LRRC75A antisense lncRNA1 knockout attenuates inflammatory responses of bovine mammary epithelial cells

Review on Long Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers and Potentially Therapeutic Targets for Bacterial Infections

The confrontation between humans and bacteria is ongoing, with strategies for combating bacterial infections continually evolving. With the advancement of RNA sequencing technology, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) associated with bacterial infections have garnered significant attention. Recently, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as regulators of sterile inflammatory responses and cellular defense against live bacterial pathogens. They are involved in regulating host antimicrobial immunity in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are critical for the intricate interactions between host and pathogen during bacterial infections. This paper emphatically elaborates on the potential applications of lncRNAs in clinical hallmarks, cellular damage, immunity, virulence, and drug resistance in bacterial infections in greater detail. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of studying lncRNAs in the context of bacterial infections and highlight clear directions for this promising field.

Staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows

Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of S. aureus and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.

CYBB-Mediated Ferroptosis Associated with Immunosuppression in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Mycobacterium leprae-infected macrophages preferentially exhibit the regulatory M2 phenotype in vitro, which helps the immune escape unabated growth of M leprae in host cells. The mechanism that triggers macrophage polarization is still unknown. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to determine the initial responses of human monocyte-derived macrophages against M leprae infection of 4 healthy individuals and found an increase in a major alternative-activated macrophage type that overexpressed NEAT1, CCL2, and CD163. Importantly, further functional analysis showed that ferroptosis was positively correlated with M2 polarization of macrophages, and in vitro experiments have shown that inhibition of ferroptosis promotes the survival of M leprae within macrophages. In addition, further joint analysis of our results with mutisequencing data from patients with leprosy and in vitro validation identified that CYBB was the pivotal molecule for ferroptosis that could promote the M2 polarization of M leprae-infected macrophages, resulting in the immune escape and unabated growth of pathogenic bacteria. Overall, our results suggest that M leprae facilitated its survival by inducing CYBB-mediated macrophage ferroptosis leading to its alternative activation and might reveal the potential for a new therapeutic strategy of leprosy.

LncRNA CA12-AS1 targets miR-133a to promote LPS-induced inflammatory response in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Bovine mastitis seriously affects milk production and quality and causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may regulate bovine mastitis. In this study, the expression of lncRNA CA12-AS1 was significantly upregulated in LPS-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) but negatively correlated with the expression of miR-133a, suggesting that it may be related to the inflammatory response in bMECs. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that miR-133a is a downstream target gene of lncRNA CA12-AS1. Furthermore, lncRNA CA12-AS1 silencing negatively regulated the expression of miR-133a inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β) and decreased the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p65/p50) and apoptosis-related genes (BAX, caspase3 and caspase9). LncRNA CA12-AS1 silencing also promoted the mRNA expression levels of the Tight junction (TJ) signaling pathway-related genes (Claudin-1, Occludin and ZO-1), apoptotic gene BCL2, proliferation-related genes (CDK2, CDK4 and PCNA) and the viability of bMECs. However, overexpression of lncRNA CA12-AS1 reversed the above effects. These results revealed that lncRNA CA12-AS1 is a pro-inflammatory regulator, and its silencing can alleviate bovine mastitis by targeting miR-133a, providing a novel strategy for molecular therapy of cow mastitis.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Selenium-Deficient MAC-T Cells Aggravated Inflammation and Apoptosis by Triggering the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress/PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Selenium (Se) deficiency disrupts intracellular REDOX homeostasis and severely deteriorates immune and anti-inflammatory function in high-yielding periparturient dairy cattle. To investigate the damage of extracellular vesicles derived from Se-deficient MAC-T cells (SeD-EV) on normal mammary epithelial cells, an in vitro model of Se deficiency was established. Se-deficient MAC-T cells produced many ROS, promoting apoptosis and the release of inflammatory factors. Extracellular vesicles were successfully isolated by ultrahigh-speed centrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and surface markers (CD63, CD81, HSP70, and TSG101). RNA sequencing was performed on exosomal RNA. A total of 9393 lncRNAs and 63,155 mRNAs transcripts were identified in the SeC and SeD groups, respectively, of which 126 lncRNAs and 955 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Furthermore, SeD-EV promoted apoptosis of normal MAC-T cells by TUNEL analysis. SeD-EV significantly inhibited Bcl-2, while Bax and Cleaved Caspase3 were greatly increased. Antioxidant capacity (CAT, T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-Px) was inhibited in SeD-EV-treated MAC-T cells. Additionally, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, and XBP1 were all elevated in MAC-T cells supplemented with SeD-EV. In addition, p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were decreased strikingly by SeD-EV. In conclusion, SeD-EV caused oxidative stress, thus triggering apoptosis and inflammation through endoplasmic reticulum stress and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, which contributed to explaining the mechanism of Se deficiency causing mastitis.

Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals LRRC75A-Expressing Cell Population Involved in VEGF Secretion of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Under Ischemia

Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been utilized in cell therapy for various diseases and their clinical applications are expected to increase in the future. However, the variation in MSC-based product quality due to the MSC heterogeneity has resulted in significant constraints in the clinical utility of MSCs. Therefore, we hypothesized that it might be important to identify and ensure/enrich suitable cell subpopulations for therapies using MSC-based products. In this study, we aimed to identify functional cell subpopulations to predict the efficacy of angiogenic therapy using bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). To assess its angiogenic potency, we observed various levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion among 11 donor-derived BM-MSC lines under in vitro ischemic culture conditions. Next, by clarifying the heterogeneity of BM-MSCs using single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified a functional cell subpopulation that contributed to the overall VEGF production in BM-MSC lines under ischemic conditions. We also found that leucine-rich repeat-containing 75A (LRRC75A) was more highly expressed in this cell subpopulation than in the others. Importantly, knockdown of LRRC75A using small interfering RNA resulted in significant inhibition of VEGF secretion in ischemic BM-MSCs, indicating that LRRC75A regulates VEGF secretion under ischemic conditions. Therefore, LRRC75A may be a useful biomarker to identify cell subpopulations that contribute to the angiogenic effects of BM-MSCs. Our work provides evidence that a strategy based on single-cell transcriptome profiles is effective for identifying functional cell subpopulations in heterogeneous MSC-based products.

Co-expression analysis of lncRNA and mRNA suggests a role for ncRNA-mediated regulation of host-parasite interactions in primary skin lesions of patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis, caused by different Leishmania species, manifests as cutaneous or visceral forms. In the American continent, the cutaneous form is called American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and is primarily caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), the most severe form of ATL, arises in approximately 20% of patients from a primary cutaneous lesion. Evidence indicates changes in overall expression patterns of mRNAs and lncRNAs of the host in response to Leishmania infection, with the parasite capable of modulating host immune response, which may contribute to disease progression. We evaluated whether the co-expression of lncRNAs and their putative target mRNAs in primary cutaneous lesions of patients with ATL could be associated with the development of ML. Previously available public RNA-Seq data from primary skin lesions of patients infected with L. braziliensis was employed. We identified 579 mRNAs and 46 lncRNAs differentially expressed in the primary lesion that subsequently progressed to mucosal disease. Co-expression analysis revealed 1,324 significantly correlated lncRNA-mRNA pairs. Among these, we highlight the positive correlation and trans-action between lncRNA SNHG29 and mRNA S100A8, both upregulated in the ML group. S100A8 and its heterodimeric partner S100A9 form a pro-inflammatory complex expressed by immune cells and seems to participate in host innate immune response processes of infection. These findings expand the knowledge of the Leishmania-host interaction and indicate that the expression of lncRNAs in the primary cutaneous lesion could regulate mRNAs and play roles in disease progression.

Heat Stress: A Serious Disruptor of the Reproductive Physiology of Dairy Cows

Global warming is a significant threat to the sustainability and profitability of the dairy sector, not only in tropical or subtropical regions but also in temperate zones where extreme summer temperatures have become a new and challenging reality. Prolonged exposure of dairy cows to high temperatures compromises animal welfare, increases morbidity, and suppresses fertility, resulting in devastating economic losses for farmers. To counteract the deleterious effects of heat stress, cattl e employ various adaptive thermoregulatory mechanisms including molecular, endocrine, physiological, and behavioral responses. These adaptations involve the immediate secretion of heat shock proteins and cortisol, followed by a complex network of disrupted secretion of metabolic and reproductive hormones such as prolactin, ghrelin, ovarian steroid, and pituitary gonadotrophins. While the strategic heat stress mitigation measures can restore milk production through modifications of the microclimate and nutritional interventions, the summer fertility records remain at low levels compared to those of the thermoneutral periods of the year. This is because sustainment of high fertility is a multifaceted process that requires appropriate energy balance, undisrupted mode of various hormones secretion to sustain the maturation and fertilizing competence of the oocyte, the normal development of the early embryo and unhampered maternal-embryo crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the major molecular and endocrine responses to elevated temperatures in dairy cows, as well as the impacts on maturing oocytes and early embryos, and discuss the consequences that heat stress brings about in dairy cattle fertility.

