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Sood A, Mehrotra A, Sharma U, Aggarwal D, Singh T, Shahwan M, Jairoun AA, Rani I, Ramniwas S, Tuli HS, Yadav V, Kumar M. Advancements and recent explorations of anti-cancer activity of chrysin: from molecular targets to therapeutic perspective. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:477-494. [PMID: 38966181 PMCID: PMC11220305 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent times, there have been notable advancements in comprehending the potential anti-cancer effects of chrysin (CH), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound found abundantly in various plant sources like honey, propolis, and certain fruits and vegetables. This active compound has garnered significant attention due to its promising therapeutic qualities and minimal toxicity. CH's ability to combat cancer arises from its multifaceted mechanisms of action, including the initiation of apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell cycle progression. CH also displays potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, effectively counteracting the harmful molecules that contribute to DNA damage and the development of cancer. Furthermore, CH has exhibited the potential to sensitize cancer cells to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, amplifying the effectiveness of these treatments while reducing their negative impact on healthy cells. Hence, in this current review, the composition, chemistry, mechanisms of action, safety concerns of CH, along with the feasibility of its nanoformulations. To conclude, the recent investigations into CH's anti-cancer effects present a compelling glimpse into the potential of this natural compound as a complementary therapeutic element in the array of anti-cancer approaches, providing a safer and more comprehensive method of combating this devastating ailment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Sood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Arpit Mehrotra
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda 151001, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Ambala 133207, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, Delhi University, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai 67, United Arab Emirates
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang 11500, Malaysia
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Medical Sciences and Research (MMCMSR), Sadopur, Ambala 134007, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Ambala 133207, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, SE 20213 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Ambala 133207, India
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar University Sadopur, Ambala 134007, India
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Navabi M, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. Attenuation of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity by supplementation of sitagliptin in Wistar rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:311-318. [PMID: 38333747 PMCID: PMC10849208 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.73187.15905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Acrylamide (ACR) induces neurotoxicity in humans and animals through different mechanisms. Sitagliptin is a type-2 diabetes medication with neuroprotective properties. The effects of sitagliptin against neurotoxicity stimulated by ACR were examined. Materials and Methods Male Wistar rats were classified as follows: 1. Control (normal saline, 11 days, IP), 2. ACR (50 mg/kg, 11 days, IP), 3. ACR (11 days, days 11-20 normal saline), 4-7. ACR+sitagliptin (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, 11 days, IP), 8. ACR+sitagliptin (10 mg/kg, days 6-11), 9. ACR+sitagliptin (10 mg/kg, days 6-20), 10. Sitagliptin (40 mg/kg, 11 days), 11. ACR+vitamin E (200 mg/kg, IP). Finally, the gait score was evaluated. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in cortex tissue. Also, IL-1β, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels were assessed in the cortex by western blotting. Results ACR caused movement disorders, triggered oxidative stress, and raised TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase-3 cleaved levels. Supplementation of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) along with ACR, in 3 protocols, reduced gait disorders compared to the ACR group. Receiving sitagliptin in all doses plus ACR and injection of sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) from days 6 to11 reduced the MDA level of cortex tissue. Sitagliptin (all doses) plus ACR increased the GSH level of the cortex tissue. Sitagliptin (10 mg/kg) with ACR dropped the amounts of TNF-α and caspase-3 cleaved proteins in cortex tissue but did not affect the IL-1β level. Conclusion Sitagliptin disclosed preventive and therapeutic effects on ACR neurotoxicity. Sitagliptin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties and inhibits CR neurotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Navabi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Tandisehpanah Z, Foroutanfar A, Aziminia A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Lippia citriodora Kunth . on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:281-294. [PMID: 36186928 PMCID: PMC9482716 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2021.19173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Acrylamide (ACR) neurotoxicity is induced by different mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis. Scientific researchs have indicated the antioxidative properties of Lippia citriodora. The protective effect of L. citriodora aqueous and ethanolic extracts on ACR-induced neurotoxicity was investigated. Materials and methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 13 groups: (1) control, (2) ACR (50 mg/kg, i.p.), (3-6) ACR+aqueous extract (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), (7-10) ACR+ethanolic extract (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), (11) aqueous extract (100 mg/kg), (12) ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg), and (13) ACR+Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, every other day, i.p.). After 11 days, gait score, MDA, and GSH levels in brain cortical tissue were measured. In the in vitro test, the viability of PC12 cells (using MTT test), the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS; using DCFH-DA method), and the protein levels of Bax, Bcl2 and caspase 3 (by western blotting) were measured. Results In the in vitro study, the IC50 for the treatment of PC 12 cells with ACR after 24 hr was 6 mM. ACR decreased cell viability, but increased ROS level, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 protein level. Pre-treatment by L. citriodora extracts (15-120 µg/ml) ameliorated the toxic effects of ACR on PC12 cells. In the in vivo experiment, ACR-induced movement disorders increased MDA but decreased GSH content. The extracts of L. citriodora improved ACR toxic effects. Conclusion Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of L. citriodora were found to reduce ACR-induced neurotoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Foroutanfar
