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Li L, Wang YQ, Li GY, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of chitin metabolism enzymes in Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21950. [PMID: 35809232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is of great importance in the cuticle and inner cuticular linings of insects. Chitin synthases (CHSs), chitin deacetylases (CDAs), chitinases (CHTs), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are important enzymes required for chitin metabolism, and play essential roles in development and metamorphosis. Although chitin metabolism genes have been well characterized in limited insects, the information in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, a model insect, is presently still unavailable. With the help of bioinformatics, we identified 54 genes that encode putative chitin metabolism enzymes, including 2 CHSs, 10 CDAs, 32 CHTs, and 10 HEXs in the genome of T. molitor. All these genes have the conserved domains and motifs of their corresponding protein family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that CHS genes were divided into two groups. CDA genes were clustered into five groups. CHT genes were phylogenetically grouped into 11 clades, among which 1 in the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases group and the others were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups. HEX genes were assorted into six groups. Developmental and tissue-specific expression profiling indicated that the identified chitin metabolism genes showed dynamical expression patterns concurrent with specific instar during molting period, suggesting their significant roles in molting and development. They were predominantly expressed in different tissues or body parts, implying their functional specialization and diversity. The results provide important information for further clarifying their biological functions using the yellow mealworm as an ideal experimental insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Qu M, Guo X, Tian S, Yang Q, Kim M, Mun S, Noh MY, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Arakane Y. AA15 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase is required for efficient chitinous cuticle turnover during insect molting. Commun Biol 2022; 5:518. [PMID: 35641660 PMCID: PMC9156745 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides including chitin and cellulose. The discovery of a large assortment of LPMO-like proteins widely distributed in insect genomes suggests that they could be involved in assisting chitin degradation in the exoskeleton, tracheae and peritrophic matrix during development. However, the physiological functions of insect LPMO-like proteins are still undetermined. To investigate the functions of insect LPMO15 subgroup I-like proteins (LPMO15-1s), two evolutionarily distant species, Tribolium castaneum and Locusta migratoria, were chosen. Depletion by RNAi of T. castaneum TcLPMO15-1 caused molting arrest at all developmental stages, whereas depletion of the L. migratoria LmLPMO15-1, prevented only adult eclosion. In both species, LPMO15-1-deficient animals were unable to shed their exuviae and died. TEM analysis revealed failure of turnover of the chitinous cuticle, which is critical for completion of molting. Purified recombinant LPMO15-1-like protein from Ostrinia furnacalis (rOfLPMO15-1) exhibited oxidative cleavage activity and substrate preference for chitin. These results reveal the physiological importance of catalytically active LPMO15-1-like proteins from distant insect species and provide new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of cuticular chitin turnover during molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxi Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Myeongjin Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forest Resources, AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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The Role of Chitooligosaccharidolytic β- N-Acetylglucosamindase in the Molting and Wing Development of the Silkworm Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073850. [PMID: 35409210 PMCID: PMC8998872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect glycoside hydrolase family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are key enzymes involved in chitin degradation. In this study, nine HEX genes in Bombyx mori were identified by genome-wide analysis. Bioinformatic analysis based on the transcriptome database indicated that each gene had a distinct expression pattern. qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression pattern of the chitooligosaccharidolytic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (BmChiNAG). BmChiNAG was highly expressed in chitin-rich tissues, such as the epidermis. In the wing disc and epidermis, BmChiNAG has the highest expression level during the wandering stage. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated BmChiNAG deletion was used to study the function. In the BmChiNAG-knockout line, 39.2% of female heterozygotes had small and curly wings. The ultrastructure of a cross-section showed that the lack of BmChiNAG affected the stratification of the wing membrane and the formation of the correct wing vein structure. The molting process of the homozygotes was severely hindered during the larva to pupa transition. Epidermal sections showed that the endocuticle of the pupa was not degraded in the mutant. These results indicate that BmChiNAG is involved in chitin catabolism and plays an important role in the molting and wing development of the silkworm, which highlights the potential of BmChiNAG as a pest control target.