GWAS on Imputed Whole-Genome Sequence Variants Reveal Genes Associated with Resistance to Piscirickettsia salmonis in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow the identification of associations between genetic variants and important phenotypes in domestic animals, including disease-resistance traits. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data can help increase the resolution and statistical power of association mapping. Here, we conduced GWAS to asses he facultative intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis, which affects farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in Chile using imputed genotypes at the sequence level and searched for candidate genes located in genomic regions associated with the trait. A total of 2130 rainbow trout were intraperitoneally challenged with P. salmonis under controlled conditions and genotyped using a 57K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel. Genotype imputation was performed in all the genotyped animals using WGS data from 102 individuals. A total of 488,979 imputed WGS variants were available in the 2130 individuals after quality control. GWAS revealed genome-wide significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) in Omy02, Omy03, Omy25, Omy26 and Omy27 for time to death and in Omy26 for binary survival. Twenty-four (24) candidate genes associated with P. salmonis resistance were identified, which were mainly related to phagocytosis, innate immune response, inflammation, oxidative response, lipid metabolism and apoptotic process. Our results provide further knowledge on the genetic variants and genes associated with resistance to intracellular bacterial infection in rainbow trout.

Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Regulation of Cellular Immune Response and Inflammatory Diseases

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently discovered genetic regulatory molecules that regulate immune responses and are closely associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, including inflammation, in humans and animals. Under specific physiological conditions, lncRNA expression varies at the cell or tissue level, and lncRNAs can bind to specific miRNAs, target mRNAs, and target proteins to participate in certain processes, such as cell differentiation and inflammatory responses, via the corresponding signaling pathways. This review article summarizes the regulatory role of lncRNAs in macrophage polarization, dendritic cell differentiation, T cell differentiation, and endothelial and epithelial inflammation. In addition, it describes the molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in acute kidney injury, hepatitis, inflammatory injury of the lung, osteoarthritis, mastitis, and neuroinflammation to provide a reference for the molecular regulatory network as well as the genetic diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases in humans and animals.

LncRNAs Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Potential Mechanisms of Selenium to Mastitis in Dairy Cows

The trace element selenium (Se) plays an indispensable role in the growth of humans and animals due to its antioxidant function. Mastitis is one of the most important diseases affecting the dairy industry in the world. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a series of cellular processes and disease development processes. RNA-sequencing technology was used to characterize lncRNA profiles and compared transcriptomic dynamics among the control group, the LPS group, and the Se-treated group to highlight the potential roles and functions of lncRNAs in the mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. We identified 14 specific lncRNAs related to Se and their predicted target genes. KEGG and GO functional annotation was used to elucidate their biological function and the pathways in which they may be involved. The present study provides novel insights for exploring the molecular markers for the protection of Se against mastitis in dairy cows.

Characterization of peripheral white blood cells transcriptome to unravel the regulatory signatures of bovine subclinical mastitis resistance

Subclinical bovine mastitis is a pathogenic infection of the breast characterized by a marked decrease in milk production and quality. As it has no obvious clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment are challenging. Therefore, searching for biomarkers in cows’ peripheral white blood cells is valuable for preventing and treating subclinical mastitis. Thus, in this study, the transcriptome of peripheral blood from healthy and subclinical mastitis cows was characterized to find the regulatory signatures of bovine subclinical mastitis using RNA-seq. A total of 287 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 70 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were detected, and 37 DELs were documented near known Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with the mastitis of cows. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that lncRNAs MSTRG25101.2, MSTRG.56327.1, and MSTRG.18968.1, which are adjacent to the SCS QTL and SCC QTL, may be candidate lncRNAs that influence the pathogenesis of mastitis in cows by up-regulating the expression of genes TLR4, NOD2, CXCL8, and OAS2. Moreover, the alternative splicing (AS) pattern of transcriptional sequence differences between healthy cows and subclinical mastitis cows suggested a molecular mechanism of mastitis resistance and susceptibility. A total of 2,212 differential alternative splicing (DAS) events, corresponding to 1,621 unique DAS genes, were identified in both groups and significantly enriched in immune and inflammatory pathways. Of these, 29 DAS genes were subject to regulation by 32 alternative splicing SNPs, showing diverse and specific splicing patterns and events. It is hypothesized that the PIK3C2B and PPRPF8 splice variants associated with AS SNPs (rs42705933 and rs133847062) may be risk factors for susceptibility to bovine subclinical mastitis. Altogether, these key blood markers associated with resistance to subclinical mastitis and SNPs associated with alternative splicing of genes provide the basis for genetic breeding for resistance to subclinical mastitis in cows.

