutant tumors are TMB- and MSI-high. Thus, a more detailed classification of ERBB2-mutant tumors based on the underlying molecular mechanisms is required. Herein, we classified ERBB2 mutations into three groups-group 1: both ERBB2 mutations and amplifications; group 2: ERBB2 mutations annotated as putative driver mutations but without amplifications; group 3: ERBB2 mutations annotated as non-driver mutations (passenger mutations or unknown significance) and those that were not amplified in gastrointestinal tumors. Esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer presented significantly higher MSI and TMB in the ERBB2-mutant group than in the ERBB2-wild-type group. The proportions of TMB- and MSI-high tumors and frequency of co-mutated downstream genes differed among the groups. We identified TMB- and MSI-high groups; this classification is considered important for guiding the selection of drugs for ERBB2-mutant tumors with downstream genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Uchida
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Kikuna Memorial Hospital, 4-4-27, Kikuna, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-0011, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan;
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan;
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Gaibar M, Beltrán L, Romero-Lorca A, Fernández-Santander A, Novillo A. Somatic Mutations in HER2 and Implications for Current Treatment Paradigms in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:6375956. [PMID: 32256585 PMCID: PMC7081042 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6375956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In one of every four or five cases of breast cancer, the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) gene is overexpressed. These carcinomas are known as HER2-positive. HER2 overexpression is linked to an aggressive phenotype and a lower rate of disease-free and overall survival. Drugs such as trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, neratinib, and the more recent afatinib target the deregulation of HER2 expression. Some authors have attributed somatic mutations in HER2, a role in resistance to anti-HER2 therapy as differential regulation of HER2 has been observed among patients. Recently, studies in metastatic ER + tumors suggest that some HER2 mutations emerge as a mechanism of acquired resistance to endocrine therapy. In an effort to identify possible biomarkers of the efficacy of anti-HER2 therapy, we here review the known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HER2 gene found in HER2-positive breast cancer patients and their relationship with clinical outcomes. Information was recompiled on 11 somatic HER2 SNPs. Seven polymorphisms are located in the tyrosine kinase domain region of the gene contrasting with the low number of mutations found in extracellular and transmembrane areas. HER2-positive patients carrying S310F, S310Y, R678Q, D769H, or I767M mutations seem good candidates for anti-HER2 therapy as they show favorable outcomes and a good response to current pharmacological treatments. Carrying the L755S or D769Y mutation could also confer benefits when receiving neratinib or afatinib. By contrast, patients with mutations L755S, V842I, K753I, or D769Y do not seem to benefit from trastuzumab. Resistance to lapatinib has been reported in patients with L755S, V842I, and K753I. These data suggest that exploring HER2 SNPs in each patient could help individualize anti-HER2 therapies. Advances in our understanding of the genetics of the HER2 gene and its relations with the efficacy of anti-HER2 treatments are needed to improve the outcomes of patients with this aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaibar
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Beltrán
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Romero-Lorca
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Santander
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Apolonia Novillo
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Yang ZY, Yang L, Xu CW, Wang XJ, Lei L. An insertion mutation of ERBB2 enhances breast cancer cell growth and confers resistance to lapatinib through AKT signaling pathway. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio.047662. [PMID: 31980423 PMCID: PMC6994922 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, some breast cancer (BC) patients carry a rare ERBB2 in-frame insertion (p. Pro780_Tyr781insGlySerPro) and are resistant to anti-ERBB2 therapy. To explore the potential procarcinogenic role of this ERBB2 mutation, we conducted the present study using BC cells overexpressing wild-type (WT) ERBB2 or P780-Y781 ERBB2 [mutated (MT)]. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were transfected with the following plasmids using a lentivirus system: negative control (ERBB2-NC), WT ERBB2 overexpression (ERBB2-WT), and P780-Y781 ERBB2 overexpression (ERBB2-MT). P780-Y781 ERBB2 conferred significant resistance to lapatinib, as assessed by cell viability and colony counts. Analysis of the cell cycle showed that the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group showed an elevated proportion of cells in S, G2, and M phases compared with WT ERBB2 when exposed to lapatinib. Following lapatinib treatment, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) was strongly upregulated in the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group. Among ERBB2+ patients, the P780-Y781 ERBB2 group showed increased levels of p-AKT. Furthermore, the AKT inhibitor perifosine effectively suppressed lapatinib resistance, as indicated by the lapatinib inhibition curve and results of the colony formation assay, and decreased AKT phosphorylation. Altogether, we discovered a procarcinogenic mutation of ERBB2 that enhances BC cell growth through AKT signaling and causes resistance to lapatinib. Patients with this in-frame insertion mutation of ERBB2 should be recommended other therapeutic strategies apart from ERBB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in particular lapatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yan Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shanghai Dunlu Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd. Shanghai 201611, China
| | - Chun-Wei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian Medical University. No. 420, Fuma Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. No.1 Banshan East Street, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital. No.1 Banshan East Street, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Subramanian J, Katta A, Masood A, Vudem DR, Kancha RK. Emergence of ERBB2 Mutation as a Biomarker and an Actionable Target in Solid Cancers. Oncologist 2019; 24:e1303-e1314. [PMID: 31292270 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic role ERBB2 amplification is well established in breast and gastric cancers. This has led to the development of a well-known portfolio of monoclonal antibodies and kinase inhibitors targeting the ERBB2 kinase. More recently, activating mutations in the ERBB2 gene have been increasingly reported in multiple solid cancers and were shown to play an oncogenic role similar to that of ERBB2 amplification. Thus, ERBB2 mutations define a distinct molecular subtype of solid tumors and serve as actionable targets. However, efforts to target ERBB2 mutation has met with limited clinical success, possibly because of their low frequency, inadequate understanding of the biological activity of these mutations, and difficulty in separating the drivers from the passenger mutations. Given the current impetus to deliver molecularly targeted treatments for cancer, there is an important need to understand the therapeutic potential of ERBB2 mutations. Here we review the distribution of ERBB2 mutations in different tumor types, their potential as a novel biomarker that defines new subsets in many cancers, and current data on preclinical and clinical efforts to target these mutations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: A current trend in oncology is to identify novel genomic drivers of solid tumors and developing precision treatments that target them. ERBB2 amplification is an established therapeutic target in breast and gastric cancers, but efforts to translate this finding to other solid tumors with ERBB2 amplification have not been effective. Recently the focus has turned to targeting activating ERBB2 mutations. The year 2018 marked an important milestone in establishing ERBB2 mutation as an important actionable target in multiple cancer types. There have been several recent preclinical and clinical studies evaluating ERBB2 mutation as a therapeutic target with varying success. With increasing access to next-generation sequencing technologies in the clinic, oncologists are frequently identifying activating ERBB2 mutations in patients with cancer. There is a significant need both from the clinician and bench scientist perspectives to understand the current state of affairs for ERBB2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janakiraman Subramanian
- Division of Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Center for Precision Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Archana Katta
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashiq Masood
- Division of Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Center for Precision Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Dashavantha Reddy Vudem
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kancha
- Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Cocco E, Lopez S, Santin AD, Scaltriti M. Prevalence and role of HER2 mutations in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:188-196. [PMID: 30951733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HER2 activating mutations act as oncogenic drivers in various cancer types. In the clinic, they can be identified by next generation sequencing (NGS) in either tumor biopsies or circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Preclinical data indicate that HER2 "hot spot" mutations are constitutively active, have transforming capacity in vitro and in vivo and show variable sensitivity to anti-HER2 based therapies. Recent clinical trials also revealed activity of HER2-targeted drugs against a variety of tumors harboring HER2 mutations. Here, we review the prevalence and type of HER2 mutations identified in different human cancers, their biochemical and biological characterization, and their sensitivity to anti HER2-based therapies in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cocco
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salvatore Lopez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America.
