LncRNA SNHG6 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration in colorectal cancer cells by activating TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway via targeting UPF1 and inducing EMT via regulation of ZEB1

Recent advances and molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling in colorectal cancer, with focus on bioactive compounds targeting

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most significant forms of human cancer. It is characterized by its heterogeneity because several molecular factors are involved in contiguity and can link it to others without having a linear correlation. Among the factors influencing tumor transformation in CRC, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a key promoter role. This factor is associated with human colorectal tumors with a very high prognosis: it increases the survival, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells, thus functioning as an oncogene. The inhibition of this factor can constitute a major therapeutic route for CRC treatment. Various chemical drugs including synthetic molecules and biotherapies have been developed as TGF-β inhibitors. Moreover, the scientific community has recently shown a major interest in screening natural drugs inhibiting TGF-β in CRC. In this context, we carried out this review article using computerized databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer Link, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, to highlight the molecular mechanism of TGF-β in CRC induction and progression and current advances in the pharmacodynamic effects of natural bioactive substances targeting TGF-β in CRC.

Deficiency of SDHC promotes metastasis by reprogramming fatty acid metabolism in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Several studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between impaired Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) function and the advancement of tumors. As a subunit of SDH, succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) has been revealed to play tumor suppressive roles in several cancers, while its specific role in colorectal cancer (CRC) still needs further investigation.

METHODS

Online database were utilized to investigate the expression of SDHC in colorectal cancer and to assess its correlation with patient prognosis. Cell metastasis was assessed using transwell and wound healing assays, while tumor metastasis was studied in a nude mice model in vivo. Drug screening and RNA sequencing were carried out to reveal the tumor suppressor mechanism of SDHC. Triglycerides, neutral lipids and fatty acid oxidation were measured using the Triglyceride Assay Kit, BODIPY 493/503 and Colorimetric Fatty Acid Oxidation Rate Assay Kit, respectively. The expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot.

RESULTS

Downregulation of SDHC was found to be closely associated with a poor prognosis in CRC. SDHC knockdown promoted CRC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Through drug screening and Gene set enrichment analysis, it was discovered that SDHC downregulation was positively associated with the fatty acid metabolism pathways significantly. The effects of SDHC silencing on metastasis were reversed when fatty acid synthesis was blocked. Subsequent experiments revealed that SDHC silencing activated the PI3K/AKT signaling axis, leading to lipid accumulation by upregulating the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 (ALDH3A2) and reduction of fatty acid oxidation rate by suppressing the expression of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A).

CONCLUSIONS

SDHC deficiency could potentially enhance CRC metastasis by modulating the PI3K/AKT pathways and reprogramming lipid metabolism.

Advances in molecular function of UPF1 in Cancer

It is known that more than 10 % of genetic diseases are caused by a mutation in protein-coding mRNA (premature termination codon; PTC). mRNAs with an early stop codon are degraded by the cellular surveillance process known as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which prevents the synthesis of C-terminally truncated proteins. Up-frameshift-1 (UPF1) has been reported to be involved in the downregulation of various cancers, and low expression of UPF1 was shown to correlate with poor prognosis. It is known that UPF1 is a master regulator of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). UPF1 may also function as an E3 ligase and degrade target proteins without using mRNA decay mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates that UPF1 could serve as a good biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment for future therapeutic applications. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have the ability to bind different proteins and regulate gene expression; this role in cancer cells has already been identified by different studies. This article provides an overview of the aberrant expression of UPF1, its functional properties, and molecular processes during cancer for clinical applications in cancer. We also discussed the interactions of lncRNA with UPF1 for cell growth during tumorigenesis.

Gain-Type Aneuploidies Influence the Burden of Selective Long Non-Coding Transcripts in Colorectal Cancer

Chromosomal instability is a hallmark of colorectal carcinogenesis and produces an accumulation of different forms of aneuploidies or broad copy number aberrations. Colorectal cancer is characterized by gain-type broad copy number aberrations, specifically in Chr20, Chr8q, Chr13 and Chr7, but their roles and mechanisms in cancer progression are not fully understood. It has been suggested that broad copy number gains might contribute to tumor development through the so-called caricature transcriptomic effect. We intend to investigate the impact of broad copy number gains on long non-coding RNAs' expression in colorectal cancer, given their well-known role in oncogenesis. The influence of such chromosomal aberrations on lncRNAs' transcriptome profile was investigated by SNP and transcriptome arrays in our series of colorectal cancer samples and cell lines. The correlation between aneuploidies and transcriptomic profiles led us to obtain a class of Over-UpT lncRNAs, which are transcripts upregulated in CRC and further overexpressed in colon tumors bearing specific chromosomal aberrations. The identified lncRNAs can contribute to a wide interaction network to establish the cancer driving effect of gain-type aneuploidies.