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Aziminia
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-5131801194, Fax: +98-5138823251, . Tel: +98-38819042, Fax: +98-38823251,
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-5131801194, Fax: +98-5138823251, . Tel: +98-38819042, Fax: +98-38823251,
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Neuroprotective Potential of Chrysin: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216456. [PMID: 34770864 PMCID: PMC8588021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysin, a herbal bioactive molecule, exerts a plethora of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the emerging role of chrysin in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and brain tumors. Based on the results of recent pre-clinical studies and evidence from studies in humans, this review is focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of chrysin in different neurological diseases. In addition, the potential challenges, and opportunities of chrysin’s inclusion in the neurotherapeutics repertoire are critically discussed.
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Salimi A, Baghal E, Ghobadi H, Hashemidanesh N, Khodaparast F, Seydi E. Mitochondrial, lysosomal and DNA damages induced by acrylamide attenuate by ellagic acid in human lymphocyte. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247776. [PMID: 33635915 PMCID: PMC7909646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA), is an important contaminant formed during food processing under high temperature. Due to its potential neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity effects, this food contaminant has been recognized as a human health concern. Previous studies showed that acrylamide-induced toxicity is associated with active metabolite of acrylamide by cytochrome P450 enzyme, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. In the current study, we investigated the role of oxidative stress in acrylamide's genotoxicity and therapeutic potential role of ellagic acid (EA) in human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were simultaneously treated with different concentrations of EA (10, 25 and 50 μM) and acrylamide (50 μM) for 4 h at 37°C. After 4 hours of incubation, the toxicity parameters such cytotoxicity, ROS formation, oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, lysosomal membrane integrity, mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) collapse and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were analyzed using biochemical and flow cytometry evaluations. It has been found that acrylamide (50 μM) significantly increased cytotoxicity, ROS formation, GSH oxidation, lipid peroxidation, MMP collapse, lysosomal and DNA damage in human lymphocytes. On the other hand, cotreatment with EA (25 and 50 μM) inhibited AA-induced oxidative stress which subsequently led to decreasing of the cytotoxicity, GSH oxidation, lipid peroxidation, MMP collapse, lysosomal and DNA damage. Together, these results suggest that probably the co-exposure of EA with foods containing acrylamide could decrease mitochondrial, lysosomal and DNA damages, and oxidative stress induced by acrylamide in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- * E-mail: , (AS); (ES)
| | - Elahe Baghal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghobadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Internal Medicine Department (Pulmonary Division), Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Niloufar Hashemidanesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farzad Khodaparast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
- Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Enayatollah Seydi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- * E-mail: , (AS); (ES)
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Mahdizade E, Baeeri M, Hodjat M, Rahimifard M, Navaei-Nigjeh M, Haghi-Aminjan H, Moeini-Nodeh S, Hassani S, Dehghan G, Hosseinpour-Feizi MA, Abdollahi M. Impact of Acrylamide on Cellular Senescence Response and Cell Cycle Distribution via an In-vitro Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:165-177. [PMID: 35194437 PMCID: PMC8842627 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115117.15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to certain environmental toxins has been shown to be associated with cellular senescence mainly through induction of oxidative stress and impact on cellular systems. Acrylamide (ACR) has raised worldwide concerns regarding the high risk of human dietary exposure to its hazardous effect. Although there is ample evidence about the carcinogenicity of ACR, limited studies have focused on its impact on cellular aging. The levels of β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, cell cycle distribution, and the expression of the senescence-associated gene and inflammatory markers were evaluated following exposure of embryonic fibroblast cells to ACR. A significant elevation in SA-β-gal activity after exposure to different concentrations of ACR was accompanied by a considerably increased level of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. ACR-treated cells showed a noticeable decline in the total antioxidant capacity and thiol molecules. Moreover, the expression of cellular senescence-related genes including p38, p53, and p21 significantly upregulated at the high concentration of 5 mM ACR. ACR also induced G0/G1 phase arrest in embryonic fibroblast cells. The current study results revealed that exposure to ACR could enhance senescence response, contributing to increased oxidative stress and cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mahdizade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. ,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Baeeri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mona Navaei-Nigjeh
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Shermineh Moeini-Nodeh
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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Lessons from Exploring Chemical Space and Chemical Diversity of Propolis Components. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144988. [PMID: 32679731 PMCID: PMC7404124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural resinous material produced by bees and has been used in folk medicines since ancient times. Due to it possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities, it has gained significant scientific and commercial interest over the last two decades. As a result of searching 122 publications reported up to the end of 2019, we assembled a unique compound database consisting of 578 components isolated from both honey bee propolis and stingless bee propolis, and analyzed the chemical space and chemical diversity of these compounds. The results demonstrated that both honey bee propolis and stingless bee propolis are valuable sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.