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Xia L, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhang C, Gu T, Wang L, Li J, Yu W, Tian Z. Human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 in human salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:6571-6579. [PMID: 30555262 PMCID: PMC6280888 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s182652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To inhibit human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) and investigate the effects on tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. To assess the possibility of blocking HER2 to improve the malignant biological behavior of CXPA. Materials and methods HER2 expression and amplification were examined using an immunofluorescence assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization in 2 CXPA cell lines (SM-AP1 and SM-AP4 cells). The effects on tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and HER2 downstream pathways were verified after the application of a HER2 inhibitor. Results HER2 was overexpressed and amplified in SM-AP1 and SM-AP4 cell lines. After blocking HER2, the tumor proliferation and cell cycle were significantly induced, and the apoptosis process was activated. Moreover, the downstream pathways PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK were significantly inhibited. Conclusion HER2 was overexpressed and amplified in CXPA cell lines and might thus play an important role in tumor development. Inhibiting HER2 may be a novel targeted therapy for poor biological behavior of CXPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China,
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Citrin DL, Tan BA, Patel NB, Doctor V, Ali SM, Parikh AR, Markman M, Ross JS, Syriac AK, Brzezinski SJ. Treatment of Patients With Lobular Breast Cancer Harboring Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Mutation With HER2-Directed Therapy. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-7. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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HER2 Activating Mutations in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-018-0265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wang YW, Zhang HY, Li JS, Wang XW. Integrated Exploitation of the Structural Diversity Space of Chemotherapy Drugs to Selectively Inhibit HER2 T798M Mutant in Lung Cancer. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 27696725 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy; Cancer Center; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Jinan 250021 P. R. China
| | - Ji-Sheng Li
- Department of Chemotherapy; Cancer Center; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy; Cancer Center; Qilu Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250012 P. R. China
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Ahn EH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Chang CC, Loeb LA. Decreased Mitochondrial Mutagenesis during Transformation of Human Breast Stem Cells into Tumorigenic Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4569-78. [PMID: 27197159 PMCID: PMC5004738 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare stochastic mutations may accumulate during dormancy of stem-like cells, but technical limitations in DNA sequencing have limited exploring this possibility. In this study, we employed a recently established deep-sequencing method termed Duplex Sequencing to conduct a genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial (mt) DNA mutations in a human breast stem cell model that recapitulates the sequential stages of breast carcinogenesis. Using this method, we found significant differences in mtDNA among normal stem cells, immortal/preneoplastic cells, and tumorigenic cells. Putative cancer stem-like cell (CSC) populations and mtDNA copy numbers increased as normal stem cells become tumorigenic cells. Transformed cells exhibited lower rare mutation frequencies of whole mtDNA than did normal stem cells. The predicted mtDNA rare mutation pathogenicity was significantly lower in tumorigenic cells than normal stem cells. Major rare mutation types in normal stem cells are C>T/G>A and T>C/A>G transitions, while only C>T/G>A are major types in transformed cells. We detected a total of 1,220 rare point mutations, 678 of which were unreported previously. With only one possible exception (m10342T>C), we did not find specific mutations characterizing mtDNA in human breast CSCs; rather, the mitochondrial genome of CSCs displayed an overall decrease in rare mutations. On the basis of our work, we suggest that this decrease (in particular T>C/A>G transitions), rather than the presence of specific mitochondrial mutations, may constitute an early biomarker for breast cancer detection. Our findings support the hypothesis that the mitochondrial genome is altered greatly as a result of the transformation of normal stem cells to CSCs, and that mtDNA mutation signatures may aid in delineating normal stem cells from CSCs. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4569-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Seung Hyuk Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joon Yup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chia-Cheng Chang
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Lawrence A Loeb
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Bansal P, Osman D, Gan GN, Simon GR, Boumber Y. Recent Advances in Targetable Therapeutics in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC. Front Oncol 2016; 6:112. [PMID: 27200298 PMCID: PMC4854869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With the discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements, and effective targeted therapies, therapeutic options are expanding for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we review novel therapies in non-squamous NSCLC, which are directed against oncogenic targets, including EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), RET, and NTRK. With the rapidly evolving molecular testing and development of new targeted agents, our ability to further personalize therapy in non-squamous NSCLC is rapidly expanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranshu Bansal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Diaa Osman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Program, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gregory N Gan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Section of Radiation Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - George R Simon
- Department of Thoracic and Head/Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Yanis Boumber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics, and Genomics Research Program, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Cava C, Bertoli G, Castiglioni I. Integrating genetics and epigenetics in breast cancer: biological insights, experimental, computational methods and therapeutic potential. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 26391647 PMCID: PMC4578257 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of human cancer can proceed through the accumulation of different genetic changes affecting the structure and function of the genome. Combined analyses of molecular data at multiple levels, such as DNA copy-number alteration, mRNA and miRNA expression, can clarify biological functions and pathways deregulated in cancer. The integrative methods that are used to investigate these data involve different fields, including biology, bioinformatics, and statistics. RESULTS These methodologies are presented in this review, and their implementation in breast cancer is discussed with a focus on integration strategies. We report current applications, recent studies and interesting results leading to the identification of candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in breast cancer by using both individual and combined analyses. CONCLUSION This review presents a state of art of the role of different technologies in breast cancer based on the integration of genetics and epigenetics, and shares some issues related to the new opportunities and challenges offered by the application of such integrative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cava
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy.
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