1
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Hashimoto M, Masuda T, Nakano Y, Tobo T, Saito H, Koike K, Takahashi J, Abe T, Ando Y, Ozato Y, Hosoda K, Higuchi S, Hisamatsu Y, Toshima T, Yonemura Y, Hata T, Uemura M, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Mori M, Mimori K. Tumor suppressive role of the epigenetic master regulator BRD3 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:1866-1880. [PMID: 38494600 PMCID: PMC11145117 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) family proteins are epigenetic master regulators of gene expression via recognition of acetylated histones and recruitment of transcription factors and co-activators to chromatin. Hence, BET family proteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in cancer. In this study, we examined the functional role of bromodomain containing 3 (BRD3), a BET family protein, in colorectal cancer (CRC). In vitro and vivo analyses using BRD3-knockdown or BRD3-overexpressing CRC cells showed that BRD3 suppressed tumor growth and cell cycle G1/S transition and induced p21 expression. Clinical analysis of CRC datasets from our hospital or The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that BET family genes, including BRD3, were overexpressed in tumor tissues. In immunohistochemical analyses, BRD3 was observed mainly in the nucleus of CRC cells. According to single-cell RNA sequencing in untreated CRC tissues, BRD3 was highly expressed in malignant epithelial cells, and cell cycle checkpoint-related pathways were enriched in the epithelial cells with high BRD3 expression. Spatial transcriptomic and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of CRC tissues showed that BRD3 expression was positively associated with high p21 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of BRD3 combined with knockdown of, a driver gene in the BRD family, showed strong inhibition of CRC cells in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel tumor suppressive role of BRD3 that inhibits tumor growth by cell cycle inhibition in part via induction of p21 expression. BRD3 activation might be a novel therapeutic approach for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hashimoto
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of PathologyKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Kensuke Koike
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | | | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Yuki Ozato
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Kiyotaka Hosoda
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Satoshi Higuchi
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | | | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Yusuke Yonemura
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Tokai University School of MedicineIseharaJapan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppuJapan
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2
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Mishra N, Dubey S, Kumari A, Khan MA, Kuligina ES, Preobrazhenskaya EV, Romanko AA, Yadav LR, Sarin R, Imyanitov EN, Varma AK. Structural implications of amyloidogenic rare variants Ser282Leu and Gln356Arg identified in h-BRCA1. Proteins 2024; 92:540-553. [PMID: 38037760 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies have shown BRCA1 (170-1600) residues to be intrinsically disordered with unknown structural details. However, thousands of clinically reported variants have been identified in this central region of BRCA1. Therefore, we aimed to characterize h-BRCA1(260-553) to assess the structural basis for pathogenicity of two rare missense variants Ser282Leu, Gln356Arg identified from the Indian and Russian populations respectively. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis revealed WT scores Rg -32 Å, Dmax -93 Å, and Rflex-51% which are partially disordered, whereas Ser282Leu variant displayed a higher degree of disorderedness and Gln356Arg was observed to be aggregated. WT protein also possesses an inherent propensity to undergo a disorder-to-order transition in the presence of cruciform DNA and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE). An increased alpha-helical pattern was observed with increasing concentration of TFE for the Gln356Arg mutant whereas Ser282Leu mutant showed significant differences only at the highest TFE concentration. Furthermore, higher thermal shift was observed for WT-DNA complex compared to the Gln356Arg and Ser282Leu protein-DNA complex. Moreover, mature amyloid-like fibrils were observed with 30 μM thioflavin T (ThT) at 37°C for Ser282Leu and Gln356Arg proteins while the WT protein exists in a protofibril state as observed by TEM. Gln356Arg formed higher-order aggregates with amyloidogenesis over time as monitored by ThT fluorescence. In addition, computational analyses confirmed larger conformational fluctuations for Ser282Leu and Gln356Arg mutants than for the WT. The global structural alterations caused by these variants provide a mechanistic approach for further classification of the variants of uncertain clinical significance in BRCA1 into amyloidogenic variants which may have a significant role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Suchita Dubey
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Mudassar Ali Khan
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Ekaterina S Kuligina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Preobrazhenskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Romanko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lumbini R Yadav