Progress in Expression Pattern and Molecular Regulation Mechanism of LncRNA in Bovine Mastitis

Simple Summary

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary glands that causes serious harm to cow health and huge economic losses. Susceptibility or resistance to mastitis in individual cows is mainly determined by genetic factors, including coding genes and non-coding genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with a length of more than 200 nucleotides (nt) that have recently been discovered. They can regulate a variety of diseases of humans and animals, especially the immune response and inflammatory disease process. This paper reviews the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in inflammatory diseases, emphasizes on the latest research progress of lncRNA expression and the molecular regulatory mechanism in bovine mastitis, and looks forward to the research and application prospect of lncRNA in bovine mastitis, intending to provide a reference for scientific researchers to systematically understand this research field.

Abstract

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microbial infection, trauma, or other factors. Its morbidity is high, and it is difficult to cure, causing great harm to the health of cows and the safety of dairy products. Susceptibility or resistance to mastitis in individual cows is mainly determined by genetic factors, including coding genes and non-coding genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding RNA molecules with a length of more than 200 nucleotides (nt) that have recently been discovered. They can regulate the immune response of humans and animals on three levels (transcription, epigenetic modification, and post-transcription), and are widely involved in the pathological process of inflammatory diseases. Over the past few years, extensive findings revealed basic roles of lncRNAs in inflammation, especially bovine mastitis. This paper reviews the expression pattern and mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in inflammatory diseases, emphasizes on the latest research progress of the lncRNA expression pattern and molecular regulatory mechanism in bovine mastitis, analyzes the molecular regulatory network of differentially expressed lncRNAs, and looks forward to the research and application prospect of lncRNA in bovine mastitis, laying a foundation for molecular breeding and the biological therapy of bovine mastitis.

Exosomal lnc-AFTR as a novel translation regulator of FAS ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis

Although the specific expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in mastitis tissue has been reported, few studies have involved the differential expression of lncRNA in mastitis exosomes (Exo) and its mechanism and function. We screened an lncRNA associated with FAS translational regulation (lnc-AFTR) through exosomal RNA sequencing, and clarified its function and molecular mechanism. Lnc-AFTR is markedly downregulated in Staphylococcus aureus-Exo and S. aureus-induced MAC-T cell as well as mastitis tissue. Overexpression of lnc-AFTR exosomes (oe-AFTR-Exo) significantly improves cell damage induced by S. aureus, including inhibiting apoptosis, promoting proliferation, and increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin-1β [IL-1β]). Oe-AFTR-Exo also suppressed the activation of Caspase-8, Caspase-3, and JNK. Dual-luciferase report analysis confirmed that lnc-AFTR interacts with FAS mRNA directly to hinder translation process, but does not degrade FAS mRNA. Overexpression of lnc-AFTR in MAC-T cells obviously reduced S. aureus-induced apoptosis and inflammation. Knockdown of lnc-AFTR significantly increased FAS and promoted the activation of Caspase-8, Caspase-3, and JNK caused by S. aureus. In summary, these results revealed the mechanism by which lnc-AFTR directly bound FAS mRNA to prevent translation, and confirmed that the exosomal lnc-AFTR exerted anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting the activation of TNF signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway.

Differential Expression Profiles of lncRNA Following LPS-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory response of mammary glands caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). As a key virulence factor of E. coli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers innate immune responses via activation of the toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. However, the molecular regulatory network of LPS-induced bovine mastitis has yet to be fully mapped. In this study, bovine mammary epithelial cell lines MAC-T were exposed to LPS for 0, 6 and 12 h to assess the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) using RNA-seq. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were filtered out of the raw data for subsequent analyses. A total of 2,257 lncRNAs, including 210 annotated and 2047 novel lncRNAs were detected in all samples. A large proportion of lncRNAs were present in a high abundance, and 112 DElncRNAs were screened out at different time points. Compared with 0 h, there were 22 up- and 25 down-regulated lncRNAs in the 6 h of post-infection (hpi) group, and 27 up- and 22 down-regulated lncRNAs in the 12 hpi group. Compared with the 6 hpi group, 32 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 25 lncRNAs were down-regulated in the 12 hpi group. These DElncRNAs are involved in the regulation of a variety of immune-related processes including inflammatory responses bMECs exposed to LPS. Furthermore, lncRNA TCONS_00039271 and TCONS_00139850 were respectively significance down- and up-regulated, and their target genes involve in regulating inflammation-related signaling pathways (i.e.,Notch, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathway), thereby regulating the occurrence and development of E. coli mastitis. This study provides a resource for lncRNA research on the molecular regulation of bovine mastitis.

