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Liu Y, Han Y, Zhu W, Luo Q, Yuan J, Liu X. Characterization of N-glycome profile in mouse brain tissue regions by MALDI-TOF/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5575-5588. [PMID: 37452841 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications in mammals. It is well known that N-glycans play a key role in cell adhesion, differentiation, synapsis, and myelination during the development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Neuropathological symptoms (such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease) are usually accompanied by N-glycosylation changes. In this study, we extracted N-glycan chains from eight regions of the mouse brain, and combined high-throughput, high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) with the Fmoc N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fmoc-OSU) derivatization method to improve the sensitivity of glycan detection to characterize the total N-glycans in the mouse brain. A total of 96 N-glycan moieties were detected. An exhaustive examination of the relative abundance of N-glycans, coupled with a comparative analysis of differences, has uncovered discernible variations of statistical significance, including high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and galactosylated N-glycans. According to our investigations, a thorough and regionally specific cartography of glycans within the brain can facilitate the investigation of glycan-mediated mechanisms related to both the developmental trajectory and functional output of the brain. Additionally, this approach may serve as a basis for identifying potential biomarkers that are relevant to various brain-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Innovation Institute, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Sytnyk V, Leshchyns'ka I, Schachner M. Neural glycomics: the sweet side of nervous system functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:93-116. [PMID: 32613283 PMCID: PMC11071817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of investigations on the structure and function of the genome (genomics) has been paralleled by an equally awesome progress in the analysis of protein structure and function (proteomics). We propose that the investigation of carbohydrate structures that go beyond a cell's metabolism is a rapidly developing frontier in our expanding knowledge on the structure and function of carbohydrates (glycomics). No other functional system appears to be suited as well as the nervous system to study the functions of glycans, which had been originally characterized outside the nervous system. In this review, we describe the multiple studies on the functions of LewisX, the human natural killer cell antigen-1 (HNK-1), as well as oligomannosidic and sialic (neuraminic) acids. We attempt to show the sophistication of these structures in ontogenetic development, synaptic function and plasticity, and recovery from trauma, with a view on neurodegeneration and possibilities to ameliorate deterioration. In view of clinical applications, we emphasize the need for glycomimetic small organic compounds which surpass the usefulness of natural glycans in that they are metabolically more stable, more parsimonious to synthesize or isolate, and more advantageous for therapy, since many of them pass the blood brain barrier and are drug-approved for treatments other than those in the nervous system, thus allowing a more ready access for application in neurological diseases. We describe the isolation of such mimetic compounds using not only Western NIH, but also traditional Chinese medical libraries. With this review, we hope to deepen the interests in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Trinidad JC, Schoepfer R, Burlingame AL, Medzihradszky KF. N- and O-glycosylation in the murine synaptosome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3474-88. [PMID: 23816992 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first large scale study characterizing both N- and O-linked glycosylation in a site-specific manner on hundreds of proteins. We demonstrate that a lectin-affinity fractionation step using wheat germ agglutinin enriches not only peptides carrying intracellular O-GlcNAc, but also those bearing ER/Golgi-derived N- and O-linked carbohydrate structures. Liquid chromatography-MS (LC/MS) analysis with high accuracy precursor mass measurements and high sensitivity ion trap electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) were utilized for structural characterization of glycopeptides. Our results reveal both the identity of the precise sites of glycosylation and information on the oligosaccharide structures possible on these proteins. We report a novel iterative approach that allowed us to interpret the ETD data set directly without making prior assumptions about the nature and distribution of oligosaccharides present in our glycopeptide mixture. Over 2500 unique N- and O-linked glycopeptides were identified on 453 proteins. The extent of microheterogeneity varied extensively, and up to 19 different oligosaccharides were attached at a given site. We describe the presence of the well-known mucin-type structures for O-glycosylation, an EGF-domain-specific fucosylation and a rare O-mannosylation on the transmembrane phosphatase Ptprz1. Finally, we identified three examples of O-glycosylation on tyrosine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Trinidad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Facility, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517
