ACIDIC SOAKING AND STEAM BLANCHING RETAIN ANTHOCYANINS AND POLYPHENOLS IN PURPLE Dioscorea alata FLOUR

Antidepressant Activity of Curcuma heyneana

BACKGROUND: The resistance to depression therapy remains high, and therapy failure leads to suicide. Curcuma heyneana (C. heyneana) is a plant of Zingiberaceae. Conventionally, the rhizome has been used as an anxiolytic and sedative. However, the activity as antidepression has never been conducted. AIM: Therefore, this research was aimed to investigate the antidepressant activity of C. heyneana rhizome. METHODS: This research was conducted using male mice aged 2–3 months. Chronic mild stress for 14 days was used to induce depression, followed by administration of the extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 10 days. Evaluation of antidepression was carried out using tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), and blood glucose and injury of gastric. Sertraline at the dose of 6.5 mg/kg was used as a positive control. RESULTS: The result revealed that stress induction for 14 days causes decreasing in locomotor activity and increased immobility. The extract administration at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed increased locomotor activity, which can be seen from the elevation of the central square and cross in the OFT (p < 0.05). The extract also decreased immobility in the tail suspension and FSTs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the extract also prevents increases in blood glucose and gastric irritation. CONCLUSION: Extract of C. heyneana rhizome at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg has antidepressant activity by increasing locomotor activity, decreasing immobility time, and preventing elevation of blood glucose and gastric injury.

Preventing and Controlling Pneumonia among Under-Five Children: A Qualitative Study of Civil Society Organizations’ Roles in West Java and East Nusa Tenggara

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the leading cause of under-five children mortality in the world, including in Indonesia. Various programs were developed both nationally and internationally to overcome this disease. One of the programs is cross-sectorial collaboration and community involvement as part of pneumonia prevention and control programs, including the involvement of civil society organizations (CSO). However, the limited research has explored through the role of CSO in this program. AIM: This study aimed to explore the roles of CSO in preventing and controlling the childhood pneumonia. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study interviewed 15 participants who were representatives of CSO in West Java and East Nusa Tenggara. These CSO have focused on health activities programs. In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview guides. Data were analyzed using the comparative analysis technique for qualitative descriptive research. RESULTS: Three main themes have been found from the data analysis, including community empowerment and integrated actions to prevent childhood pneumonia, providing pneumonia services and advocacies to overcome childhood pneumonia, and the expectation versus challenges of CSO. The three themes showed that CSO have significant roles in various aspects of the prevention and control programs of under-five pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Various roles have been done by CSO. However, several functions were not performed optimally. Further research that was analyzing factors the influence CSO’s roles is needed as fundamental information to develop strategies in improving the functions of civil society organizations in childhood pneumonia.

The Cultural Assessment Model as an Evaluation Indicator for Nutritional Adequacy in Pregnant Women with Pre-eclampsia

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia is one of the complications of pregnancy in many communities with low socioeconomic conditions. The lack of intake of quality nutrition can be a precipitating factor in the occurrence of this complication. AIM: This study aims to find out the nutritional adequacy for pregnant women through the transcultural model assessment using correlational design and a cross-sectional approach in pregnant women at the third trimester. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was identified through a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg and proteinuria. There were 222 samples with purposive sampling. The data were obtained through questionnaires and the interview results were used as secondary data. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, and the alpha value of 0.05. RESULTS: The analysis of the nutritional adequacy with the incidence of pre-eclampsia confirmed that the carbohydrate with OR of 5.250 (OR = 3.545, 95% CI = 2.098, 13.158), folic acid (OR = 16,838, 95% CI = 2.222, 127.64), and vegetable (OR of 4.00, 95% CI = 1.619, 9.885) which are related to the incidence of pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSION: The fulfillment of the daily nutrition of pregnant women is greatly influenced by the culture and myth developed in society. An assessment using the transcultural model approach can give a lot of information about the influence of culture in pregnant women’s daily life.