Rules and impacts of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in the degradation of long noncoding RNAs

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality-control process that selectively degrades mRNAs having premature termination codon, upstream open reading frame, or unusually long 3'UTR. NMD detects such mRNAs and rapidly degrades them during initial rounds of translation in the eukaryotic cells. Since NMD is a translation-dependent cytoplasmic mRNA surveillance process, the noncoding RNAs were initially believed to be NMD-resistant. The sequence feature-based analysis has revealed that many putative long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have short open reading frames, most of which have translation potential. Subsequent transcriptome-based molecular studies showed an association of a large set of such putative lncRNAs with translating ribosomes, and some of them produce stable and functionally active micropeptides. The translationally active lncRNAs typically have relatively longer and unprotected 3'UTR, which can induce their NMD-dependent degradation. This review defines the mechanism and regulation of NMD-dependent degradation of lncRNAs and its impact on biological processes related to the functions of lncRNAs or their encoded micropeptides. This article is categorized under: RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

Functional role of lncRNAs in gastrointestinal malignancies: the peculiar case of small nucleolar RNA host gene family

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in normal physiology and are often de-regulated in disease states such as cancer. Recently, a class of lncRNAs referred to as the small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) family have emerged as important players in tumourigenesis. Here, we discuss new findings describing the role of SNHGs in gastrointestinal tumours and summarize the three main functions by which these lncRNAs promote carcinogenesis, namely: competing with endogenous RNAs, modulating protein function, and regulating epigenetic marking. Furthermore, we discuss how SNHGs participate in different hallmarks of cancer, and how this class of lncRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Expression profiles and gene set enrichment analysis of the transcriptomes from the cancer tissue, white adipose tissue and paracancer tissue with colorectal cancer

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is related to diet and obesity. Currently, crosstalk between lipid metabolism and CRC has been reported; however, the specific mechanism is not yet understood. In this study, we screened differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs from primary cancer, paracancer, and white adipose tissue of CRC patients. We screened and analyzed the genes differentially expressed between primary and paracancer tissue and between paracancer and white adipose tissue but not between primary and white adipose tissue. According to the results of the biological analysis, we speculated a lncRNA (MIR503HG) that may be involved in the crosstalk between CRC and lipid metabolism through exosome delivery.

Methods

We screened differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs from primary cancer, paracancer, and white adipose tissue of CRC patients. We screened and analyzed the genes differentially expressed between primary and paracancer tissue and between paracancer and white adipose tissue but not between primary and white adipose tissue.

Results

We speculated a lncRNA (MIR503HG) that may be involved in the crosstalk between CRC and lipid metabolism through exosome delivery.

Conclusions

In this study, the findings raise the possibility of crosstalk between lipid metabolism and CRC through the exosomal delivery of lncRNAs.

Deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3 inhibits colorectal malignancy through antagonizing NEDD4-triggered CDKN1A ubiquitination

Deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3 (DNASE1L3) has been shown to play nonnegligible roles in several types of carcinomas. Nevertheless, the biological function, clinical relevance, and influence of DNASE1L3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain obscure. Immunohistochemistry was adopted to examine DNASE1L3 and CDKN1A expression in CRC tissue, and the clinical significance of DNASE1L3 was assessed. Cell counting kit-8, colony formation, and transwell assays were employed for assessing tumor proliferation and migration. The mechanisms underlying the impact of DNASE1L3 were explored via western blot analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, and ubiquitination assay. It was observed that DNASE1L3 was downregulated in CRC tissues and was tightly associated with patient prognosis. DNASE1L3 impaired CRC cell proliferation and migration through elevating CDKN1A via suppressing CDKN1A ubiquitination. Meanwhile, DNASE1L3 was positively related to CDKN1A. In mechanism, DNASE1L3 and CDKN1A interacted with the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. Moreover, DNASE1L3 was competitively bound to NEDD4, thus repressing NEDD4-mediated CDKN1A ubiquitination and degradation. These discoveries implied the potential mechanisms of DNASE1L3 during tumorigenesis, suggesting that DNASE1L3 may serve as a new potential therapeutic agent for CRC.

Differential expressions and potential clinical values of lncRNAs in the plasma exosomes of rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis. Progress in its clinical diagnosis and treatment mainly depends on the elucidation of its pathogenesis and the exploration of new biomarkers. Exosomes contain various biomolecules, including long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs). lncRNAs may participate in the regulation of autoimmune and inflammatory processes during RA pathogenesis by transmitting these biomolecules via exosomes among different cells. Therefore, the investigation of lncRNAs in RA exosomes may be a feasible pathway to elucidate RA pathogenesis, identify new diagnostic biomarkers, and identify potential therapeutic targets.

METHODS

In the first phase of exosomal non-coding RNAs screening, exosomes were isolated from the peripheral blood of six patients with RA and healthy controls (HC). High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to obtain lncRNA expression profiles, and 15 lncRNAs with the highest differential expression were selected as candidate lncRNAs. In the second phase of validation using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), differential expression of the 15 candidate lncRNAs was verified in 42 patients with RA and their matched HC. Their potential value as RA diagnostic biomarkers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Their relationships with common clinical indices of RA were explored using Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression analyses.