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Radad K, Amir YE, Al-Emam A, Al-Shraim M, Bin-Jaliah I, Krewenka C, Moldzio R. Minocycline protects against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and testicular damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:87-95. [PMID: 32425341 PMCID: PMC7218239 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effects of minocycline against acrylamide (ACR)-induced neurotoxicity and testicular damage in Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats were divided into five groups (eight rats each). Group I received saline (0.5 mL/rat) daily for 10 days and served as the untreated control group. Group II received ACR (30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) daily for 10 days. Group III received ACR (30 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 10 days and subsequently minocycline (60 mg/kg b.w.) for five days. Group IV received ACR (30 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 10 days followed by saline for five days and served as the control group for the ACR-minocycline-treated group. Group V received minocycline (60 mg/kg b.w.) for five days. All treatments were administered orally. Rats in group I and V showed normal locomotor behavior and normal histology of the brain and testes. Administration of ACR (Group II and IV) resulted in weight loss and gait abnormalities. Furthermore, neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus and cerebellum and degeneration of the seminiferous tubular epithelium with formation of spermatid giant cells were observed. Ultrastructurally, ACR specifically damaged spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Acrylamide was also seen to cause a significant increase of malondialdehyde levels in the brain and testes. Treatment of ACR-administered rats with minocycline (Group III) significantly alleviated the loss of body weight and improved locomotor function. Minocycline also ameliorated neuronal degeneration and seminiferous tubular damage and decreased malondialdehyde concentrations. In conclusion, minocycline protects against neurotoxic effects of acrylamide and seminiferous tubular damage. Decreasing lipid peroxidation by minocycline might play a role in such protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Radad
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O.Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Yassmin El Amir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Emam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O.Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O.Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O.Box: 641, Abha, 61421, Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher Krewenka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Austria
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210, Austria
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Role of Oxidative Stress, MAPKinase and Apoptosis Pathways in the Protective Effects of Thymoquinone Against Acrylamide-Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity in Rat. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:254-267. [PMID: 31728856 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated biochemical endpoints characterizing acrylamide (ACR) neurotoxicity in the cortex of rats, following the possible neuroprotective activity of thymoquinone (TQ), an active constituent of Nigella sativa. ACR (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) concurrently with TQ (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 11 days were administered to rats. As positive control, vitamin E was used. After 11 days of injections, narrow beam test (NBT) was performed. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured and Western blotting was done for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKinases) and apoptosis pathways proteins in the rats' cortex. Additionally, Evans blue assay was done to evaluate the integrity of blood brain barrier (BBB). Administration of ACR significantly induced gait abnormalities. A significant decrease and increase in the levels of GSH and MDA was observed in the cortex of ACR-treated rats, respectively. The elevation in the levels of caspases 3 and 9, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) content, and Bax/Bcl-2, P-P38/P38 and P-JNK/JNK ratios accompanied by reduction in myelin basic protein (MBP) content and P-ERK/ERK ratio were noticed in the ACR group. TQ (5 mg/kg) improved gait abnormalities, and restored these changes. ACR affected the integrity of BBB while TQ was able to maintain the integrity of this barrier. TQ reversed the alterations in the protein contents of MAP kinase and apoptosis signaling pathways as well as MBP and GFAP contents, induced by ACR. It protected against ACR-mediated neurotoxicity, partly through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties.