Buerger Exercise Reduces the Risk of Neuropathy in People with Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains the major global health problem, predicted to exceed half a billion people in 2040. One of the major complications was lower extremity neuropathy leading to foot ulcer and amputation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of routine Buerger exercise on the neuropathy index of people with DM. Methods: A pre-and posttest quasi-experimental study between May and August 2018 involving DM patients in primary health centre was conducted. They were prospectively recruited and either be allocated into the intervention group where the monitored routine Buerger exercise was performed or control group with the standard education on DM. Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) with subjective and objective measurement was used to evaluate the neuropathy index. Results: Seventy-seven participants (63 females) with mean age of 58.2±7.2 years completed the study with similar characteristics. Mean pretest MNSI score for intervention and control group were 3.8±1.7 and 3.9±1.6 respectively, and were not different (P = 0.561). At the end of follow up, significant decrease was observed in the intervention group (2.8±2.2, P = 0.011) but not in control group (4.0±1.9, P=0.947). Physical examination according to MNSI guideline showed a significant reduction in the neuropathy score for the intervention group from 1.8±1.4 at the start to 1.3±1.1 at the end of the study (P< 0.001), but this was not seen in the control group. Conclusion: Buerger exercise had a beneficial effect on improving the neuropathy index and symptoms of DM patients with high risk of diabetic foot ulcer.

The Differences in Transaminase Enzyme Levels among Children with Acute Diarrhea due to Rotavirus and Non-rotavirus

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is the particular disease that still affects children in Indonesia, with rotavirus being the most common etiology among children under 5 years old. Rotavirus and non-rotavirus diarrhea can spread to the extraintestinal and localized to the liver which causes liver cell damage, thus, the level of the glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase enzymes increases. AIM: The objective of the study was to prove that there are differences in serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in children with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus and non-rotavirus infection. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design, the research subjects were children aged 6 months old until 60 months old with acute diarrhea in Denpasar Public Health Center, Sanglah, and Wangaya General Hospital within the period of March 2018 until March 2021. Statistical analysis used the Mann–Whitney. RESULTS: A total of 70 subjects were analyzed in this study. There were 24.28% of subjects with rotavirus. Each group had nearly the same degree of severity of 29.4% for rotavirus and 30.2% for non-rotavirus, with a median of serum levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) 47 (19–261) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) 25 (7–217). The results of this study showed that the median difference in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels was not significant in rotavirus and non-rotavirus diarrhea (SGOT 45 [16–168], 32 [11–261], p = 0.077; (SGPT 22 [14–91], 18 [5–217], p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there is a higher median level of SGOT and SGPT in children with acute diarrhea due to rotavirus infection compared to non-rotavirus infection, although it is not statistically significant.

Health Education With Audiovisual Media and Relaxation Massage in Lowering Blood Pressure and Improved Sleep Quality for the Elderly

Intruduction: The aging process results in a progressive decline in physiological functions with age, including a decrease in productivity. Hypertension is a major problem in public health in Indonesia and in developing countries. Hypertension is a common cause of disturbed sleep patterns, due to structural and functional changes in the peripheral vascular system. The purpose of this study was the effect of health education with audiovisual methods and relaxation massage to reduce blood pressure and sleep quality disorders in the elderly. Materials and Methods: Experimental research (community trial) with pretest-posttest control group design. The target population in this study is the elderly who are included in the elderly age group, namely > 50 years in Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency. The sample size is 90 elderly, determined based on the results of previous studies with a standard deviation (σ) = 0.51, the difference in the mean of cognitive changes (μ1- 2) = 0.30. divided into two groups, the treatment group and the control group. The independent variable is health education using audiovisual media and Relaxation Massage and the dependent variable is blood pressure. Data collection tools in the form of sphygmomanometer, observation sheet. Data analysis used independent t-test, paired t-test and Multivariate ANOVA test. Result: The blood pressure of the treatment group before the intervention mostly had grade I hypertension (53.3%), and after the intervention most of the blood pressure improved to normal (57.8%), and this result was statistically significant (0.000). In the treatment group before the intervention, many had poor sleep quality (46.7%), and after the intervention improved sleep quality in the good category (53.3%), and this result was statistically significant (0.000). Conclotion: It is concluded that the provision of health education with audiovisual methods and massage relaxation can reduce blood pressure and improve sleep quality in the elderly.

Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli Microbiota of Healthy Indonesian Infants in Andalas Village: Profile of Infant Diet Given Exclusive Breastfed and Formula-fed

INTRODUCTION : Inbalance of microbiota in gastrointestinal tract have the risk of getting gastrointestinal infections, one of them is diarrhea. AIM : The aim of this study was to determine bifidobacterium and eschericia coli microbiota and compare the microbiota obtained between exclusive breast fed and formula fed Indonesian infants village andalas. METHODS : This study was an observational study with cross sectional comparative design. Samples faeses of infant was taken by Multistage Simple Random Sampling with total sample of 28 infants in range 0-6 months. This study was conducted in Pauh community health center areas, Village Andalas . The infant’s feces was taken then send to Microbiology Laboratorium of Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang city, Indonesia. The instruments used were a questionnaire and a colony counter. Data were processed and analyzed by using independent t test and Mann Whitney test. RESULTS : The fecal microbiota of the 0-6 months Indonesian infants village andalas two species including bifidobacterium and eschericia coli were common commensal intestinal microbiota in all infants. The predominant intestinal microbiota in the breast fed infants bifidobacterium average 3,59 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05). the mean eschericia coli microbiota from the formula fed infants 66,8 x 109 CFU/g (p < 0,05) CONCLUSION : Exclusive breastfeeding infant’s faeses contain more bifidobacteria and formula breastfed infant’s faeces contain more escherichia coli bacteria. These findings advance our understanding of the gut microbiota in healthy infants. They also provide new evidence infant diet as determinants of this essential microbial community in early life

Behavior of the Use of Mosquito Net as a Prevention of Malaria in Ondorea Village, Nanga Panda Sub-district

Background: Malaria is an infectious disease that is still a world public health problem, especially in developing countries with tropical climates, including Indonesia. Ondorea Village in Nangapanda Subdistrict, Ende Regency, is one of the villages in East Nusa Tenggara, which is a province with APIs above the national average. Objective: To determine family behavior in using mosquito nets as an effort to prevent malaria in Ondorea Village, Nangapanda District. Method: This research is a survey research type with descriptive research design, the design used is"cross sectional".The population were all families residing in Ondorea Village, totaling 178 families, the sample in this study used a total sample. The variable in this study was a single variable, namely family behavior in the use of mosquito nets. The data used in this study are primary data collected by making home visits. Results: Public knowledge about the use of mosquito nets as an effort to prevent malaria in Ondorea Village, Nangapanda District was in the sufficient category, namely 85.39%, those with good knowledge of 6.34% and those with moderate knowledge of 7.87%. The public attitude about the use of mosquito nets is in the good category, namely 99.4%, which has a sufficient attitude of 0.56%. Conclusion: There is no relationship between the level of knowledge and the behavior of using mosquito nets, but it is found that there is a relationship between family attitudes and the behavior of using mosquito nets as an effort to prevent malaria

Transformation of Consumption Behavior of the Poor in the Case of Malnutrition: Health Sociology Study with Participatory Approach in Makassar City, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Poor families understand, interpret, and interpret the balanced nutritional content of food and drinks consumed daily according to their experiences and the environment that hits them. The assumption of this research assumes that there is a change in consumption behaviour due to the knowledge of the poor which is formed by advertisements with very high exposure and frequency every day.AIM: This study aims to explore the transformation of consumer behaviour that causes the process of malnutrition and the framework of capitalism in marginalizing the poor to fulfil their nutritional needs. METHODS: This study uses qualitative research methods with a critical approach paradigm. RESULTS: This study found that malnutrition among the poor in Makassar City is caused by the wrong knowledge of the community in understanding nutritious food. Meanwhile, children's tastes are formed based on environmental influences which are generally constructed by industrially processed foods. Another finding is that the framework of capitalism in marginalizing the poor to fulfil their nutritional needs operates in the form of massification of industrial processed food and beverage products; the intensity of advertising for nutritious food products, the presence of online food ordering technology; the construction of the lifestyle of the person who belongs; and the emergence of outlets/shops serving fast food. CONCLUSIONS: The critical paradigm used in this study produces sociological actions that need to be taken to avoid the trap of food capitalism for poor families through community empowerment movements towards healthy shopping behaviours.