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Dadfarma N, Karimi G, Nowroozi J, Nejadi N, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M. Proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus casei in response to different pHs using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:431-436. [PMID: 33603998 PMCID: PMC7867702 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Lactobacillus casei, an acid-resistant bacterium, has a protective role against the pathogens. So we aimed to determine the proteome of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 strain in response to different pHs of 5 and 7 using proteomic analysis. Materials and Methods: Supernatant and bacterial extraction of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 adapts at pHs 5 and 7 were isolated using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The comparison of results showed that 7 protein spots were seen in pH 5 but not in pH 7. Afterward, they were excised and sent for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to be identified. Results: Seven different proteins (four secretory and three structural) with different roles in human body health were identified. Prescribed proteins include putative cell wall associated Hydrolase, Glycoside Hydrolase, beta-N-Acetyl hexosaminidase, Histidine Kinase, Chaperonin, metal dependent Hydrolase and Lysozyme. Conclusion: Seven isolated proteins with anti-cancer and digestive impresses are proper subjects in therapy or drug delivery approaches especially oral drug usage for protection against stomach acidic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dadfarma
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golgis Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Nowroozi
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Nejadi
- Proteomics Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Muthukrishnan S, Mun S, Noh MY, Geisbrecht ER, Arakane Y. Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:3530-3545. [PMID: 32445445 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200523175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect. Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called "tendon cells" that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Y Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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6
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan X, Li C. Knockdown of β- N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 Impairs Molting and Wing Development in Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110396. [PMID: 31717288 PMCID: PMC6921043 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (NAGs) are carbohydrate enzymes that degrade chitin oligosaccharides into N-acetylglucosamine monomers. This process is important for chitin degradation during insect development and metamorphosis. We identified and evaluated a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 gene (LsNAG2) from the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). The full-length open reading frame of LsNAG2 was 1776 bp and encoded a 591 amino acid protein. The glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH20) catalytic domain and an additional GH20b domain of the LsNAG2 protein were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LsNAG2 clustered with the group II NAGs. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that LsNAG2 was expressed in all developmental stages and was most highly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In the larval stage, LsNAG2 was predominantly expressed in the integument. Knockdown of LsNAG2 in fifth instar larvae disrupted larval-pupal molting and reduced the expression of four chitin synthesis genes (trehalase 1 (LsTRE1), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 and 2 (LsUAP1 and LsUAP2), and chitin synthase 1 (LsCHS1)). In late pupae, LsNAG2 depletion resulted in abnormal adult eclosion and wing deformities. The expression of five wing development-related genes (teashirt (LsTSH), vestigial (LsVG), wingless (LsWG), ventral veins lacking (LsVVL), and distal-less (LsDLL)) significantly declined in the LsNAG2-depleted beetles. These findings suggest that LsNAG2 is important for successful molting and wing development of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Can Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-851-8540-5891
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7
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Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H, Arakane Y, Yang Q. Chitin Organizing and Modifying Enzymes and Proteins Involved In Remodeling of the Insect Cuticle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:83-114. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Biosynthesis, modifications and degradation of chitin in the formation and turnover of peritrophic matrix in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:109-115. [PMID: 30902530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an extracellular, semi-permeable biocomposite that lines the midgut of most insects. The PM serves as the first defense in the midgut to resist microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and other pathogens, and to protect epithelial cells from mechanical damage. The PM also separates the midgut lumen into different compartments, which play important roles in nutrient ingestion and digestion. The PM is a highly dynamic structure that consists mainly of chitin fibers cross-linked by proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. The PM is continuously biosynthesized, assembled, and degraded in response to feeding and development. Chitin chains are synthesized by several enzymes and organized in several hierarchical levels, in which various PM-associated proteins appear to be essential for maintaining the structural integrity and physiological function of the PM. This review summarizes research advances on molecular