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rajiv Sarin
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
| | - Evgeny N Imyanitov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Tumor Growth Biology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, St.-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Oncology, I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ashok K Varma
- Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, India
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3
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Kosai K, Masuda T, Kitagawa A, Tobo T, Ono Y, Ando Y, Takahashi J, Haratake N, Kohno M, Takenaka T, Yoshizumi T, Mimori K. Transducin Beta-Like 2 is a Potential Driver Gene that Adapts to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Promote Tumor Growth of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:7538-7548. [PMID: 37477745 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has a close relation with cancer progression. Blocking the adaptive pathway of ER stress could be an anticancer strategy. Here, we identified an ER stress-related gene, Transducin beta-like 2 (TBL2), an ER-localized type I transmembrane protein, on increased chromosome 7q as a candidate driver gene of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS The association between TBL2 mRNA expression and prognostic outcomes and clinicopathological factors was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets of LUAD and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Localization of TBL2 in tumor tissues was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted using TCGA dataset. In vitro cell proliferation assays were performed using TBL2 knockdown LUAD cells, LUSC cells, and LUAD cells overexpressing TBL2. Apoptosis and ATF4 expression (ER stress marker) were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS TBL2 was overexpressed in LUAD and LUSC cells. Multivariate analysis indicated high TBL2 mRNA expression was an independent poor prognostic factor of LUAD. GSEA revealed high TBL2 expression was positively correlated to the ER stress response in LUAD. TBL2 knockdown attenuated LUAD cell proliferation under ER stress. TBL2 inhibited apoptosis in LUAD cells under ER stress. TBL2 knockdown reduced ATF4 expression under ER stress. CONCLUSIONS TBL2 may be a novel driver gene that facilitates cell proliferation, possibly by upregulating ATF4 expression followed by adaptation to ER stress, and it is a poor prognostic biomarker of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosai
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of Pathology, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuya Ono
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoki Haratake
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Kohno
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Takenaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka City, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Oita, Japan.
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Zhong AX, Chen Y, Chen PL. BRCA1 the Versatile Defender: Molecular to Environmental Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14276. [PMID: 37762577 PMCID: PMC10532398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolving history of BRCA1 research demonstrates the profound interconnectedness of a single protein within the web of crucial functions in human cells. Mutations in BRCA1, a tumor suppressor gene, have been linked to heightened breast and ovarian cancer risks. However, despite decades of extensive research, the mechanisms underlying BRCA1's contribution to tissue-specific tumor development remain elusive. Nevertheless, much of the BRCA1 protein's structure, function, and interactions has been elucidated. Individual regions of BRCA1 interact with numerous proteins to play roles in ubiquitination, transcription, cell checkpoints, and DNA damage repair. At a cellular scale, these BRCA1 functions coordinate tumor suppression, R-loop prevention, and cellular differentiation, all of which may contribute to BRCA1's role in cancer tissue specificity. As research on BRCA1 and breast cancer continues to evolve, it will become increasingly evident that modern materials such as Bisphenol A should be examined for their relationship with DNA stability, cancer incidence, and chemotherapy. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of BRCA1's many roles at a molecular, cellular, organismal, and environmental scale. We hope that the knowledge gathered here highlights both the necessity of BRCA1 research and the potential for novel strategies to prevent and treat cancer in individuals carrying BRCA1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy X. Zhong
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Yumay Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Phang-Lang Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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5