Suppressive effect of goat bile in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in mice

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Some individuals in Indonesia consume intact goat gallbladder to prevent and treat malaria. The acute and subacute toxicity tests of goat bile (GB) have shown mild diarrhea in mice. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the suppressive effect of GB on parasitemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and blood biochemistry to assess liver and kidney function in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty healthy mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA and divided into five groups. Mice in three groups were administered 0.5 mL of 25%, 50%, or 100% of GB by gavage. Animals in Group 4 were administered 187.2 mg/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate as a positive control (POS Group). Mice in fifth group were administered sterile water as negative (NEG) controls. Further, 30 uninfected mice were divided into groups 6-8 and administered GB as were mice in the first three groups. Group 9 included 10 uninfected and untreated animals as healthy controls. Treatments were administered in a 4-day suppressive test followed by daily observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. On day 7, mice were sacrificed to measure the length and weight of spleens and livers, plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine.

RESULTS

GB suppressed parasitemia but did not affect the size and weight of spleens or livers or plasma levels of AST and ALT compared to uninfected GB-treated and healthy control animals. Conversely, plasma levels of BUN and creatinine were suppressed and remained in the normal range in all groups of mice.

CONCLUSION

GB suppresses parasitemia with no significant impact on hepatic enzymes in GB-treated infected mice. Liver dysfunction in GB-treated infected mice was due to P. berghei rather than GB treatment.

The Effects of Cigarette Advertisement and Peer Influence on Adolescent’s Smoking Intention in Indonesia

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of smoking among adolescents keeps increasing. Based on data from the Regional Health Research 2013, the prevalence of child smokers aged 10–18 years old was 7.2–9.1% in 2018. In fact, it exceeds the government’s target to reduce the number of child smokers in 2019 to 5.4%. Cigarette advertising is one of the reasons children are attracted to smoking, and Indonesia ranks first in ASEAN for youth exposure to tobacco advertisement and promotion. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the factors that affect the urge to smoke in adolescents, specifically the influence of friends who smoke and exposure to cigarette advertisements in Sleman, Indonesia. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental study with a correlation study and a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 318 respondents with a total sampling technique on first-grade junior high school students from three schools. The research instruments used were a questionnaire on exposure to cigarette advertisements, smoker friends, and the intention to smoke. The bivariate analysis used was the chi-square correlation test. RESULTS: Most of the respondents were exposed to cigarette advertisements in the medium category (56.6%), most of the respondents had smoking friends (57.2%), 11% of respondents had the desire to smoke shortly, and 15.1% of respondents had a desire to smoke for an extended period. The correlation test results between exposure to cigarette advertisements and smoking friends and the desire to smoke in the near and long term showed a p-value of <0.001. CONCLUSION: There was a significant relationship between exposure to cigarette advertisements and friends who smoke and the intention to smoke in the near and long term among adolescents in Sleman Regency, Indonesia.