RESULT

Compared to HC, patients with RA had 206 upregulated and 2,332 downregulated lncRNAs. Fifteen candidate lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR, of which 12 (SNHG6, RPS18P9, RPL21P28, EBLN3P, FAM153CP, RPL23P8, SNHG31, NORAD, H3P6, DLEU2, TUG1, and OIP5-AS1) were upregulated, and three (CXXC4-AS1, OLMALINC, and NPHP3-AS1) were downregulated. In the ROC analysis of the 15 candidate lncRNAs, the area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.847 (0.767, 0.927) for OLMALINC to 0.994 (0.984, 1.000) for CXXC4-AS1. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and disease activity score of 28 (DAS28) were correlated with seven, six, and five lncRNAs, respectively. Further linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between exosomal SNHG6 and ESR (B = -0.384, P = 0.006), and a positive relationship between SNHG31 and ESR (B = 0.381, P = 0.007). Exosomal SNHG6 also showed a negative relationship with CRP (B = -0.361, P = 0.019). Moreover, exosomal RPS18P9 and SNGH31 had a negative effect and a positive effect on DAS28, respectively (B = -0.463, P < 0.001; B = 0.586, P < 0.001), implying novel exosomal lncRNAs were the independent influencing factors of the main RA-related clinical indices.

CONCLUSIONS

lncRNAs in RA plasma exosomes have characteristic expression profiles, including some lncRNAs with potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for RA.

Icariin Regulates EMT and Stem Cell-Like Character in Breast Cancer through Modulating lncRNA NEAT1/TGFβ/SMAD2 Signaling Pathway

Metastases and drug resistance are the major risk factors associated with breast cancer (BC), which is the most common type of tumor affecting females. Icariin (ICA) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound that possesses significant anticancer properties. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological processes and have been shown to modulate the effectiveness of certain drugs in cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effect of ICA on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness articulation in BC cells, as well as the possible relationship between its inhibitory action on EMT and stemness with the NEAT1/transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/SMAD2 pathway. The effect of ICA on the proliferation (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony assays), EMT (Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and wound healing), and stemness (mammosphere formation assays, Western blotting) of BC cells were examined. According to the findings, ICA suppressed the proliferation, EMT, and stem cell-like in MDA-MB-231 cells, and exerted its inhibitory impact by downregulating the TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling pathway. ICA could significantly downregulate the expression of lncRNA NEAT1, and silencing NEAT1 enhanced the effect of ICA in suppressing EMT and expression of different stem cell markers. In addition, silencing NEAT1 was found to attenuate the TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling pathway, thereby improving the inhibitory impact of ICA on stemness and EMT in BC cells. In conclusion, ICA can potentially inhibit the metastasis of BC via affecting the NEAT1/TGFβ/SMAD2 pathway, which provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms involved in potential application of ICA for BC therapy.

The ncRNA-TGF-β axis: Unveiling new frontiers in colorectal cancer research

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a substantial global challenge, necessitating a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinnings governing its onset and progression. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) network has been a well-recognized cornerstone in advancing CRC. Nevertheless, a recent study has highlighted the growing importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this context. This comprehensive review aims to present an extensive examination of the interaction between ncRNAs and TGF-signaling. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), encompassing circular RNAs (circRNAs), long-ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), have surfaced as pivotal modulators governing various aspects of TGF-β signaling. MiRNAs have been discovered to target elements within the TGF-β signaling, either enhancing or inhibiting signaling, depending on the context. LncRNAs have been associated with CRC progression, functioning as miRNA sponges or directly influencing TGF-β pathway elements. Even circRNAs, a relatively recent addition to the ncRNA family, have impacted CRC, affecting TGF-β signaling through diverse mechanisms. This review encompasses recent progress in comprehending specific ncRNAs involved in TGF-β signaling, their functional roles, and their clinical relevance in CRC. We investigate the possibility of ncRNAs as targets for detection, prognosis, and therapy. Additionally, we explore the interaction of TGF-β and other pathways in CRC and the role of ncRNAs within this intricate network. As we unveil the intricate regulatory function of ncRNAs in the TGF-β signaling in CRC, we gain valuable insights into the disease's pathogenesis. Incorporating these discoveries into clinical settings holds promise for more precise diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic approaches, ultimately enhancing the care of CRC patients. This comprehensive review underscores the ever-evolving landscape of ncRNA research in CRC and the potential for novel interventions in the battle against this formidable disease.

Long non-coding RNAs - SNHG6 emerge as potential marker in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the leading cancers in terms of incidence and mortality in the Western world. Currently, there are no sufficient diagnostic markers that would enable an early diagnosis and efficient therapy. Unfortunately, a significant number of new CRC cases is detected in late stages, with distant metastases, therefore, new therapeutic approaches, which would alleviate the prognosis for advanced stages of CRC, are highly in demand. SNHG6 belongs to the group of long non-coding RNAs, which are a larger entity of RNAs consisting of >200 nucleotides. SNHG6 is expressed mainly in the cell cytoplasm, where it acts as a regulator of numerous processes: modulation of crucial protein hubs; sponging miRNAs and upregulating the expression of their target mRNAs; and interacting with various cellular pathways including TGF-β/Smad and Wnt/β-catenin. SNHG6 is an oncogene, substantially overexpressed in CRC tissues and cancerous cell lines as compared to healthy samples. Its overexpression is associated with higher grade, lymphovascular invasion and tumor size. Taking into consideration the role of SNHG6 in the colorectal tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis, we summarized its role in CRC and conclude that it could serve as a potential biomarker in CRC diagnosis and prognosis assessment.

