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Grein-Iankovski A, de Oliveira Braga KA, Legendre DF, Cardoso PFG, Loh W. Bio-Inspired Magnetically Responsive Silicone Cilia: Fabrication Strategy and Interaction with Biological Mucus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:261. [PMID: 38534535 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are biological structures essential to drive the mobility of secretions and maintain the proper function of the respiratory airways. However, this motile self-cleaning process is significantly compromised in the presence of silicone tracheal prosthesis, leading to biofilm growth and impeding effective treatment. To address this challenge and enhance the performance of these devices, we propose the fabrication of magnetic silicone cilia, with the prospect of their integration onto silicone prostheses. The present study presents a fabrication method based on magnetic self-assembly and assesses the interaction behavior of the cilia array with biological mucus. This protocol allows for the customization of cilia dimensions across a wide range of aspect ratios (from 6 to 85) and array densities (from 10 to 80 cilia/mm2) by adjusting the fabrication parameters, offering flexibility for adjustments according to their required characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated the suitability of different cilia arrays for biomedical applications by analyzing their interaction with bullfrog mucus, simulating the airways environment. Our findings demonstrate that the fabricated cilia are mechanically resistant to the viscous fluid and still exhibit controlled movement under the influence of an external moving magnet. A correlation between cilia dimensions and mucus wettability profile suggests a potential role in facilitating mucus depuration, paving the way for further advancements aimed at enhancing the performance of silicone prostheses in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Grein-Iankovski
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Francisco Guerreiro Cardoso
- Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Watson Loh
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Correia AT, de Almeida FM, Augusto-Cottet MC, Nolasco P, Bento ASA, Hirano HKM, de Souza MCR, Dos Santos ES, de Castro JHR, Matsuda M, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Pazetti R. Basiliximab Does Not Impair Airway Mucociliary Clearance of Rats. Inflammation 2022; 45:2243-2255. [PMID: 35715590 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that immunosuppressive drugs impair the airway mucociliary clearance of rats. However, considering the high specificity of basiliximab (BSX) and the absence of studies reporting its side effects, our aim was to investigate whether BSX, associated or not with triple therapy, impairs the mucociliary system. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups: Control, BSX, Triple, and BSX + Triple. After 15 days of treatment, animals were euthanized and the ciliary beating frequency (CBF), mucociliary transport velocity (MCTV), neutral and acid mucin production, Muc5ac and Muc5b gene expression, inflammatory cell number, and interleukin (IL)-6 concentration were analyzed. CBF and MCTV were lower in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). Neutral mucin percentage was higher in Triple group (p < 0.05), and acid mucin percentage was higher in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). The Muc5ac and Muc5b gene expression was higher in Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). Animals from Triple and BSX + Triple groups presented fewer mononuclear cells (p < 0.05). The number of polymorphonuclear cells was higher in the Triple group (p < 0.05). In the analysis of inflammatory cells in the blood, there was a decrease in lymphocytes and an increase in neutrophils in the Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). The concentration of IL-6 significantly increased in the animals of the Triple and BSX + Triple groups (p < 0.05). BSX did not change the mucociliary apparatus of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Tadeu Correia
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cirurgia Toracica e Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, sala 1220, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cirurgia Toracica e Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, sala 1220, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Augusto-Cottet
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nolasco
- Laborario de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Afonso Silva Alves Bento
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Kenji Matsushima Hirano
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cecília Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia Helena Rodrigues de Castro
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratorio de Investigação em Oftalmologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Pazetti
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Cirurgia Toracica, Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Pazetti R, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Jatene FB. Adverse effects of immunosuppressant drugs upon airway epithelial cell and mucociliary clearance: implications for lung transplant recipients. Drugs 2014; 73:1157-69. [PMID: 23842748 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Optimal post-transplantation immunosuppression is critical to the survival of the graft and the patient after lung transplantation. Immunosuppressant agents target various aspects of the immune system to maximize graft tolerance while minimizing medication toxicities and side effects. The vast majority of patients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy consisting of a triple-drug regimen including a calcineurin inhibitor, a cell cycle inhibitor and a corticosteroid. Although these immunosuppressant drugs are frequently used after transplantation and to control inflammatory processes, limited data are available with regard to their effects on cells other than those from the immunological system. Notably, the airway epithelial cell is of interest because it may contribute to development of bronchiolitis obliterans through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review focuses the current armamentarium of immunosuppressant drugs used after lung transplantation and their main side effects upon airway epithelial cells and mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio Pazetti
- Laboratory of Thoracic Surgery Research-LIM61, Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, 1o. Andar, Sala 1220, Pacaembu, São Paulo, SP, 01246-000, Brazil.
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Prado e Silva M, Soto SF, Almeida FM, Limonete TTK, Parra ERC, Jatene FB, Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Pazetti R. Immunosuppression effects on airway mucociliary clearance: comparison between two triple therapies. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:473-7. [PMID: 23806228 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus and mycophenolate have now become the most widely used combination for maintenance immunosuppressive regimens after lung transplantation in comparison with cyclosporine and azathioprine. However, limited information is available with respect to their effects on cells, other than those from the immunologic compartment. We hypothesized that different triple therapies could have different effects on airway mucociliary clearance, playing an important role in respiratory infections observed after lung transplantation. METHODS Ninety rats were assigned to three groups (n = 30 each): control = vehicle, therapy 1 = tacrolimus + mycophenolate + prednisone, and therapy 2 = cyclosporine + azathioprine + prednisone. After 7, 15, or 30 days of treatment by gavage, the animals were killed and the following parameters were studied: mucus transportability, ciliary beating frequency, mucociliary transport velocity, and neutral and acid mucus production. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in ciliary beating frequency, mucociliary transport velocity, and neutral mucus production in all immunosuppressed animals; indeed, both therapies, mainly therapy 1, caused an increase in acid mucus production for as long as 15 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both triple therapies impaired airway mucociliary clearance of rats, but therapy 1 had a more deleterious effect. These data suggest that these undesirable effects can contribute to the high incidence of respiratory infections observed in patients undergoing lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Prado e Silva
- Laboratory of Thoracic Surgery Research-LIM61, Department of Cardiopneumology, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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