1
|
Dash S, Rathi E, Kumar A, Chawla K, Kini SG. Identification of DprE1 inhibitors for tuberculosis through integrated in-silico approaches. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11315. [PMID: 38760437 PMCID: PMC11101490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose-2'-epimerase (DprE1), a crucial enzyme in the process of arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan biosynthesis, has become the target of choice for anti-TB drug discovery in the recent past. The current study aims to find the potential DprE1 inhibitors through in-silico approaches. Here, we built the pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR model using the reported 40 azaindole derivatives of DprE1 inhibitors. The best pharmacophore hypothesis (ADRRR_1) was employed for the virtual screening of the chEMBL database. To identify prospective hits, molecules with good phase scores (> 2.000) were further evaluated by molecular docking studies for their ability to bind to the DprE1 enzyme (PDB: 4KW5). Based on their binding affinities (< - 9.0 kcal/mole), the best hits were subjected to the calculation of free-binding energies (Prime/MM-GBSA), pharmacokinetic, and druglikeness evaluations. The top 10 hits retrieved from these results were selected to predict their inhibitory activities via the developed 3D-QSAR model with a regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.9608 and predictive coefficient (Q2) value of 0.7313. The induced fit docking (IFD) studies and in-silico prediction of anti-TB sensitivity for these top 10 hits were also implemented. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were performed for the top 5 hit molecules for 200 ns to check the stability of the hits with DprE1. Based on their conformational stability throughout the 200 ns simulation, hit 2 (chEMBL_SDF:357100) was identified as the best hit against DprE1 with an accepted safety profile. The MD results were also in accordance with the docking score, MM-GBSA value, and 3D-QSAR predicted activity. The hit 2 molecule, (N-(3-((2-(((1r,4r)-4-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl)amino)-9-isopropyl-9H-purin-6-yl)amino)phenyl)acrylamide) could serve as a lead for the discovery of a novel DprE1 inhibiting anti-TB drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Ekta Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Medical Affairs, Curie Sciences Private Limited, Samastipur, Bihar, India, 848125
| | - Kiran Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104
| | - Suvarna G Kini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
- Manipal Mc Gill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India, 576104.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Maity S, Kasinath BS, Ghosh Choudhury G. TGFβ instructs mTORC2 to activate PKCβII for increased TWIST1 expression in proximal tubular epithelial cell injury. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1300-1316. [PMID: 36775967 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of proximal tubular epithelial cells in response to TGFβ contributes to the expression of TWIST1 to drive renal fibrosis. The mechanism of TWIST1 expression is not known. We show that both PI3 kinase and its target mTORC2 increase TGFβ-induced TWIST1 expression. TGFβ enhances phosphorylation on Ser-660 in the protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) hydrophobic motif site. Remarkably, phosphorylation-deficient PKCβIIS660A, kinase-dead PKCβII, and PKCβII knockdown blocked TWIST1 expression by TGFβ. Inhibition of TWIST1 arrested TGFβ-induced tubular cell hypertrophy and the expression of fibronectin, collagen I (α2), and α-smooth muscle actin. By contrast, TWIST1 overexpression induced these pathologies. Interestingly, the inhibition of PKCβII reduced these phenomena, which were countered by the expression of TWIST1. These results provide the first evidence for the involvement of the mTORC2-PKCβII axis in TWIST1 expression to promote tubular cell pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- 1VA Research and 4Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- 1VA Research and 4Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Boulevard, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, TX, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Maity S, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Oncoprotein DJ-1 interacts with mTOR complexes to effect transcription factor Hif1α-dependent expression of collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102246. [PMID: 35835217 PMCID: PMC9399488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells respond to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) to synthesize collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. The oncoprotein DJ-1 has previously been shown to promote tumorigenesis and prevent apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons; however, its role in fibrosis signaling is unclear. Here, we show TGFβ-stimulation increased expression of DJ-1, which promoted noncanonical mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities. We show DJ-1 augmented the phosphorylation/activation of PKCβII, a direct substrate of mTORC2. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed association of DJ-1 with Raptor and Rictor, exclusive subunits of mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively, as well as with mTOR kinase. Interestingly, siRNAs against DJ-1 blocked TGFβ-stimulated expression of collagen I (α2), while expression of DJ-1 increased expression of this protein. In addition, expression of dominant negative PKCβII and siRNAs against PKCβII significantly inhibited TGFβ-induced collagen I (α2) expression. In fact, constitutively active PKCβII abrogated the effect of siRNAs against DJ-1, suggesting a role of PKCβII downstream of this oncoprotein. Moreover, we demonstrate expression of collagen I (α2) stimulated by DJ-1 and its target PKCβII is dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α). Finally, we show in the renal cortex of diabetic rats that increased TGFβ was associated with enhanced expression of DJ-1 and activation of mTOR and PKCβII, concomitant with increased Hif1α and collagen I (α2). Overall, we identified that DJ-1 affects TGFβ-induced expression of collagen I (α2) via an mTOR-, PKCβII-, and Hif1α-dependent mechanism to regulate renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- VA Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, Texas; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mariappan MM, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Hydrophobic motif site-phosphorylated protein kinase CβII between mTORC2 and Akt regulates high glucose-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C583-96. [PMID: 26739493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00266.