CTHRC1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by recruiting tumor-associated macrophages via up-regulation of CCL15

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a key factor in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), exerting significant influence over tumor migration, invasion, immunosuppressive features, and drug resistance. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), a 30 KDa protein which was secreted during the tissue-repair process, is highly expressed in several malignant tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous studies demonstrated that CTHRC1 expression in TAMs was positively correlated to M2 macrophage polarization and liver metastasis, while our discovery suggesting a novel mechanism that CTHRC1 secreted from cancer cell could indirectly interplay with TAMs. In this study, the high expression level of CTHRC1 was evaluated in CRC based on GEO and TCGA databases. Further, CTHRC1 was detected high in all stages of CRC patients by ELISA and was correlated to poor prognosis. Multispectral imaging of IHC demonstrated that M2 macrophage infiltration was increased accompanied with CTHRC1 enrichment, suggesting that CTHRC1 may have chemotactic effect on macrophages. In vitro, CTHRC1 could have chemotactic ability of macrophage in the presence of HT-29 cell line. Cytokine microarray revealed that CTHRC1 could up-regulate the CCL15 level of HT-29, pathway analysis demonstrated that CTHRC1 could regulate CCL15 by controlling the TGFβ activation and Smad phosphorylation level. In vivo, knocking down of CTHRC1 from CT-26 also inhibits tumor formation. In conclusion, CTHRC1 could promote the chemotactic ability of macrophages by up-regulating CCL15 via TGFβ/Smad pathway; additionally, a high level of CTHRC1 could promote macrophage's M2 polarization. This discovery may be related to tumor immune tolerance and tumor immunotherapy resistance in CRC. KEY MESSAGES: CTHRC1 promotes CRC progression by up-regulating CCL15 via TGF-β/Smad pathways to further recruit tumor-associated macrophages. By the means of autocrine or paracrine, CTHRC1 can indeed promote macrophage chemotaxis and enhance the infiltration of macrophages in tumor tissues but in the presence of tumor cells. CAFs were another source of CTHRC1, indicating CTHRC1 can infiltrate tumor islet as well as the stomal and be secreted from both tumor cells and CAFs. This study validated CTHRC1 as a potential immune therapy target CRC.

LINC01485 contributes to colorectal cancer progression by targeting miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important in tumorigenesis and the development of multiple malignant human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine the regulatory mechanism of LINC01485 and its biological function in CRC. We estimated the expression of miR-383-5p, KRT80, and LINC01485 in CRC cells and tissues using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The results were confirmed using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase assays. Binding relationships among miR-383-5p, LINC01485, and KRT80 were assessed. We explored the molecular mechanisms and functions of the LINC01485/miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis using CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Expression of the apoptotic markers Bcl-2 and Bax was quantified by western blotting, and the effects of LINC01485 on tumor development in vivo were investigated using xenograft tumors. Both LINC01485 and KRT80 were upregulated, whereas miR-383-5p was downregulated in CRC cells and tissues. Knockdown of LINC01485 attenuated CRC cell growth and xenograft tumor formation in vivo, whereas LINC01485 enhanced the proliferative capacity of CRC cells but inhibited apoptosis by sponging miR-383-5p to increase KRT80 expression in CRC cells. The regulatory molecular mechanism of the LINC01485/miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis plays a crucial role in CRC progression. Our findings highlight novel pathways and promising biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic application to patients with CRC.

TGF-β signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling central nervous system injury with a complex pathological process, resulting in severe sensory and motor dysfunction. The current treatment modalities only alleviate its symptoms and cannot effectively intervene or treat its pathological process. Many studies have reported that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway plays an important role in neuronal differentiation, growth, survival, and axonal regeneration after central nervous system injury. Furthermore, the TGF-β signaling pathway has a vital regulatory role in SCI pathophysiology and neural regeneration. Following SCI, regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway can suppress inflammation, reduce apoptosis, prevent glial scar formation, and promote neural regeneration. Due to its role in SCI, the TGF-β signaling pathway could be a potential therapeutic target. This article reported the pathophysiology of SCI, the characteristics of the TGF-β signaling pathway, the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway in SCI, and the latest evidence for targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway for treating SCI. In addition, the limitations and difficulties in TGF-β signaling pathway research in SCI are discussed, and solutions are provided to address these potential challenges. We hope this will provide a reference for the TGF-β signaling pathway and SCI research, offering a theoretical basis for targeted therapy of SCI.

lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 Regulated by KIAA1429 Contributes to Colorectal Cancer Progression in an m6A Modification Manner

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are participated in tumourigenesis, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects and mechanisms of lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 in CRC have not been investigated. KIAA1429 act as a member of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, has been knew as an oncogenic factor in various cancer containing CRC. We focus to investigate the regulation effect of lncRNA POU6F2-AS1, and the mechanism among lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 and KIAA1429 in CRC. The lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 and KIAA1429 levels in CRC tissue samples as well as cells were clarified by qRT-PCR, and their relationship was predicted by bioinformatics, MeRIP and Pearson analysis. Cell survival, migration and invasion were analyzed via EdU, wound healing and Transwell assays after lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 was down-regulated and KIAA1429 was up-regulated. LncRNA POU6F2-AS1 and KIAA1429 were enriched in CRC tissue samples. LncRNA POU6F2-AS1 silencing suppressed CRC cell survival, migration, and invasion, and KIAA1429 overexpression facilitated CRC cell malignancy. KIAA1429 promoted lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 expression via m6A modification. Furthermore, KIAA1429 upregulation reversed the inhibitory effect of lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 interference on the malignant behavior of CRC cells. lncRNA POU6F2-AS1 was modulated by KIAA1429 in the form of m6A modification to regulate the malignant phenotype of CRC, which may provide new insights into the potential application of KIAA1429-m6A-lncRNA POU6F2-AS1-based CRC therapy.

