The long-term impact of a program to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in a surgical intensive care unit

Practice Guidelines for Central Venous Access 2020

These practice guidelines update the Practice Guidelines for Central Venous Access: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access, adopted by the American Society of Anesthesiologists in 2011 and published in 2012. These updated guidelines are intended for use by anesthesiologists and individuals under the supervision of an anesthesiologist and may also serve as a resource for other physicians, nurses, or healthcare providers who manage patients with central venous catheters.

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Review of Strategies to Reduce Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) and Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) in Adult ICUs

Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) are costly and morbid. Despite evidence-based guidelines, Some intensive care units (ICUs) continue to have elevated infection rates. In October 2015, we performed a systematic search of the peer-reviewed literature within the PubMed and Cochrane databases for interventions to reduce CLABSI and/or CAUTI in adult ICUs and synthesized findings using a narrative review process. The interventions were categorized using a conceptual model, with stages applicable to both CAUTI and CLABSI prevention: (stage 0) avoid catheter if possible, (stage 1) ensure aseptic placement, (stage 2) maintain awareness and proper care of catheters in place, and (stage 3) promptly remove unnecessary catheters. We also looked for effective components that the 5 most successful (by reduction in infection rates) studies of each infection shared. Interventions that addressed multiple stages within the conceptual model were common in these successful studies. Assuring compliance with infection prevention efforts via auditing and timely feedback were also common. Hospitalists with patient safety interests may find this review informative for formulating quality improvement interventions to reduce these infections.

Effectiveness of insertion and maintenance bundles to prevent central-line-associated bloodstream infections in critically ill patients of all ages: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a major problem in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. We aimed to quantify the effectiveness of central-line bundles (insertion or maintenance or both) to prevent these infections.

METHODS

We searched Embase, MEDLINE OvidSP, Web-of-Science, and Cochrane Library to identify studies reporting the implementation of central-line bundles in adult ICU, paediatric ICU (PICU), or neonatal ICU (NICU) patients. We searched for studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and June 30, 2015. For the meta-analysis, crude estimates of infections were pooled by use of a DerSimonian and Laird random effect model. The primary outcome was the number of CLABSIs per 1000 catheter-days before and after implementation. Incidence risk ratios (IRRs) were obtained by use of random-effects models.

FINDINGS

We initially identified 4337 records, and after excluding duplicates and those ineligible, 96 studies met the eligibility criteria, 79 of which contained sufficient information for a meta-analysis. Median CLABSIs incidence were 5·7 per 1000 catheter-days (range 1·2-46·3; IQR 3·1-9·5) on adult ICUs; 5·9 per 1000 catheter-days (range 2·6-31·1; 4·8-9·4) on PICUs; and 8·4 per 1000 catheter-days (range 2·6-24·1; 3·7-16·0) on NICUs. After implementation of central-line bundles the CLABSI incidence ranged from 0 to 19·5 per 1000 catheter-days (median 2·6, IQR 1·2-4·4) in all types of ICUs. In our meta-analysis the incidence of infections decreased significantly from median 6·4 per 1000 catheter-days (IQR 3·8-10·9) to 2·5 per 1000 catheter-days (1·4-4·8) after implementation of bundles (IRR 0·44, 95% CI 0·39-0·50, p<0·0001; I(2)=89%).

INTERPRETATION

Implementation of central-line bundles has the potential to reduce the incidence of CLABSIs.

FUNDING

None.

Risk factors of nosocomial bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit

BACKGROUND

Many studies have examined risk factors of nosocomial bloodstream infections. However risk factors of nosocomial bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit have never been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate this topic.

METHODS

Retrospective surgical intensive care unit patients' data were collected in a tertiary hospital from January 2010 to August 2014. Infected and non-infected patients were compared with univariate analysis of categorical variables to obtain statistical significance risk factors. Then multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to acquire the final risk factors.

RESULTS

98 patients were diagnosed with nosocomial bloodstream infections in total. Mortality rate was 29.6% (n=29). The data indicated gram-positive cocci were the main pathogens (64.3%; n=63). Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that age (>65 years old) (OR, 2.297; CI95, 0.870 to 6.062), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score (>18) (OR, 6.981; CI95, 2.330 to 15.865), multiple organ dysfunction score (>8) (OR, 9.857; CI95, 6.395 to 19.505), mechanical ventilation (OR, 4.583; CI95, 2.134 to 10.956), central venous catheter (OR, 5.875; CI95, 2.212 to 13.456) and selective surgery (OR, 3.455; CI95, 3.442-9.235) were risk factors of nosocomial BSI.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit setting often have a poor prognosis. Age (>65 years old), chronic health evaluation II score (>18), multiple organ dysfunction score (>8), usage of mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter and selective surgery can be regarded as risk factors.

A multicenter quasi-experimental study: impact of a central line infection control program using auditing and performance feedback in five Belgian intensive care units

Background

We analyzed the impact associated with an intervention based on process control and performance feedback to decrease central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates.

This study was conducted from March 2011 to September 2012 in five adult intensive care units (ICU) located in two Belgian tertiary hospitals A and B, with a total of 53 beds.

Methods

This study was divided in three phases: P1 (baseline), P2 (intervention) and P3 (post intervention).

During P2, external monitoring of five central venous catheters (CVC) care critical processes and monthly reporting (meetings and feedbacks reports posted) of performance indicators (CLABSI rate, CVC utilization ratio, compliance rate with each care process, and insertion site) to ICU workers were performed. The external monitoring of process measures was assessed by the same trained research nurse.

A Poisson regression analysis was used to compare CLABSI incidence density rate per phase. Statistical significance was achieved with 2-sided p-value of <0.05. For the analysis, we separated the five ICU in hospital A and B when appropriate.

Results

Significantly improved total mean compliance was achieved for hand hygiene, CVC handling and CVC dressing. CLABSI rate declined from 4.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94-6.06) to 1.81 (0.46-3.17) per 1,000 CVC-days in P2 with an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.49 (0.24-0.98, p = 0.043). A better response was observed in hospital A where the nurse participation at the monthly meeting was significantly higher than in hospital B (p < 0.001) as the percentage of feedbacks reports posted in ICU (p < 0.001). The decline in the CLABSI rate observed during P2 in comparison with P1 was independent of the insertion site (femoral or non-femoral; p = 0.054). The overall CLABSI rate increased to 2.73 (1.17-4.29) per 1,000 CVC-days with IRR of 0.67 (0.36-1.26, p = 0.212) in P3 compared to P1, but a high nursing turnover was observed in both hospitals.

Conclusions

Our intervention focused on external auditing and performance feedback resulted in significant reduction in rates of CLABSI. Investigation continues regarding the most effective way to sustain CLABSI prevention practices and to improve the culture of safety in healthcare.