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Witus SR, Tuttle LM, Li W, Zelter A, Wang M, Kermoade KE, Wilburn DB, Davis TN, Brzovic PS, Zhao W, Klevit RE. BRCA1/BARD1 intrinsically disordered regions facilitate chromatin recruitment and ubiquitylation. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113565. [PMID: 37305927 PMCID: PMC10390874 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1/BARD1 is a tumor suppressor E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase with roles in DNA damage repair and in transcriptional regulation. BRCA1/BARD1 RING domains interact with nucleosomes to facilitate mono-ubiquitylation of distinct residues on the C-terminal tail of histone H2A. These enzymatic domains constitute a small fraction of the heterodimer, raising the possibility of functional chromatin interactions involving other regions such as the BARD1 C-terminal domains that bind nucleosomes containing the DNA damage signal H2A K15-Ub and H4 K20me0, or portions of the expansive intrinsically disordered regions found in both subunits. Herein, we reveal novel interactions that support robust H2A ubiquitylation activity mediated through a high-affinity, intrinsically disordered DNA-binding region of BARD1. These interactions support BRCA1/BARD1 recruitment to chromatin and sites of DNA damage in cells and contribute to their survival. We also reveal distinct BRCA1/BARD1 complexes that depend on the presence of H2A K15-Ub, including a complex where a single BARD1 subunit spans adjacent nucleosome units. Our findings identify an extensive network of multivalent BARD1-nucleosome interactions that serve as a platform for BRCA1/BARD1-associated functions on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Witus
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Lisa M Tuttle
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Alex Zelter
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Trisha N Davis
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Peter S Brzovic
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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6
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NAMBARA SHO, MASUDA TAKAAKI, HIROSE KOSUKE, HU QINGJIANG, TOBO TARO, OZATO YUKI, KURASHIGE JUNJI, HIRAKI YOSHIKI, HISAMATSU YUICHI, IGUCHI TOMOHIRO, SUGIMACHI KEISHI, OKI EIJI, YOSHIZUMI TOMOHARU, MIMORI KOSHI. Rab27b, a Regulator of Exosome Secretion, Is Associated With Peritoneal Metastases in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:30-39. [PMID: 36581340 PMCID: PMC9806673 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Peritoneal metastasis (PM) of gastric cancer (GC) leads to poor clinical outcomes. Tumor-derived exosomes promote metastasis via communication between tumor cells and host cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of Rab27, which is required for exosome secretion, on the PM of GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a stable knockdown of two Rab27 homologs, Rab27a and Rab27b, in human GC cells (58As9) with a high potential of PM. We examined the level of exosome secretion from Rab27-knockdown 58As9 cells by Western blotting and the ability of Rab27b knockdown to suppress PM in 58As9 cells using a mouse xenograft model. In vitro proliferation and invasion assays were performed in the Rab27b-knockdown cells. Next, Rab27b expression was evaluated in human GC tissues by immunohistochemistry. Finally, we assessed the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of Rab27b expression by RT-qPCR in both our and other TCGA datasets of GC. RESULTS Rab27a and Rab27b knockdown in 58As9 cells decreased the secretion of exosomes, characterized by the endocytic marker CD63. Rab27b knockdown decreased PM in vivo without affecting the in vitro proliferation or invasion ability of 58As9 cells. In human GC tissues, Rab27b was overexpressed in tumor cells. The overall and recurrence-free survival rates were significantly lower in GC patients with high compared to low Rab27b mRNA expression in our and other TCGA datasets. CONCLUSION Rab27b expression potentially serves as a poor prognostic biomarker, possibly affecting PM via exosome secretion from GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHO NAMBARA
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - TAKAAKI MASUDA
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - KOSUKE HIROSE
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - QINGJIANG HU
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - TARO TOBO
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - YUKI OZATO
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - JUNJI KURASHIGE
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - YOSHIKI HIRAKI
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - YUICHI HISAMATSU
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - TOMOHIRO IGUCHI
- Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - KEISHI SUGIMACHI
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - EIJI OKI
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - TOMOHARU YOSHIZUMI
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - KOSHI MIMORI
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
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7