components of the PM and their functions, as well as related proteins and enzymes that contribute to PM formation and modification. Crucial gaps in our current understanding of the PM are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Wang M, Zheng F, Wang T, Lyu YM, Alteen MG, Cai ZP, Cui ZL, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Characterization of Stackebrandtia nassauensis GH 20 Beta-Hexosaminidase, a Versatile Biocatalyst for Chitobiose Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051243. [PMID: 30871033 PMCID: PMC6429369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An unstudied β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) from the soil bacterium Stackebrandtia nassauensis was successfully cloned and subsequently expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli. Activity tests and the biochemical characterization of the purified protein revealed an optimum pH of 6.0 and a robust thermal stability at 50 °C within 24 h. The addition of urea (1 M) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (1% w/v) reduced the activity of the enzyme by 44% and 58%, respectively, whereas the addition of divalent metal ions had no effect on the enzymatic activity. PUGNAc (O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate) strongly inhibited the enzyme in sub-micromolar concentrations. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase was able to hydrolyze β1,2-linked, β1,3-linked, β1,4-linked, and β1,6-linked GlcNAc residues from the non-reducing end of various tested glycan standards, including bisecting GlcNAc from one of the tested hybrid-type N-glycan substrates. A mutational study revealed that the amino acids D306 and E307 bear the catalytically relevant side acid/base side chains. When coupled with a chitinase, the β-N-acetylhexosaminidase was able to generate GlcNAc directly from colloidal chitin, which showed the potential of this enzyme for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yong-Mei Lyu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Matthew G Alteen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Zhi-Peng Cai
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhong-Li Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Revisiting glycoside hydrolase family 20 β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases: Crystal structures, physiological substrates and specific inhibitors. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1127-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Wang M, Zhang XY, Guo RR, Cai ZP, Hu XC, Chen H, Wei S, Voglmeir J, Liu L. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of two β- N -acetylhexosaminidases from the mucin-degrading gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. Carbohydr Res 2018; 457:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Chen L, Liu T, Duan Y, Lu X, Yang Q. Microbial Secondary Metabolite, Phlegmacin B 1, as a Novel Inhibitor of Insect Chitinolytic Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3851-3857. [PMID: 28457127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodic chitin remodeling during insect growth and development requires a synergistic action of two glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family enzymes, GH18 chitinase and GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (Hex). Inhibiting either or both of these enzymes is a promising strategy for pest control and management. In this study, OfChi-h (a GH18 chitinase) and OfHex1 (a GH20 Hex) from Ostrinia furnacalis were used to screen a library of microbial secondary metabolites. Phlegmacin B1 was found to be the inhibitor of both OfChi-h and OfHex1 with Ki values of 5.5 μM and 26 μM, respectively. Injection and feeding experiments demonstrated that phlegmacin B1 has insecticidal effect on O. furnacalis's larvae. Phlegmacin B1 was predicted to bind to the active pockets of both OfChi-h and OfHex1. Phlegmacin B1 also showed moderate inhibitory activities against other bacterial and insect GH18 enzymes. This work provides an example of exploiting microbial secondary metabolites as potential pest control and management agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanwei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Shijiazhuang 050015, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Xi Y, Pan PL, Zhang CX. The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase gene family in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:601-610. [PMID: 26304035 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are enzymes that can degrade the chitin oligosaccharides that are produced by the activity of chitinases on chitin in insects. Using bioinformatic methods based on genome and transcriptome databases, 11 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase genes (NlHexs) in Nilaparvata lugens were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a six-grouped tree topology. The O-Linked N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase) group includes NlHex11, which harbours a catalytic domain that differs from that of the other 10 NlHexs. Observations of the expression of NlHexs during different developmental stages revealed that NlHex4 is expressed with periodicity during moulting. Although the tissue-specific expression patterns of most NlHexs were nonspecific, NlHex4 was found to be expressed mainly in the female reproductive system as well as in the integument. RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated failure to shed the old cuticle only in the nymphs treated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting NlHex4, and these nymphs eventually died; no observable morphological abnormalities were found in insects treated with dsRNAs targeting the other 10 NlHexs. Based on this study and our previous analyses, a '5 + 1 + 3' pattern of chitinolytic enzymes is proposed, in which five chitinases, one NlHEX and three chitin deacetylases are required for moulting in N. lugens. A better