PRMT1 accelerates cell proliferation, migration, and tumor growth by upregulating ZEB1/H4R3me2as in thyroid carcinoma

Thyroid carcinoma (TC) represents the most prevalent malignancy of the endocrine system. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a critical member of the protein arginine methyltransferase family in mammals and is involved in multiple biological processes. This study aimed to investigate the function of PRMT1 in TC. In the present study, human TC cell lines (8505C, CAL62, and BCPAP) and a normal human thyroid cell line Nthy‑ori 3‑1 were employed. Small interfering RNA targeting PRMT1 was used to knock down PRMT1 expression in 8505C cells, and PRMT1 overexpression plasmids were transfected into BCPAP cells. Cell viability was assessed using a CCK‑8 and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry and TUNEL assays. Cell migration was assessed using wound healing and Transwell assays. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression levels of PRMT1. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of PRMT1, E‑cadherin, vimentin, H4R3me2as, and zinc‑finger E homeobox‑binding 1 (ZEB1). Notably, PRMT1 expression was elevated in TC (P<0.01). PRMT1 knockdown inhibited TC cell proliferation and migration and concurrently enhanced migration. Furthermore, PRMT1 knockdown suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in a mouse model of TC. PRMT1 downregulation increased E‑cadherin expression and decreased the expression of vimentin, H4R3me2as, and ZEB1 in the TC cells and the mouse model of TC. Conversely, PRMT1 overexpression had the opposite effect on TC malignant characteristics (P<0.05). These findings suggest that PRMT1 knockdown inhibited TC malignancy by downregulating H4R3me2as/ZEB1, thereby highlighting novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for the management of TC.

Interplay of LncRNA TUG1 and TGF-β/P53 Expression in Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide. It is still necessary to further define the mechanisms and explore the therapeutic targets of CRC. Long non-coding RNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (LncRNA TUG1) was initially discovered as a transcript upregulated by taurine and is observed to be expressed in numerous human cancers. The Study Aim: This article was to explore the correlation between transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/tumor protein 53 (P53) signaling mechanisms as regulators for LncRNA TUG1 in Egyptian patients with CRC.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was achieved to study TGF-β and P53 expression in CRC specimens vs. normal colonic specimens and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze LncRNA TUG1, TGF-β, and P53 relative gene expression in 96 tissue specimens (neoplastic specimens and the corresponding adjacent non-neoplastic specimens).

RESULTS

The expressions of LncRNA TUG1, TGF-β, and P53 were overexpressed significantly in CRC specimens as opposed to the matched neighboring non-neoplastic specimens (P<0.001), also LncRNA TUG1 was significantly positively correlated to the expression of TGF-β and P53 (r=0.89, 0.91 respectively, P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

These findings reveal that LncRNA TUG1 may be a molecular component in the TGF-β/P53 signaling pathway, and LncRNA TUG1 could function as a CRC possible oncogene. LncRNA TUG1 may serve as a potential oncogene for CRC. The TGF-β/P53/LncRNA TUG1 interactions may be employed as potential targets for CRC diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and cure.

The Role of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway in Gastrointestinal Cancers

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has attracted attention as a tumor suppressor because of its potent growth-suppressive effect on epithelial cells. Dysregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway is considered to be one of the key factors in carcinogenesis, and genetic alterations affecting TGF-β signaling are extraordinarily common in cancers of the gastrointestinal system, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and pancreatic cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-β is produced from various types of cells in the tumor microenvironment and mediates extracellular matrix deposition, tumor angiogenesis, the formation of CAFs, and suppression of the anti-tumor immune reaction. It is also being considered as a factor that promotes the malignant transformation of cancer, particularly the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, elucidating the role of TGF-β signaling in carcinogenesis, cancer invasion, and metastasis will provide novel basic insight for diagnosis and prognosis and the development of new molecularly targeted therapies for gastrointestinal cancers. In this review, we outline an overview of the complex mechanisms and functions of TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potentials of targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway for gastrointestinal cancer treatment and discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives on targeting this pathway.