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Wang M, Rogers CM, Alimbetov D, Zhao W. In Vitro Reconstitution of BRCA1-BARD1/RAD51-Mediated Homologous DNA Pairing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2444:207-225. [PMID: 35290640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2063-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR) is a conserved mechanism for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and the maintenance of DNA replication forks. Several breast and ovarian tumor suppressors, including BRCA1 and BARD1, have been implicated in HR since their discovery in the 1990s. However, a holistic understanding of how they participate in HR has been hampered by the immense challenge of expressing and purifying these large and unstable protein complexes for mechanistic analysis. Recently, we have overcome such a challenge for the BRCA1-BARD1 complex, allowing us to demonstrate its pivotal role in HR via the promotion of RAD51-mediated DNA strand invasion. In this chapter, we describe detailed procedures for the expression and purification of the BRCA1-BARD1 complex and in vitro assays using this tumor suppressor complex to examine its ability to promote RAD51-mediated homologous DNA pairing. This includes two distinct biochemical assays, namely, D-loop formation and synaptic complex assembly. These methods are invaluable for studying the BRCA1-BARD1 complex and its functional interplay with other factors in the HR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cody M Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dauren Alimbetov
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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8
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Takahashi J, Masuda T, Kitagawa A, Tobo T, Nakano Y, Abe T, Ando Y, Kosai K, Kobayashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Yoshizumi T, Mori M, Mimori K. Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group E (FANCE), a DNA Repair-Related Gene, Is a Potential Marker of Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology 2021; 100:101-113. [PMID: 34724663 DOI: 10.1159/000520582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fanconi anemia complementation group E (FANCE) is a Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway gene that regulates DNA repair. We evaluated the clinical relevance of FANCE expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS First, the associations between the expression of FA pathway genes including FANCE and clinical outcomes in HCC patients were analyzed in two independent cohorts: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 373) and our patient cohort (n = 53). Localization of FANCE expression in HCC tissues was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene network analysis (SiGN_BN) were conducted using the TCGA dataset. Next, an in vitro proliferation assay was performed using FANCE-knockdown HCC cell lines (HuH7 and HepG2). The association between mRNA expression of FANCE and that of DNA damage response genes in HCC was analyzed using TCGA and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia datasets. Finally, the association between FANCE mRNA expression and overall survival (OS) in various digestive carcinomas was analyzed using TCGA data. RESULTS FANCE was highly expressed in HCC cells. Multivariate analysis indicated that high FANCE mRNA expression was an independent factor predicting poor OS. GSEA revealed a positive relationship between enhanced FANCE expression and E2F and MYC target gene expression in HCC tissues. FANCE knockdown attenuated the proliferation of HCC cells, as well as reduced cdc25A expression and elevated histone H3 pSer10 expression. SiGN_BN revealed that FANCE mRNA expression was positively correlated with DNA damage response genes (H2AFX and CHEK1) in HCC tissues. Significant effects of high FANCE expression on OS were observed in hepatobiliary pancreatic carcinomas, including HCC. CONCLUSIONS FANCE may provide a potential therapeutic target and biomarker of poor prognosis in HCC, possibly by facilitating tumor proliferation, which is mediated partly by cell cycle signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan,
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuki Ando
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosai
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Oita, Japan
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9
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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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10
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Witus SR, Burrell AL, Farrell DP, Kang J, Wang M, Hansen JM, Pravat A, Tuttle LM, Stewart MD, Brzovic PS, Chatterjee C, Zhao W, DiMaio F, Kollman JM, Klevit RE. BRCA1/BARD1 site-specific ubiquitylation of nucleosomal H2A is directed by BARD1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:268-277. [PMID: 33589814 PMCID: PMC8007219 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase RING domains of BRCA1/BARD1 predispose carriers to breast and ovarian cancers. We present the structure of the BRCA1/BARD1 RING heterodimer with the E2 enzyme UbcH5c bound to its cellular target, the nucleosome, along with biochemical data that explain how the complex selectively ubiquitylates lysines 125, 127 and 129 in the flexible C-terminal tail of H2A in a fully human system. The structure reveals that a novel BARD1-histone interface couples to a repositioning of UbcH5c compared to the structurally similar PRC1 E3 ligase Ring1b/Bmi1 that ubiquitylates H2A Lys119 in nucleosomes. This interface is sensitive to both H3 Lys79 methylation status and mutations found in individuals with cancer. Furthermore, NMR reveals an unexpected mode of E3-mediated substrate regulation through modulation of dynamics in the C-terminal tail of H2A. Our findings provide insight into how E3 ligases preferentially target nearby lysine residues in nucleosomes by a steric occlusion and distancing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Witus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anika L Burrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianming Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jesse M Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Pravat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M Tuttle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mikaela D Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Peter S Brzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Weixing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin M Kollman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Mognato M, Burdak-Rothkamm S, Rothkamm K. Interplay between DNA replication stress, chromatin dynamics and DNA-damage response for the maintenance of genome stability. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 787:108346. [PMID: 34083038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication stress is a major source of DNA damage, including double-stranded breaks that promote DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. Inefficient repair of such lesions can affect genome integrity. During DNA replication different factors act on chromatin remodeling in a coordinated way. While recent studies have highlighted individual molecular mechanisms of interaction, less is known about the orchestration of chromatin changes under replication stress. In this review we attempt to explore the complex relationship between DNA replication stress, DDR and genome integrity in mammalian cells, taking into account the role of chromatin disposition as an important modulator of DNA repair. Recent data on chromatin restoration and epigenetic re-establishment after DNA replication stress are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Germany.
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiation Oncology, Germany.
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12
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Kiio TM, Park S. Nano-scientific Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Pathology: from Molecules to Tissues. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:844-858. [PMID: 32308537 PMCID: PMC7163363 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in biological research are its high imaging resolution, sensitivity, and ability to operate in physiological conditions. Over the past decades, rigorous studies have been performed to determine the potential applications of AFM techniques in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Many pathological conditions are accompanied by alterations in the morphology, adhesion properties, mechanical compliances, and molecular composition of cells and tissues. The accurate determination of such alterations can be utilized as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Alteration in cell morphology represents changes in cell structure and membrane proteins induced by pathologic progression of diseases. Mechanical compliances are also modulated by the active rearrangements of cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix triggered by disease pathogenesis. In addition, adhesion is a critical step in the progression of many diseases including infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in AFM techniques have demonstrated their ability to obtain molecular composition as well as topographic information. The quantitative characterization of molecular alteration in biological specimens in terms of disease progression provides a new avenue to understand the underlying mechanisms of disease onset and progression. In this review, we have highlighted the application of diverse AFM techniques in pathological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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13
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Xu X, Chen E, Mo L, Zhang L, Shao F, Miao K, Liu J, Su SM, Valecha M, Chan UI, Zheng H, Chen M, Chen W, Chen Q, Fu H, Aladjem MI, He Y, Deng CX. BRCA1 represses DNA replication initiation through antagonizing estrogen signaling and maintains genome stability in parallel with WEE1-MCM2 signaling during pregnancy. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:842-857. [PMID: 30445628 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes fast cell proliferation during early pregnancy, yet the mechanism to ensure genome integrity during this highly proliferative stage is largely unknown. We show that pregnancy triggers replicative stresses leading to genetic instability in mice carrying a mammary specific disruption of breast cancer associated gene-1 (BRCA1). The fast cell proliferation was correlated with enhanced expression of most genes encoding replisomes, which are positively regulated by estrogen/ERα signaling but negatively regulated by BRCA1. Our further analysis revealed two parallel signaling pathways, which are mediated by ATR-CHK1 and WEE1-MCM2 and are responsible for regulating DNA replication checkpoint. Upon DNA damage, BRCA1 deficiency markedly enhances DNA replication initiation and preferably impairs DNA replication checkpoint mediated by ATR and CHK1. Meanwhile, DNA damage also activates WEE1-MCM2 signaling, which inhibits DNA replication initiation and enables BRCA1-deficient cells to avoid further genomic instability. Finally, we demonstrated that overriding this defense by WEE1 inhibition in combination with cisplatin, which causes DNA damage, serves as a promising therapeutic approach for killing BRCA1-deficient cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Eric Chen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch
| | - Lihua Mo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jianlin Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Sek Man Su
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Monica Valecha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Un In Chan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | | | - Mark Chen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch
| | - Weiping Chen
- Gene Expression Core, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Haiqing Fu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanzhen He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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14
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Chen Q, Lei JH, Bao J, Wang H, Hao W, Li L, Peng C, Masuda T, Miao K, Xu J, Xu X, Deng C. BRCA1 Deficiency Impairs Mitophagy and Promotes Inflammasome Activation and Mammary Tumor Metastasis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903616. [PMID: 32195105 PMCID: PMC7080549 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a major tumor suppressor gene and is most frequently mutated in hereditary breast cancer. BRCA1 plays a critical role in many biological processes, especially maintaining genomic stability in the nucleus, yet its role in the cytoplasm remains elusive. Here, it is revealed that BRCA1 maintains a healthy mitochondrial network through regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion. BRCA1 deficiency causes dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics through increased expression of mitofusin1/2. With mitochondrial stress, BRCA1 is recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy mitochondrial network. Consequently, BRCA1 deficiency impairs stress-induced mitophagy through blocking ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which creates a tumor-associated microenvironment, thereby facilitating tumor proliferation and metastasis. It is further shown that inflammasome inhibition can prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. This study uncovers an important role of BRCA1 in regulating mitophagy and suggests a therapeutic approach for fighting this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research InstituteZhuhai519031China
| | - Josh Haipeng Lei
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Jiaolin Bao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Wenhui Hao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Licen Li
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Cheng Peng
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppu‐shiOita874‐0838Japan
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Jun Xu
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Chu‐Xia Deng
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
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15
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Arason A, Agnarsson BA, Johannesdottir G, Johannsson OT, Hilmarsdottir B, Reynisdottir I, Barkardottir RB. The BRCA1 c.4096+3A>G Variant Displays Classical Characteristics of Pathogenic BRCA1 Mutations in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancers, But Still Allows Homozygous Viability. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E882. [PMID: 31683985 PMCID: PMC6896150 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA1 result in predisposal to breast and ovarian cancers, but many variants exist with unknown clinical significance (VUS). One is BRCA1 c.4096+3A>G, which affects production of the full-length BRCA1 transcript, while augmenting transcripts lacking most or all of exon 11. Nonetheless, homozygosity of this variant has been reported in a healthy woman. We saw this variant cosegregate with breast and ovarian cancer in several family branches of four Icelandic pedigrees, with instances of phenocopies and a homozygous woman with lung cancer. We found eight heterozygous carriers (0.44%) in 1820 unselected breast cancer cases, and three (0.15%) in 1968 controls (p = 0.13). Seeking conclusive evidence, we studied tumors from carriers in the pedigrees for wild-type-loss of heterozygosity (wtLOH) and BRCA1-characteristic prevalence of estrogen receptor (ER) negativity. Of 15 breast and six ovarian tumors, wtLOH occurred in nine breast and all six ovarian tumours, and six of the nine breast tumors with wtLOH were ER-negative. These data accord with a pathogenic BRCA1-mutation. Our findings add to the current knowledge of BRCA1, and the role of its exon 11 in cancer pathogenicity, and will be of use in clinical genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalgeir Arason
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- BMC (Biomedical Center), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Bjarni A Agnarsson
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Gudrun Johannesdottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Oskar Th Johannsson
- BMC (Biomedical Center), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Department of Oncology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Bylgja Hilmarsdottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- BMC (Biomedical Center), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Inga Reynisdottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- BMC (Biomedical Center), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Rosa B Barkardottir