understanding of chitin metabolism in the hemimetabolous insect, N. lugens, would be achieved by considering three chitinolytic enzyme families: chitinase, chitin deacetylase and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - P-L Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C-X Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Kong H, Chen W, Lu H, Yang Q, Dong Y, Wang D, Zhang J. Synthesis of NAG-thiazoline-derived inhibitors for β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Determination of the second virial coefficient of bovine serum albumin under varying pH and ionic strength by composition-gradient multi-angle static light scattering. J Biol Phys 2014; 41:85-97. [PMID: 25403822 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-014-9367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition-gradient multi-angle static light scattering (CG-MALS) is an emerging technique for the determination of intermolecular interactions via the second virial coefficient B22. With CG-MALS, detailed studies of the second virial coefficient can be carried out more accurately and effectively than with traditional methods. In addition, automated mixing, delivery and measurement enable high speed, continuous, fluctuation-free sample delivery and accurate results. Using CG-MALS we measure the second virial coefficient of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solutions at various values of pH and ionic strength of a univalent salt (NaCl). The systematic variation of the second virial coefficient as a function of pH and NaCl strength reveals the net charge change and the isoelectric point of BSA under different solution conditions. The magnitude of the second virial coefficient decreases to 1.13 x 10(-5) ml*mol/g(2) near the isoelectric point of pH 4.6 and 25 mM NaCl. These results illuminate the role of fundamental long-range electrostatic and van der Waals forces in protein-protein interactions, specifically their dependence on pH and ionic strength.
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Qu M, Ma L, Chen P, Yang Q. Proteomic Analysis of Insect Molting Fluid with a Focus on Enzymes Involved in Chitin Degradation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2931-40. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Qu
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute
of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Exploring unsymmetrical dyads as efficient inhibitors against the insect β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase OfHex2. Biochimie 2014; 97:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Qu M, Liu T, Chen P, Yang Q. A sperm-plasma β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase interacting with a Chitinolytic β-N-Acetyl-D-hexosaminidase in insect molting fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71738. [PMID: 23951233 PMCID: PMC3741120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects require molting fluids to shed the old cuticle during molting. β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, known as Hex1, together with various chitinases, is responsible for degrading the chitin component of the old cuticle. This study showed that another β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, termed OfHex3, interacted with Hex1 and functioned in the molting fluid, although the homolog of OfHex3 was known as a sperm–plasma enzyme functioning in egg–sperm recognition. OfHex3 is an enzyme cloned from the insect Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, which is one of the most destructive pests of maize. The enzymatic activity analysis indicated that OfHex3 was able to degrade chitooligosaccharides, but at a lower rate than that of OfHex1. Because OfHex3 did not have substrate inhibition, we deduced that the presence of OfHex3 might help OfHex1 relieve substrate inhibition during chitin degradation during molting. The expression patterns of OfHex3 during O. furnacalis development were studied by real-time PCR as well as western blot. The results showed that both gene transcription and protein translation levels of OfHex3 were up-regulated during larval–larval molting. The tissue-specific expression pattern analysis indicated that OfHex3 was mostly localized in the fat body and testis. All these data further supported that Hex3 was involved in molting as well as in fertilization. This study may help to understand the complexity of cuticle degradation during insect molting, and may provide a possible target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Qu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- * E-mail:
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Huo Y, Chen L, Qu M, Chen Q, Yang Q. Biochemical characterization of a novel β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:115-126. [PMID: 23703967 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The β-N-acetylhexosaminidase FDL specifically removes the β-1,2-GlcNAc residue conjugated to the α-1,3-mannose residue of the core structure of insect N-glycans, playing significant physiological roles in post-translational modification in the Golgi apparatus. Little is known about its enzymatic properties. We obtained the OfFDL gene from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis by RT-PCR. The full length cDNA of FDL is 2241 bp carrying an opening reading frame of 1923 bp encoding 640 amino acids. The recombinant protein OfFDL in a soluble and active form was obtained with high purity through a two-step purification strategy. The recombinant OfFDL exclusively hydrolyzes the terminal β-1,2-GlcNAc residue from the α-1,3 branch instead of the α-1,6 branch of the substrate GnGn-PA. Several kinetic parameters including kcat/Km values toward four artificial substrates and Ki values of three representative hexosaminidase inhibitors were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Huo
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, PR China
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