Circular RNA circWHSC1 facilitates colorectal cancer cell proliferation by targeting miR-130a-5p/zeb1 signaling in vitro and in vivo

Colorectal cancer is a prevalent cancer globally and has become a threaten of human health. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been widely studied in the cancer area, and the function of circular RNA circWHSC1 has been identified in several cancers. However, the role of circWHSC1 in colorectal cancer remains elusive. In this study, we were interested in the effects of circWHSC1 on colorectal cancer progression. We found that level of circWHSC1 was elevated in colorectal cancer cells compared with normal colon epithelial cells. FISH assay further confirmed that circWHSC1 was mainly localized in cytoplasm. CircWHSC1 depletion repressed the viability of colorectal cancer cells. The colony formation number and Edu-positive colorectal cancer cells were inhibited by the depletion of circWHSC1, respectively. The knockdown of circWHSC1 promoted the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. The tumor growth of colorectal cancer cells in nude mice was attenuated by circWHSC1 silencing. Meanwhile, the invasion and migration ability of colorectal cancer cells was suppressed by circWHSC1 depletion. Mechanically, circWHSC1 targets miR-130a-5p to promote zeb1 expression in colorectal cancer cell. The depletion of circWHSC1 remarkably reduced the cell viability and Edu-positive colorectal cancer cells, and the miR-130a-5p inhibitor or zeb1 overexpression could restore the phenotypes. Furthermore, the tumor growth of colorectal cancer cells in nude mice was attenuated by circWHSC1 knockdown, while miR-130a-5p depletion or zeb1 overexpression reversed the effect in the model. Therefore, we concluded that Circular RNA circWHSC1 facilitated colorectal cancer cell proliferation by targeting miR-130a-5p/zeb1 signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Dexmedetomidine Promoted HSPB8 Expression via Inhibiting the lncRNA SNHG14/UPF1 Axis to Inhibit Apoptosis of Nerve Cells in AD : The Role of Dexmedetomidine in AD

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is reported to play a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Figure out the underlying molecular mechanism of Dex regulating nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. The AD model in vitro was established after SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1 - 42 at (10 μM) for 24 h. The interaction among UPF1, lncRNA SNHG14, and HSPB8 was verified by RIP assay. Cell viability, apoptosis, the level of genes, and proteins were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Dex downregulated lncRNA SNHG14 level and inhibited apoptosis of nerve cells. LncRNA SNHG14 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of Dex on nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. LncRNA SNHG14 attenuated HSPB8 mRNA stability by recruiting UPF1. HSPB8 overexpression inhibited apoptosis of nerve cells in the AD model. Moreover, HSPB8 knockdown reversed the inhibitory effect of Dex on nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. Our study demonstrated that Dex promoted HSPB8 expression via inhibiting the lncRNA SNHG14/UPF1 axis to inhibit nerve cell apoptosis in AD.

LncRNA SNHG6 role in clinicopathological parameters in cancers

RNA sequencing has revealed that a substantial portion of the human genome undergoes transcription, yet a minimal fraction of these transcripts translates into proteins. LncRNAs, RNA molecules less than 200 nt in length, once deemed as transcriptional noise, have now emerged as crucial regulators of numerous cellular processes. This review focuses on the lncRNA SNHG6, aiming to elucidate its biogenesis, the pivotal roles it plays, and its mechanisms in facilitating the hallmarks of cancer. A comprehensive literature review and analysis were undertaken to delve into the biogenesis of SNHG6, its roles in cellular processes, and the mechanisms through which it contributes to the hallmarks of cancer. SNHG6 is a notable lncRNA, observed to be overexpressed in various cancer types; its perturbation has been linked to tumor progression, emphasizing its significance in oncogenesis. This lncRNA contributes to a range of cellular aberrations, influencing transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic processes of mRNA, ultimately driving cancerous transformations. LncRNA SNHG6 serves as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target due to its association with tumorigenesis. Understanding its mechanism and role in cancer can pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Knockdown of Secernin 1 inhibit cell invasion and migration by activating the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinomas

Secernin-1 (SCRN1) is a regulator of exocytosis in mast cells. Recently, SCRN1 was reported to be correlated with the prognosis of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer, but its functional effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. Our aim was to explore the expression pattern and the migration and invasion effects of the newly identified SCRN1 in OSCC. Western blotting (WB) was performed to measure SCRN1 expression in human OSCC tissue samples and OSCC cell lines. The effects of SCRN1 on OSCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and Transwell assays. The expression levels of TGF-β, Smad3 and phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3) were measured by WB. The secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of SCRN1 was significantly elevated in OSCC tissues and cell lines. SCRN1 knockdown reduced the expression of TGF-β and p-Smad3 in OSCC cells. TGF-β stimulation promoted proliferation, invasion and migration and enhanced the expression of p-Smad3 and the secretion of MMP9 in SCRN1-knockdown OSCC cell lines. Our study demonstrated that SCRN1 is upregulated in OSCC. Further analyses demonstrated that SCRN1 promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of OSCC cells via TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.

Crosstalk between long non-coding RNAs and p53 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer: A review study

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related fatalities. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of diverse physiological processes and are dysregulated in a wide range of pathophysiological circumstances such as CRC. Studies revealed that aberrant expressions of lncRNAs clearly modulate the expression level of p53 gene in CRC, thereby transactivating multiple downstream pathways. P53 is regarded as a crucial tumor suppressor gene which promotes cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence or apoptosis in response to cellular stresses. P53 is also mutated in CRC as well as various types of human malignancies. Therefore, lncRNAs interact with the p53 signaling pathway in numerus ways and significantly influence CRC-related processes. The current findings in the investigation of the crosstalk between lncRNAs and the P53 pathway in controlling CRC carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and therapeutic resistance are summarized in the this review. A deeper knowledge of CRC carcinogenesis may also have implications in CRC prevention and treatment through more research.