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- BMC (Biomedical Center), Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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16
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Swiatnicki MR, Andrechek ER. How to Choose a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer, a Genomic Perspective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:231-243. [PMID: 31227983 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with numerous subtypes that have been defined through immunohistological, histological, and gene expression patterns. The diversity of breast cancer has made the study of its various underlying causes complex. To facilitate the examination of particular facets of breast cancer, mouse models have been generated, ranging from carcinogen induced models to genetically engineered mice. While mouse models have been generated to mimic the initiating event, including p53 loss, BRCA loss, or overexpression of HER2 / Neu / erbB2, other genomic events are often not well characterized. However, these secondary genetic events are often critical to the mouse tumor evolution, subtype, and outcome, just as they are in human breast cancer. As such, these other genomic events are a critical component of what models are chosen to study specific subtypes of human breast cancer. Here we review the genomic analyses that have been completed for various genetically engineered mouse models, how they compare to human breast cancer, and detail how this information can be used in choosing a mouse model for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Swiatnicki
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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17
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Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment targets the copper transporter ATP7A and enhances sensitivity of breast cancer to cisplatin. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84439-84452. [PMID: 27806319 PMCID: PMC5341295 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective breast cancer drug but resistance often develops over prolonged chemotherapy. Therefore, we performed a candidate approach RNAi screen in combination with cisplatin treatment to identify molecular pathways conferring survival advantages. The screen identified ATP7A as a therapeutic target. ATP7A is a copper ATPase transporter responsible for intercellular movement and sequestering of cisplatin. Pharmaceutical replacement for ATP7A by ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TM) enhanced cisplatin treatment in breast cancer cells. Allograft and xenograft models in athymic nude mice treated with cisplatin/TM exhibited retarded tumor growth, reduced accumulation of cancer stem cells and decreased cell proliferation as compared to mono-treatment with cisplatin or TM. Cisplatin/TM treatment of cisplatin-resistant tumors reduced ATP7A protein levels, attenuated cisplatin sequestering by ATP7A, increased nuclear availability of cisplatin, and subsequently enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis. Microarray analysis of gene ontology pathways that responded uniquely to cisplatin/TM double treatment depicted changes in cell cycle regulation, specifically in the G1/S transition. These findings offer the potential to combat platinum-resistant tumors and sensitize patients to conventional breast cancer treatment by identifying and targeting the resistant tumors' unique molecular adaptations.
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18
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Lahusen TJ, Kim SJ, Miao K, Huang Z, Xu X, Deng CX. BRCA1 function in the intra-S checkpoint is activated by acetylation via a pCAF/SIRT1 axis. Oncogene 2018; 37:2343-2350. [PMID: 29440709 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer associated gene 1 (BRCA1) function has been shown to be regulated by phosphorylation but the role of acetylation has not been determined. Therefore, we tested whether BRCA1 can be acetylated by the acetyltransferases P300/CBP-associated factor (pCAF), GCN5, and p300. p300 exhibited the highest level of BRCA1 acetylation; however, there was also a decrease in the total level of BRCA1. Therefore, we focused on pCAF and GCN5 because they both acetylated BRCA1 without affecting BRCA1 expression. Further analysis indicated that the acetylated form of BRCA1 is deacetylated by wild-type (WT) SIRT1, but not deacetylase mutant SIRT1, suggesting that SIRT1 is a specific deacetylase of BRCA1. We demonstrated that lysine 830 of BRCA1 is a preferential acetylation site by pCAF and tested its function in embryonic stem (ES) cells by changing lysine 830 to arginine using a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) system. After exposure to DNA damage-inducing UV radiation, the viability of BRCA1 K830R mutant cells is greater than the WT ES cells. Further analysis using additional cell lines indicated that the BRCA1 K830R mutation impairs the intra-S checkpoint. Also, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) phosphorylation was less in K830R cells as compared with WT cells after UV exposure. These data suggest that acetylation of BRCA1 on lysine 830 activates BRCA1 function at the intra-S checkpoint after DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Lahusen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kai Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Zebin Huang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China.