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Tabeshpour J, Mehri S, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Neuroprotective Effects of Thymoquinone in Acrylamide-Induced Peripheral Nervous System Toxicity Through MAPKinase and Apoptosis Pathways in Rat. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1101-1112. [PMID: 30725239 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is extensively used in industrial areas and has been demonstrated to induce neurotoxicity via oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, we assessed the probable protective effects of thymoquinone (TQ), an active constituent of Nigella sativa, against ACR-induced neurotoxicity. ACR (50 mg/kg, i.p., for 11 days) and TQ (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., for 11 days) were administered to rats. On 12th day, gait score was examined and rats were sacrificed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were determined in sciatic nerve. Furthermore, western blotting was conducted. The exposure of rats to ACR caused severe gait disabilities. The MDA and GSH contents were increased and decreased, respectively. ACR decreased P-ERK/ERK ratio and myelin basic protein (MBP) content, but significantly increased P-JNK/JNK, P-P38/P38, Bax/Bcl-2 ratios and caspase 3 and 9 levels. Concurrently administration of TQ (5 and 10 mg/kg) with ACR, prevented gait abnormalities and meaningfully reduced MDA and elevated the GSH contents. Furthermore, TQ (5 mg/kg) elevated the P-ERK/ERK ratio and MBP content while reduced the P-JNK/JNK, P-P38/P38 ratios and apoptotic markers. MAP kinase and apoptosis signaling pathways were involved in ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rat sciatic nerve and TQ significantly reduced ACR neurotoxicity. TQ afforded neuroprotection, in part, due to its anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Tabeshpour
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Balta C, Ciceu A, Herman H, Rosu M, Boldura OM, Hermenean A. Dose-Dependent Antifibrotic Effect of Chrysin on Regression of Liver Fibrosis: The Role in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818789835. [PMID: 30108459 PMCID: PMC6083810 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818789835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). This study was designed to investigate the effect of chrysin on established ECM overproduction in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) mouse liver fibrosis. Experimental fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mL/kg CCl4 twice a week, for 7 weeks. Mice were orally treated with 3 doses of chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone). For the assessment of the spontaneous reversion of fibrosis, CCl4-treated mice were investigated after 2 weeks of recovery time. Silymarin was used as a standard of liver protection. In fibrotic livers, the results showed the upregulation of collagen I (Col I) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which led to an altered ECM enriched in Col, confirmed as well by electron microscopy investigations. Treatment with chrysin significantly reduced ultrastructural changes, downregulated Col I, and restored TIMP-1/MMP balance, whereas in the group observed for the spontaneous regression of fibrosis, they remained in the same pattern with fibrotic livers. In this study, we have shown chrysin efficacy to attenuate dose-dependent CCl4-stimulated liver ECM accumulation by regulation of MMP/TIMP imbalance and inhibition of Col production. We have shown the dose-dependent chrysin efficiency in attenuation of CCl4-induced liver ECM accumulation by regulation of MMP/TIMP imbalance and inhibition of Col production. Our findings suggest that chrysin oral administration may introduce a new strategy for treating liver fibrosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Balta
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Alina Ciceu
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Hildegard Herman
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Marcel Rosu
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Oana Maria Boldura
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Ahmed MR, Shaikh MA, Ul Haq SHI, Nazir S. Neuroprotective role of chrysin in attenuating loss of dopaminergic neurons and improving motor, learning and memory functions in rats. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12:35-43. [PMID: 29896070 PMCID: PMC5969782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD). Enhanced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to apoptotic cellular death are the leading pathogenetic mechanisms. Chrysin is an active flavonoid. Its neuroprotective effects have been reported. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of chrysin in ameliorating the dopaminergic neuronal degeneration and motor behavioral changes in rotenone model of PD. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into three groups: Control, rotenone-treated, and rotenone+chrysin treated groups. Rotenone was given at a dose of 3 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally, and chrysin was given at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. Using five neurobehavioral assessment tests, evaluation was done weekly to record the motor behavioral changes. After 4 weeks, animals were sacrificed, brains were removed, and section from striatum and substantia nigra were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl violet stains. Immunohistochemical sections were also prepared using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody. RESULTS Rotenone-induced Parkinson like changes were evident from deteriorating motor behavior. These animals showed extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons, decreased immunoreactivity against anti-TH antibodies and number of TH positive dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal region. Chrysin treated animals showed a significant reduction in motor behavioral changes, degeneration and loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and increased immunoreactivity to anti-TH antibody. CONCLUSION This study concludes that chrysin confers neuroprotection in rat model of PD. It attenuates the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and motor behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masood Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, KSA,Address for correspondence: Masood Ahmed Shaikh, Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, KSA. E-mail:
| | | | - Shakila Nazir
- Department of Biology, Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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13
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Hasanin NA, Sayed NM, Ghoneim FM, Al-Sherief SA. Histological and Ultrastructure Study of the Testes of Acrylamide Exposed Adult Male Albino Rat and Evaluation of the Possible Protective Effect of Vitamin E Intake. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2018; 6:23-34. [PMID: 30023264 PMCID: PMC6014247 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a hazardous unavoidable gonadal toxin. Hence, the aim of this study is to clarify its harmful effects on the testis of adult albino rat by light and electron microscope and to evaluate the possible role of Vitamin E (Vit E) in the prevention of such effects. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were enrolled in this study. They were divided into three groups: Group I (control); Group II (AA exposed), and Group III (AA and concomitant Vit E treated group). Animals of Groups II and III were further subdivided into two equal subgroups (each subgroup included five rats): (a) rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks and (b) rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks. The testes of each rat were dissected out, processed, and examined by Hematoxylin and Eosin, Periodic acid-Schiff and Mallory's trichrome stains as well as electron microscopic study. The study revealed that AA induces testicular damage at the histological and ultrastructural level in the form of degeneration and arrested spermatogenesis. Moreover, decreased seminiferous tubules diameters and epithelial height were detected. These changes are maximally improved in Vit E treated group. Hence, we could conclude that AA causes degenerative changes of the testes of albino rats and arrest of spermatogenesis. The AA-induced histological and ultrastructural changes of the testes could be explained by oxidative stress. These effects changes are proportional to the duration of exposure. Moreover, it could be concluded that Vitamin E has a protective role against AA-induced testicular damage by its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Awad Hasanin
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nazik Mahmoud Sayed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohammed Ghoneim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sara Ahmed Al-Sherief
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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14
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Chrysin Protects Rat Kidney from Paracetamol-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy: A Multi-Biomarker Approach. Sci Pharm 2017; 85:scipharm85010004. [PMID: 28134775 PMCID: PMC5388142 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm85010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (PC) is a safe analgesic and antipyretic drug at therapeutic doses, and it is widely used in clinics. However, at high doses, it can induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Chrysin (CR) is a natural flavonoid that has biological activities that include being an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory, and an anti-cancer agent. The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of CR against PC-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. CR was given orally via feeding needle to male Sprague Dawley rats as a single daily dose of 25 or 50 mg/kg for six days. PC was administered orally via feeding needle as a single dose on the sixth day. PC caused significant glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, increased serum toxicity markers (serum urea and creatinine), and reductions in activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase — SOD, catalase — CAT, and glutathione peroxidase — GPx). The renal protective effect of CR was associated with decreasing the regulation of serum renal toxicity markers and increasing the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, PC led to significant increases in the levels of inflammatory markers including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-33 (IL-33). Furthermore, PC induced apoptotic tissue damage by increasing cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 (caspase-3) activity and autophagic tissue damage by increasing the expression of light chain 3B (LC3B). CR therapy significantly decreased these values in rats. This study demonstrated that CR has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagic effects on PC-induced kidney toxicity in rats.