Genome-Wide Analysis of LncRNA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Injuries Induced by Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are two common pathogenic microorganisms that cause mastitis in dairy cows. They can cause clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. In recent studies, lncRNAs have been found to play an important role in the immune responses triggered by microbial inducers. However, the actions of lncRNAs in bovine mastitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bovine mammary epithelial cell injuries induced by treatment with E. coli and S. aureus, and to explore the lncRNA profile on cell injuries. The lncRNA transcriptome analysis showed a total of 2597 lncRNAs. There were 2234 lncRNAs differentially expressed in the E. coli group and 2334 in the S. aureus group. Moreover, we found that the E. coli and S. aureus groups of maternal genes targeted signaling pathways with similar functions according to KEGG and GO analyses. Two lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed in order to predict the potential molecular mechanisms of regulation in the cell injuries. We believe that this is the first report demonstrating the dysregulation of lncRNAs in cells upon E. coli and S. aureus infections, suggesting that they have the potential to become important diagnostic markers and to provide novel insights into controlling and preventing mastitis.

Transcriptional Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line MAC-T by RNA-Seq Analysis

Mastitis is a common disease in the dairy industry that causes huge economic losses worldwide. Exosomes (carrying proteins, miRNA, lncRNA, etc.) play a vital role in the regulation of immune response. lncRNA can play a variety of regulatory roles by combining with protein, RNA, and DNA. The expression of mRNA and lncRNA in exosomes derived from bovine mammary epithelial cells infected by S. aureus is rarely understood. To explore this issue, RNA sequencing analysis was performed on exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected and noninfected MAC-T cells. Analysis of the sequencing results showed that there were 186 differentially expressed genes, 431 differentially expressed mRNAs and 19 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected and noninfected MAC-T cells. By predicting lncRNA target genes, it was found that 19 differentially expressed lncRNAs all acted on multiple mRNAs in cis and trans. GO analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes and lncRNA target genes played significant roles in such metabolism (reactive oxygen species metabolic processes), transmembrane transport, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, and response to cytokines. KEGG enrichment indicated that lncRNA target genes gathered in the TNF pathway, Notch pathway, MAPK pathway, NF-kappa B pathway, Hippo pathway, p53 pathway, reactive oxygen species metabolic processes, and longevity regulating pathway. In summary, all data indicated that differentially expressed gene, mRNA, and lncRNA in transcriptional profiling of exosomes participated in bacterial invasion and adhesion, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-related signaling pathway. The data obtained in this study would provide valuable resource for understanding the lncRNA information in exosomes derived from dairy cow mammary epithelial cells and conduced to the study of S. aureus infection in dairy cow mammary glands.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG29 regulates cell senescence via p53/p21 signaling in spontaneous preterm birth

INTRODUCTION

Spontaneous preterm birth affects>5-18% of pregnancies and causes infant morbidity and mortality. Long non-coding RNAs can regulate gene expression and have been associated with preterm birth. In this study, we investigated whether the long non-coding RNA SNHG29 was associated with spontaneous preterm birth.

METHODS

We collected the placentas from women who underwent preterm/full-term birth with/without labor. We determined the levels of expression of SNHG29 in the placental tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We generated a senescence model by treating HTR8/SVneo cells with 200 μM H2O2 for 2 h. The degree of senescence induced in cells depleted of or overexpressing SNHG29 was determined by measuring senescence-associated gene expression and β-galactosidase activity.

RESULTS

SNHG29 was overexpressed in the placentas of women who delivered preterm with labor and in HTR8/SVneo cells treated with H2O2 (p < 0.05). The levels of mRNA of p53 and p21, protein levels of p53, phospho-p53, p21and phospho-p21, and β-galactosidase activity was decreased in HTR8/SVneo cells depleted of SNHG29, while the opposite trend was observed in HTR8/SVneo cells overexpressing SNHG29 (p < 0.05). We observed an increase in the expression of IL-8 and TNF-α in senescent HTR8/SVneo cells (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

SNHG29 was overexpressed in placentas from women who delivered preterm with labor compared to those in women who underwent preterm birth without labor and full-term birth with/without labor. High levels of SNHG29 enhanced senescence in vivo. The increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and release by senescent cells may be pivotal to the pathophysiology of spontaneous preterm birth.