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19
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Lei H, Deng CX. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Signaling in Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1163-1171. [PMID: 29104507 PMCID: PMC5666331 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling for FGFs. Recent studies detected various point mutations of FGFR2 in multiple types of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer, yet the casual relationship between these mutations and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we will discuss possible interactions between FGFR2 signaling and several major pathways through which the aberrantly activated FGFR2 signaling may result in breast cancer development. We will also discuss some recent developments in the discovery and application of therapies and strategies for breast cancers by inhibiting FGFR2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Lei
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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20
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Common Chemical Inductors of Replication Stress: Focus on Cell-Based Studies. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010019. [PMID: 28230817 PMCID: PMC5372731 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a highly demanding process regarding the energy and material supply and must be precisely regulated, involving multiple cellular feedbacks. The slowing down or stalling of DNA synthesis and/or replication forks is referred to as replication stress (RS). Owing to the complexity and requirements of replication, a plethora of factors may interfere and challenge the genome stability, cell survival or affect the whole organism. This review outlines chemical compounds that are known inducers of RS and commonly used in laboratory research. These compounds act on replication by direct interaction with DNA causing DNA crosslinks and bulky lesions (cisplatin), chemical interference with the metabolism of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (hydroxyurea), direct inhibition of the activity of replicative DNA polymerases (aphidicolin) and interference with enzymes dealing with topological DNA stress (camptothecin, etoposide). As a variety of mechanisms can induce RS, the responses of mammalian cells also vary. Here, we review the activity and mechanism of action of these compounds based on recent knowledge, accompanied by examples of induced phenotypes, cellular readouts and commonly used doses.
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21
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Graziano S, Gonzalo S. Mechanisms of oncogene-induced genomic instability. Biophys Chem 2016; 225:49-57. [PMID: 28073589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in oncogenes promote uncontrolled proliferation and malignant transformation. Approximately 30% of human cancers carry mutations in the RAS oncogene. Paradoxically, expression of mutant constitutively active Ras protein in primary human cells results in a premature proliferation arrest known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). This is more commonly observed in human pre-neoplasia than in neoplastic lesions, and is considered a tumor suppressor mechanism. Senescent cells are still metabolically active but in a status of cell cycle arrest characterized by specific morphological and physiological features that distinguish them from both proliferating cells, and cells growth-arrested by other means. Although the molecular mechanisms by which OIS is established are not totally understood, the current view is that OIS in human cells is tightly linked to persistent activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, as a consequence of replication stress. Here we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to hyper-replication stress in response to oncogene activation, and of the crosstalk between replication stress and persistent activation of the DDR. We will also discuss new evidence for DNA repair deficiencies during OIS, which might increase the genomic instability that drives senescence bypass and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Graziano
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Chen S, Sun H, Miao K, Deng CX. CRISPR-Cas9: from Genome Editing to Cancer Research. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1427-1436. [PMID: 27994508 PMCID: PMC5166485 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is a multistep process triggered by innate and acquired mutations, which cause the functional abnormality and determine the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. Gene editing is a widely used engineering tool for generating mutations that enhance tumorigenesis. The recent developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system renews the genome editing approach into a more convenient and efficient way. By rapidly introducing genetic modifications in cell lines, organs and animals, CRISPR-Cas9 system extends the gene editing into whole genome screening, both in loss-of-function and gain-of-function manners. Meanwhile, the system accelerates the establishment of animal cancer models, promoting in vivo studies for cancer research. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 system is modified into diverse innovative tools for observing the dynamic bioprocesses in cancer studies, such as image tracing for targeted DNA, regulation of transcription activation or repression. Here, we view recent technical advances in the application of CRISPR-Cas9 system in cancer genetics, large-scale cancer driver gene hunting, animal cancer modeling and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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