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PKCβII controls the pathologic features of diabetic nephropathy, including glomerular mesangial cell hypertrophy. PKCβII contains the COOH-terminal hydrophobic motif site Ser-660. Whether this hydrophobic motif phosphorylation contributes to high glucose-induced mesangial cell hypertrophy has not been determined. Here we show that, in mesangial cells, high glucose increased phosphorylation of PKCβII at Ser-660 in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-dependent manner. Using siRNAs to downregulate PKCβII, dominant negative PKCβII, and PKCβII hydrophobic motif phosphorylation-deficient mutant, we found that PKCβII regulates activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mesangial cell hypertrophy by high glucose. PKCβII via its phosphorylation at Ser-660 regulated phosphorylation of Akt at both catalytic loop and hydrophobic motif sites, resulting in phosphorylation and inactivation of its substrate PRAS40. Specific inhibition of mTORC2 increased mTORC1 activity and induced mesangial cell hypertrophy. In contrast, inhibition of mTORC2 decreased the phosphorylation of PKCβII and Akt, leading to inhibition of PRAS40 phosphorylation and mTORC1 activity and prevented mesangial cell hypertrophy in response to high glucose; expression of constitutively active Akt or mTORC1 restored mesangial cell hypertrophy. Moreover, constitutively active PKCβII reversed the inhibition of high glucose-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and mesangial cell hypertrophy induced by suppression of mTORC2. Finally, using renal cortexes from type 1 diabetic mice, we found that increased phosphorylation of PKCβII at Ser-660 was associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation and mTORC1 activation. Collectively, our findings identify a signaling route connecting PI3-kinase to mTORC2 to phosphorylate PKCβII at the hydrophobic motif site necessary for Akt phosphorylation and mTORC1 activation, leading to mesangial cell hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Meenalakshmi M Mariappan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Qin F, Deng A, Yao L. Different localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta in kidney cortex of diabetic nephropathy mice and its role in telmisartan treatment. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:1116-1125. [PMID: 26279755 PMCID: PMC4532744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to investigate the localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II in kidney cortex of diabetic nephropathy mice and their roles in telmisartan treatment. METHODS 18 mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, diabetic nephropathy group and telmisartan-treated group. The localization and expression of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II were measured with confocal immunofluorescence laser scanning microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in glomeruli was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to the normal mice, the expression and localization of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II are differed in diabetic nephropathy mice, with increased expression of protein kinase C-beta I but decreased level of protein kinase C-beta II. Meanwhile, the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor showed increase in the glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy, compared to the controls. Also, protein kinase C-beta I exhibited a positive correlation to transforming growth factor-beta 1 (r = 0.649, P = 0.030), but no correlation to vascular endothelial growth factor (r = 0.387, P = 0.079). Telmisartan treatment exercised significant beneficial role in diabetic nephropathy, which is associated with protein kinase C-beta I, but not beta II. CONCLUSIONS The expression and localization of protein kinase C-beta I and beta II differ in the diabetic nephropathy, and such difference is associated with the pathogeneses of diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fu Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, First People’s Hostipal Of Yuhang DistrictHangzhou 311100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anguo Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong university of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong university of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Simpkins JW, Alkon DL, Smith KE, Chen YW, Tan Z, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Common mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: the role of protein kinase C in the progression of age-related neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:711-24. [PMID: 25114088 PMCID: PMC4446718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite being distinct disease entities, share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms such as those mediated by inflammation, immune exhaustion, and neurovascular unit compromise. An important shared mechanistic link is acute and chronic changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC isoforms have widespread functions important for memory, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and injury repair that change as the body ages. Disease states accelerate PKC functional modifications. Mutated forms of PKC can contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In some cases the PKC isoforms are still functional but are not successfully translocated to appropriate locations within the cell. The deficits in proper PKC translocation worsen stroke outcome and amyloid-β toxicity. Cross talk between the innate immune system and PKC pathways contribute to the vascular status within the aging brain. Unfortunately, comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension disrupt normal communication between the two systems. The focus of this review is to highlight what is known about PKC function, how isoforms of PKC change with age, and what additional alterations are consequences of stroke and AD. The goal is to highlight future therapeutic targets that can be applied to both the treatment and prevention of neurologic disease. Although the pathology of ischemic stroke and AD are different, the similarity in PKC responses warrants further investigation, especially as PKC-dependent events may serve as an important connection linking age-related brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly E. Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence to: Charles L. Rosen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 5041; Fax: +1 304 293 4819;
| |
Collapse
|