The Long Non-Coding RNA AC006329.1 Facilitates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Metastasis by Regulating miR-127-5p/SHC3/ERK Axis

Purpose

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and the sixth largest common cancer worldwide. Although surgical resection, hepatic arterial chemoembolization, targeted drugs and immunotherapy are currently available, the mortality of advanced patients remains high. Therefore, new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. In recent years, many studies have found that The long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) has multiple functions in human tumors, including participating in epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational regulation, and is closely related to the progression of HCC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of AC006329.1 in HCC progression and provide theoretical guidance for finding new targets.

Patients and Methods

AC006329.1 was screened out by transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Then a series of functional tests in vivo and in vitro were conducted to investigate the effects of AC006329.1 on HCC progression and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of HCC was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The targeted miRNA and downstream gene of AC006329.1 were predicted by databases and the pathway regulation axis eventually validated by dual luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR and WB.

Results

AC006329.1 was found high expressed in HCC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. The prognosis of HCC patients with high expressed AC006329.1 was poor. In vitro and in vivo, overexpression of AC006329.1 can promote the progression, metastasis and EMT of HCC by acting as a sponge of miR-127-5p to increase the expression of SHC3. In addition, up-regulation of miR-127-5p or knockdown of SHC3 can both reverse the promoting effects of AC006329.1 on progression, metastasis and EMT of HCC. Finally, WB and qRT-PCR analysis was discovered that AC006329.1 can facilitate HCC progression, EMT and metastasis by competitively inhibiting miR-127-5p to activate SHC3/ERK signaling pathway.

Conclusion

These above experimental results confirmed that AC006329.1 can facilitate HCC progression, EMT and metastasis by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to inhibit miR-127-5p and activate SHC3/ERK signaling pathway.

Reversal of H2O2-induced cell death by knockdown of HOTAIR in HTR-8/SVneo cells by mediation of miR-106b-5p/ACSL4 axis

Preeclampsia is a serious threat to the health of pregnant women. Injury of trophoblasts could contribute to the progression of preeclampsia, and H₂O₂ was able to induce apoptosis in trophoblasts. LncRNAs have been reported to be involved in the progression of preeclampsia. Additionally, lncRNA HOTAIR is upregulated in patients with preeclampsia. However, the function of HOTAIR in H₂O₂-treated trophoblasts remains unclear. To explore the function of HOTAIR in preeclampsia, HTR-8/SVneo cells were stimulated with H₂O₂. RT-qPCR was performed to measure HOTAIR expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells. The apoptosis of HTR-8/SVneo cells was measured using TUNEL staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using JC-1 staining. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of ACSL4, GPX4, and FTH1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. The level of HOTAIR in HTR-8/SVneo cells was upregulated by H₂O₂. In addition, H₂O₂ notably inhibited the proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo cells, whereas knockdown of HOTAIR reversed this phenomenon. The mitochondrial membrane potential in HTR-8/SVneo cells was significantly inhibited by H₂O₂ and partially abolished by HOTAIR silencing. Moreover, HOTAIR could bind to miR-106b-5p; ACSL4 was identified as the downstream target of miR-106b-5p. Furthermore, HOTAIR knockdown reversed H₂O₂-induced ferroptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells by regulating miR-106b-5p/ACSL4. Collectively, the knockdown of HOTAIR reversed H₂O₂-induced ferroptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells by mediating miR-106b-5p/ACSL4. Thus, HOTAIR may serve as a new therapeutic target against preeclampsia.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG6 promotes the malignant phenotypes of ovarian cancer cells via miR-543/YAP1 pathway

The long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) acts as an oncogene in several cancers, and is highly expressed in ovarian cancer. MiR-543, a tumor suppressor, was expressed lowly in ovarian cancer. However, whether SNHG6 performed its oncogenic role via miR-543 in ovarian cancer, as well as the underlying mechanism is still not clear. In this study, we showed that the levels of SNHG6 and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) were significantly elevated, while the level of miR-543 was significantly decreased, in ovarian cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal samples. We demonstrated that overexpression of SNHG6 significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 and A2780. Knockdown of SNHG6 showed the opposite effects. MiR-543 level was negatively correlated with the SNHG6 level in ovarian cancer tissues. SHNG6 overexpression significantly inhibited the expression of miR-543, and SHNG6 knockdown significantly elevated the expression of miR-543 in ovarian cancer cells. The effects of SNHG6 on ovarian cancer cells were abrogated by miR-543 mimic, and strengthened by anti-miR-543. YAP1 was identified as a target of miR-543. Forced expression of miR-543 significantly inhibited the expression of YAP1. Moreover, YAP1 overexpression could reverse the effects of SNHG6 downregulation on the malignant phenotypes of ovarian cancer cells. In summary, our study showed that SNHG6 promoted the malignant phenotypes of ovarian cancer cells via miR-543/YAP1 pathway.

