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Abdul Rahman SM, Bhatti JS, Thareja S, Monga V. Current development of 1,2,3-triazole derived potential antimalarial scaffolds: Structure- activity relationship (SAR) and bioactive compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115699. [PMID: 37542987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is among one of the most devastating and deadliest parasitic disease in the world claiming millions of lives every year around the globe. It is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by various species of the parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. The indiscriminate exploitation of the clinically used antimalarial drugs led to the development of various drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of plasmodium which severely reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of most frontline medicines. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop novel structural classes of antimalarial agents acting with unique mechanism of action(s). In this context, design and development of hybrid molecules containing pharmacophoric features of different lead molecules in a single entity represents a unique strategy for the development of next-generation antimalarial drugs. Research efforts by the scientific community over the past few years has led to the identification and development of several heterocyclic small molecules as antimalarial agents with high potency, less toxicity and desired efficacy. Triazole derivatives have become indispensable units in the medicinal chemistry due to their diverse spectrum of biological profiles and many triazole based hybrids and conjugates have demonstrated potential in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities. The manuscript compiled recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of triazole based small heterocyclic molecules as antimalarial agents and discusses various reported biologically active compounds to lay the groundwork for the rationale design and discovery of triazole based antimalarial compounds. The article emphasised on biological activities, structure activity relationships, and molecular docking studies of various triazole based hybrids with heterocycles such as quinoline, artemisinins, naphthyl, naphthoquinone, etc. as potential antimalarial agents which could act on the dual stage and multi stage of the parasitic life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maheen Abdul Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Elamin EM, Eshage SE, Mohmmode SM, Mukhtar RM, Mahjoub M, Sadelin E, Shoaib TH, Edris A, Elshamly EM, Makki AA, Ashour A, Sherif AE, Osman W, Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA, Alzain AA. Discovery of dual-target natural antimalarial agents against DHODH and PMT of Plasmodium falciparum: pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, quantum mechanics, and molecular dynamics simulations. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:709-728. [PMID: 37665563 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2251876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a lethal disease that claims thousands of lives worldwide annually. The objective of this study was to identify new natural compounds that can target two P. falciparum enzymes; P. falciparum Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH) and P. falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (PfPMT). To accomplish this, e-pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking were employed against PfDHODH. Following this, 1201 natural compounds with docking scores of ≤ -7 kcal/mol were docked into the active site of the second enzyme PMT. The top nine compounds were subjected to further investigation using MM-GBSA free binding energy calculations and ADME analysis. The results revealed favourable free binding energy values better than the references, as well as acceptable pharmacokinetic properties. Compounds ZINC000013377887, ZINC000015113777, and ZINC000085595753 were scrutinized to assess their interaction stability with the PfDHODH enzyme, and chemical stability reactivity using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These findings indicate that the three natural compounds are potential candidates for dual PfDHODH and PfPMT inhibitors for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Elamin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - S E Eshage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - S M Mohmmode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - R M Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - M Mahjoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - E Sadelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - T H Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - A Edris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - E M Elshamly
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Hochschule Anhalt, Köthen, Germany
| | - A A Makki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - A Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah, Egypt
| | - A E Sherif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah, Egypt
| | - W Osman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - S R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - G A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alzain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
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Akinnusi PA, Olubode SO, Adebesin AO, Osadipe TJ, Nwankwo DO, Adebisi AD, Titilayo I BA, Alo YM, Owoloye A, Oyebola KM. Structure-based scoring of anthocyanins and molecular modeling of PfLDH, PfDHODH, and PfDHFR reveal novel potential P. falciparum inhibitors. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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