Factors Associated with Cognitive Score in People with Schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is characterized by being a condition with complex symptomatic dimensions. Its prognosis is poor due to the impairment of multiple cognitive functions, which handicaps the adequate social, academic, or employment reintegration of the patient. Cognitive impairment refers to the loss of cognitive functions, specifically memory, attention, and speed of information processing. A wide range of cognitive functions is affected, particularly memory, attention, motor skills, executive function, and intelligence. METHODS: This study is a multivariate predictive conceptual framework study with a cross-sectional approach to 120 subjects at the Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan in May 2020–July 2020 using a sample that is a consecutive sampling. The test conducted in this study consisted of a bivariate test and a multivariate linear regression test to determine the factors that were associated with the cognitive score. The measuring instrument used is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Ina. RESULTS: In the bivariate test, in gender variable (p = 0.644) and age variable (p = 0.255) were not statistically significant, so the variables were not included in the multivariate test. In marital status variable (p = 0.0001), type of antipsychotic (p = 0.193), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.0001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), frequency hospital admission (p = 0.0001), duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (p = 0.0001), positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scale (p = 0.141), and negative PANSS scale (p = 0.0001) were found statistically significant for the total MoCA Ina score on the bivariate test. After multivariate linear regression testing, the statistically significant variables on the total MoCA Ina score were negative PANSS scale (p = 0.001), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), DUP (p = 0.028), and marital status (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: By knowing the factors related to the total score of MoCA Ina, it is expected that clinicians can be more careful in giving treatment interventions for people with schizophrenia who are at risk for cognitive impairment.

Effect of Abstinence on Psychological Distress Scores, Social Dysfunction Scores, Total General Health Questionnaire Scores-12, and Total Quality of Life Scores in Men with Methamphetamine Dependence in Therapeutic Community

AIM: We looked for differences in abstinence influence on Psychological Distress Scores, Social Dysfunction Scores, Total General Health Questionnaire – 12 (GHQ-12), and Total Quality of Life Scores on men with Methamphetamine dependence in the Therapeutic Community. METHODS: This study was conducted a numerical comparative analytical analysis paired with twice measurements with subject retrieval done using consecutive sampling. The participant of this study was 47 subjects who selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Found psychological distress score of the abuser was p ˂ 0.001, different with social dysfunction score there was no significant difference where the score was p = 0.062, the total GHQ-12 score was a significant difference where the score was p = 0.025 while in the total quality of life score (SF-36) there was a significant difference with the score of p ˂ 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: After abstinence, quarantine was found to improve attitude, behavior, cognitive, and social function such as appropriate communication and active social relationship with others compared with before abstinence quarantine.

Identification of Leptospira Serovar in Leptospirosis Suspect Serum in Manggala Subdistrict, Makassar City

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis or also commonly called Weil disease is an acute infectious disease that can attack humans and animals and is classified as a zoonotic disease. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira found in rodents. The difficulty of the diagnosis process causes the case of leptospirosis less reported and is one of the neglected infectious diseases. Patient findings are often not optimal because of underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. AIM: This study aims to determine the presence of Leptospira serovar bacteria in blood serum of leptospirosis suspect using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) method. METHODS: This study is a descriptive observational using accidental sampling technique. Sample collection was performed in the Antang Community Health Center, Batua Health Center, and Bangkala Health Center in Manggala District. RESULTS: This study found that there were 31 serum samples. Results of MAT examination on blood serum yielded 11 positive samples of Leptospira (37%) with serovar Hebdomadis, Djasiman, Mini, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bangkingan, and Bataviae. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Leptospira bacteria in blood serum of suspected individuals using the MAT method obtained 11 samples of positive blood serum. Special counseling activities are required about leptospirosis and diagnosis enforcement in the community or workers who experience symptoms or leptospirosis suspect.

The Role of Apa-I Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic syndrome caused by insulin secretion abnormalities, insulin action, or both. Gene polymorphism is a risk factor of T2DM. AIM: This study aims to see the role of Apa-I Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism on T2DM. METHODS: This study was an analytic observational with a case–control approach, consisting of 70 T2DM patients and 70 healthy subjects as a control. Genotyping of the Apa-I Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism was performed using the polymerase chain reactions-restriction fragment length polymorphisms method. The role of the Apa-I Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and the risk of T2DM were analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant association between codominant (TT genotype); dominant; recessive models of the Apa-I Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with the risk of T2DM (p < 0.05; odds ratio [OR] = 0.204, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.063–0.662; OR = 0.337, 95% CI = 0.113–1.004; OR = 0.367, 95% CI = 0.180–0.747, respectively), but not in codominant (GT genotype) and over-dominant models (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows a role of the codominant (TT genotype); dominant; recessive models of the Apa-I Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism on T2DM, but not in codominant (GT genotype) and over-dominant models.