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Gouveia R, Schaffer L, Papp S, Grammel N, Kandzia S, Head SR, Kleene R, Schachner M, Conradt HS, Costa J. Expression of glycogenes in differentiating human NT2N neurons. Downregulation of fucosyltransferase 9 leads to decreased Lewis(x) levels and impaired neurite outgrowth. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:2007-19. [PMID: 23000574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several glycan structures are functionally relevant in biological events associated with differentiation and regeneration which occur in the central nervous system. Here we have analysed the glycogene expression and glycosylation patterns during human NT2N neuron differentiation. We have further studied the impact of downregulating fucosyltransferase 9 (FUT9) on neurite outgrowth. METHODS The expression of glycogenes in human NT2N neurons differentiating from teratocarcinoma NTERA-2/cl.D1 cells has been analysed using the GlycoV4 GeneChip expression microarray. Changes in glycosylation have been monitored by immunoblot, immunofluorescence microscopy, HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS. Peptide mass fingerprinting and immunoprecipitation have been used for protein identification. FUT9 was downregulated using silencing RNA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS One hundred twelve mRNA transcripts showed statistically significant up-regulation, including the genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of the Lewis(x) motif (FUT9), polysialic acid (ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4) and HNK-1 (B3GAT2). Accordingly, increased levels of the corresponding carbohydrate epitopes have been observed. The Lewis(x) structure was found in a carrier glycoprotein that was identified as the CRA-a isoform of human neural cell adhesion molecule 1. Downregulation of FUT9 caused significant decreases in the levels of Lewis(x), as well as GAP-43, a marker of neurite outgrowth. Concomitantly, a reduction in neurite formation and outgrowth has been observed that was reversed by FUT9 overexpression. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These results provided information about the regulation of glycogenes during neuron differentiation and they showed that the Lewis(x) motif plays a functional role in neurite outgrowth from human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Oeiras, Portugal
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Dixon RB, Bereman MS, Petitte JN, Hawkridge AM, Muddiman DC. One-Year Plasma N-linked Glycome Intra-individual and Inter-individual Variability in the Chicken Model of Spontaneous Ovarian Adenocarcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 305:79-86. [PMID: 21845070 PMCID: PMC3155253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in the chicken presents a similar pathogenesis compared with humans including CA-125 expression and genetic mutational frequencies (e.g., p53). The high prevalence of spontaneous EOC chickens also provides a unique experimental model for biomarker discovery at the genomic, proteomic, glycomic, and metabolomic level. In an effort to exploit this unique model for biomarker discovery, longitudinal plasma samples were collected from chickens at three month intervals for one year. The study described herein involved cleaving the N-glycans from these longitudinal chicken plasma samples and analyzing them via nanoLC-FTMS/MS. Glycans identified in this study were previously found in human plasma and this work provides a promising methodology to enable longitudinal studies of the N-linked plasma glycome profile during EOC progression. The structure, abundance, and intra-variability and inter-variability for 35 N-linked glycans identified in this study are reported. The full potential of the chicken model for biomarker discovery has yet to be realized, but the initial interrogation of longitudinally-procured samples provides evidence that supports the value of this strategy in the search for glycomic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Brent Dixon
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Michael S. Bereman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - James N. Petitte
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Adam M. Hawkridge
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Ishii A, Ikenaka K, Pfeiffer SE. The N-glycan profile of mouse myelin, a specialized central nervous system membrane. J Neurochem 2008; 103 Suppl 1:25-31. [PMID: 17986136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the rich complement of sugar chains found in cellular membranes is impeded by the complexity of cell types and membrane diversity. To overcome this, we have analyzed the N-linked sugar chain composition of the glycoproteins of CNS myelin, an elaboration of the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes (OLs) that result in a multilamellar wrapping of neuronal axons, facilitating nerve conduction with dramatic savings of space and energy. Due to an usually high lipid to protein ratio, myelin can be separated readily from other heavier membranes on sucrose gradients and further fractionated into subdomains related to myelin structure and function, including compact myelin and myelin-associated axolemmal membrane (Menon et al. 2003). We analyzed these fractions for N-linked sugar chains, using 2D HPLC following hydrazinolysis and pyridylamination. Our results indicate that compared with total brain homogenate, the amount of N-glycans is 1.3-fold higher in the myelin-associated axolemmal membranes, but it is 0.5-fold less in CM. M5 [Manalpha1-3((Manalpha1-3)(Manalpha1-6)Manalpha1-6)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc] is the most abundant sugar chain in total brain homogenate, compact myelin, and myelin-associated axolemma, constituting approximately 20% of sugar chains. Although the types of sugar chains are similar among the fractions, their expression levels vary significantly. In addition to high mannose type oligosaccharides, the core fucosylated, biantennary N-glycans with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue, A2G1(3)FB [Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3(GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-6)(GlcNAcbeta1-4)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-6)GlcNAc], A2G1(6)FB [GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-3(Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-6)(GlcNAcbeta1-4)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4 (Fucalpha1-6)GlcNAc] and BA-1 [Manalpha1-3(GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-6)(GlcNAcbeta1-4)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-6)GlcNAc], and A1(6)G0F [Manalpha1-3(GlcNAcbeta1-2Manalpha1-6)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-6) GlcNAc] are also present in relatively large proportions in compact myelin. We suggest that these differences may be related to myelin-axolemmal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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