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Kahkeshani N, Saeidnia S, Abdollahi M. Role of antioxidants and phytochemicals on acrylamide mitigation from food and reducing its toxicity. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:3169-86. [PMID: 26028700 PMCID: PMC4444912 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the presence of acrylamide in lots of fried and baked foods raises concerns due to its potential to cause toxicity and cancer in animals and human. Consequently, a number of papers have focused on evaluation of various chemicals in reduction of acrylamide in various food sources, as well as decreasing its related toxicities. In addition, plants are important sources of diverse metabolites demonstrating either possible effectiveness in acrylamide toxicity or reduction of acrylamide content in food sources. In this paper, we have criticized all relevant studies in terms of acrylamide mitigation from food by phytochemicals and antioxidants, and the influence of herbal medicines and phyto-pharmaceuticals on reduction of acrylamide toxicity in both animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Kahkeshani
- />Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411 Iran
| | - Soodabeh Saeidnia
- />Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411 Iran
- />Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- />Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411 Iran
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Al-Serwi RH, Ghoneim FM. The impact of vitamin E against acrylamide induced toxicity on skeletal muscles of adult male albino rat tongue: Light and electron microscopic study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:137-147. [PMID: 30023192 PMCID: PMC6014282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide, one of the major environmental public health problems, results from its increased accumulation in the process of cooking food materials. This study aimed to demonstrate the light and electron microscopic structural effects of acrylamide on the skeletal muscle fibers of adult male albino rat tongue and to investigate the possible protective effect of vitamin E co-administration. Thirty adult male albino Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, each group included 10 rats. Group I (control), group II which was subdivided into two equal subgroups: subgroup IIa: included 5 rats that received acrylamide orally once daily for 20 days. Subgroup IIb: included 5 rats that received acrylamide orally once daily for 40 days. Group III was also subdivided into two equal subgroups: subgroup IIIa: included 5 rats that received acrylamide and vitamin E orally once daily for 20 days. Subgroup IIIb: included 5 rats that received acrylamide and vitamin E orally once daily for 40 days. At the end of the experiment the tongue was dissected out for histological and electron microscopic studies, another muscle sample was homogenized and processed for biochemical estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Light microscopic study of tongue skeletal muscles in acrylamide exposed animals revealed abnormal wavy course and splitting of the muscle fibers with fatty infiltration in between. Moreover, pyknosis and remnants of nuclei were detected. EM revealed marked aggregation of mitochondria of different size and shape with giant cells formation, and partial loss of myofilaments. There were statistically significant increase in MDA and decrease in TAC indicating oxidative stress in acrylamide administrated groups (group II) than the control group which increased by prolonged duration (subgroup IIb versus subgroup IIa, p < 0.0001). This oxidative stress could explain the histological changes in tongue muscles of acrylamide exposed rats. Co-administration of vitamin E with acrylamide ameliorated most of the above mentioned histological changes in the animals used and signs of improvement that became better with prolonged administration of it (subgroup IIIb versus subgroup IIIa, p < 0.0001) were detected. It could be concluded that, chronic exposure to acrylamide might lead to skeletal muscle damage in rat tongue which becomes worth with prolonged duration of exposure. Acrylamide induced oxidative stress is the implicated mechanism of such histological changes. This toxic effect of acrylamide could be minimized when vitamin E is given concomitantly with it by its antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha H Al-Serwi
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Ghoneim
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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Mehri S, Shahi M, Razavi BM, Hassani FV, Hosseinzadeh H. Neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:1007-11. [PMID: 25859305 PMCID: PMC4387223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acrylamide (ACR) has broad applications in different industries. It also forms in food during heating process. Oxidative stress has a critical role in ACR-induced neurotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo models; therefore, the aim of the current study was the evaluation of effects of thymoquinone, the main constituent of volatile oil from Nigella sativa seeds in ACR-induced neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with ACR (50 mg/kg IP) alone or with thymoquinone (TQ) (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg IP) for 11 days. Two protocols were used in this study, A: in this one TQ and ACR were used simultaneously, B: Administration of TQ was started 1 week before ACR treatment and continued during exposure to ACR. At the end of the treatment, behavioral index (gait score) was examined for rats. After that, rats were sacrificed and molondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) content were determined in cerebral cortex. RESULTS Exposure to ACR led to severe gait abnormalities and treatment with TQ significantly decreased abnormalities. Level of MDA was elevated in cerebral cortex after exposure to ACR while TQ treatment significantly and in a dose-dependent manner reduced lipid peroxidation. Results clearly showed that there is no significant difference between two protocols of administration of TQ. CONCLUSION It suggests the neuroprotective effect of TQ in this model in part, may be because of due the antioxidant activity of this natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Shahi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,*Corresponding author: Hossein Hosseinzadeh. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-513-8819042; Fax: +98-513-8823251;
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