Early Childhood Caries and its Correlation with Secretory Immunoglobulin A

The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) was reported quite high in several countries, including Indonesia. Many studies had reported the relationship between sIgA level and ECC. However, the results obtained were not consistent due to the cross-sectional method used in examining sIgA. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the occurence of ECC and sIgA level after 9 months of observation in children aged 2 years and below. The research was observational analytic with a cohort design for 9 months. The sample size was 68 caries-free children under 2 years old, who had at least 2 erupted primary upper incisors. Subjects were taken through purposive sampling from community health center in Medan. The sIgA examination was carried out 3 times, which were at the beginning of the month, at the 3rd and 9th month. The sIgA examination used the ELISA sandwich method and been read at 450 nm using a microplate reader. Caries examination was based on AAPD criteria. Data analysis used independent t-test, Spearman correlation, and longitudinal analysis used general estimating equation (linear) test. The significant value was defined as p<0.05. The results showed that caries-free children had higher sIgA level compared to children with ECC (p=0.003). Spearman correlation test results between the deft score and sIgA level showed a significant correlation (p = 0.006) with r value = -0.33.The higher the child's deft, the lower his/her sIgA level. It was concluded that caries-free children have effective sIgA defense functions in dealing with bacterial infections that cause caries so that salivary sIgA level were found to be higher in caries-free children compared to children with ECC.

Evaluation of ventilator on lung profile of piglets (Sus scrofa) in hypovolemic shock treated with hypervolemic crystalloid resuscitation

AIM

This study was conducted to assess the effect of ventilators on the lung profile of piglets in the hypovolemic shock before and after the excessive resuscitation of the crystalloid fluid.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five male piglets were used in this study as the models of shock, and there are four phases of treatment: Stabilization, shock of bleeding, normovolemic resuscitation, and hypervolemic resuscitation. The application of mechanical ventilation to patients who suspected of having lung injury may worsen the patient's conditions. The purpose of this study was to set the ventilator with the set of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O, thefraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 0.5, and the inspiration: expiration (I: E) ratio of 1:2, which was applied from the stabilization phase. The shock induction was performed by removing the blood until the mean arterial pressure decreasing by 20% from the stabilization. The solution of NaCl 0.9% was used for the normovolemic and hypervolemic resuscitation. The parameter of observation consisted of extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI) on pulse contour cardiac output 2 and exhaled tidal volume (VTE), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and respiratory rate (RR) on ventilators.

RESULTS

EVLWI does not indicate pulmonary edema. A significant decrease in VTE without any significant alterations in EVLWI, PIP, and RR has indicated the shallow breathing in the shock condition. Therefore, the PVPI parameter cannot be used as a parameter for capillary permeability since its formulation does not reinforce the results of data in the shock condition. The set of the ventilator may prevent the increase of EVLWI, and the uses of ventilators do not worsen the patient's conditions during the crystalloid resuscitation.

CONCLUSION

The use of mechanical ventilator as the support does not worsen the hypovolemic condition and is safe to use as long as the lung profile is not indicated to have lung injury.

Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jerangau Hijau terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

Jerangau Hijau is a medicinal plant believed by the people of Central Kalimantan to have an efficacy of treating fever, postpartum injuries, and anti-inflammatory. Based on previous research, Jerangau Hijau is known to contain chemical compounds namely flavonoids and saponins that have activity as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the ethanolic extract of Jerangau Hijau leaves able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and to know the concentration of ethanolic extract of Jerangau Hijau leaves that able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method with disc paper. The extraction process was carried out by percolation method using 96% ethanol solvent. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Jerangau Hijau leaves was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, at concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% with mean inhibitory zones respectively 22�0,2 mm; 32,3�1,4 mm; 26,5�3,8 mm; and 13,1�3 mm.