[ZEB2 Regulates the Migration and Invasion of PANC-1 Pancreatic Cancer Cells: An Experimental Study]

Objective

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox transcription factor-2 ( ZEB2) on the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PANC-1 cells, a human pancreatic cancer cell line.

Methods

Data on the expression of ZEB2 in pancreatic cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed. PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were divided into si-NC group, si- ZEB2 group, pcDNA3.1 group, and pcDNA3.1- ZEB2 group. qRT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to confirm the effectiveness of ZEB2 knockdown or overexpression. CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays were conducted to examine the effects of ZEB2 on the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of PANC-1 cells. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays were performed to examine the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin, the EMT markers, in the cells. Prediction of proteins interacting with ZEB2 was made through the STRING database.

Results

TCGA database analysis showed that the expression level of ZEB2 in pancreatic cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues ( P<0.05). Compared with those of cells in the control group, the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of cells in the si- ZEB2 group were decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with those of cells in the pcDNA3.1 group, the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of cells in the pcDNA3.1- ZEB2 group were increased (all P<0.05). According to the results of qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays, compared with those of the si-NC group, the expression of E-cadherin mRNA, an epithelial marker, in the si- ZEB2 group increased, while the expression of vimentin mRNA, an mesenchymal marker, and the protein decreased. Compared with those of the pcDNA3.1 group, the expression of E-cadherin mRNA in the PANC-1 cells of the pcDNA3.1- ZEB2 group decreased, while the expression of vimentin mRNA and the protein increased (all P<0.05). Analysis with the STRING database predicted that 10 proteins had close interaction with ZEB2.

Conclusion

Overexpression of ZEB2 promotes the migration, invasion, and the EMT process of PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells.

Colon cancer transcriptome

Over the last four decades, methodological innovations have continuously changed transcriptome profiling. It is now feasible to sequence and quantify the transcriptional outputs of individual cells or thousands of samples using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These transcriptomes serve as a connection between cellular behaviors and their underlying molecular mechanisms, such as mutations. This relationship, in the context of cancer, provides a chance to unravel tumor complexity and heterogeneity and uncover novel biomarkers or treatment options. Since colon cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies, its prognosis and diagnosis seem to be critical. The transcriptome technology is developing for an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer which can provide better protectivity and prognostic utility to medical teams and patients. A transcriptome is a whole set of expressed coding and non-coding RNAs in an individual or cell population. The cancer transcriptome includes RNA-based changes. The combined genome and transcriptome of a patient may provide a comprehensive picture of their cancer, and this information is beginning to affect treatment decision-making in real-time. A full assessment of the transcriptome of colon (colorectal) cancer has been assessed in this review paper based on risk factors such as age, obesity, gender, alcohol use, race, and also different stages of cancer, as well as non-coding RNAs like circRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and siRNAs. Similarly, they have been examined independently in the transcriptome study of colon cancer.

Insights on the Biomarker Potential of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer: An In Silico Characterization of Related Exosomal lncRNA/circRNA–miRNA–Target Axis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer types, ranking third after lung and breast cancers. As such, it demands special attention for better characterization, which may eventually result in the development of early detection strategies and preventive measures. Currently, components of bodily fluids, which may reflect various disease states, are being increasingly researched for their biomarker potential. One of these components is the circulating extracellular vesicles, namely, exosomes, which are demonstrated to carry various cargo. Of importance, the non-coding RNA cargo of circulating exosomes, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and micro RNAs (miRNAs), may potentially serve as significant diagnostic and prognostic/predictive biomarkers. In this review, we present existing evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic/predictive biomarker value of exosomal non-coding RNAs in CRC. In addition, taking advantage of the miRNA sponging functionality of lncRNAs and circRNAs, we demonstrate an experimentally validated CRC exosomal non-coding RNA-regulated target gene axis benefiting from published miRNA sponging studies in CRC. Hence, we present a set of target genes and pathways downstream of the lncRNA/circRNA–miRNA–target axis along with associated significant Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, which may collectively serve to better characterize CRC and shed light on the significance of exosomal non-coding RNAs in CRC diagnosis and prognosis/prediction.

Unraveling the function of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer: Metastasis, therapy response, and revisiting molecular pathways

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a dangerous form of cancer that affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is a major global health concern, and the aggressive behavior of tumor cells makes it difficult to treat, leading to poor survival rates for patients. One major challenge in treating CRC is the metastasis, or spread, of the cancer, which is a major cause of death. In order to improve the prognosis for patients with CRC, it is necessary to focus on ways to inhibit the cancer's ability to invade and spread. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that is linked to the spread of cancer cells, also known as metastasis. The process transforms epithelial cells into mesenchymal ones, increasing their mobility and ability to invade other tissues. This has been shown to be a key mechanism in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), a particularly aggressive form of gastrointestinal cancer. The activation of EMT leads to increases in the spread of CRC cells, and during this process, levels of the protein E-cadherin decrease while levels of N-cadherin and vimentin increase. EMT also contributes to the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in CRC. Non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a role in regulating EMT in CRC, often through their ability to "sponge" microRNAs. Anti-cancer agents have been shown to suppress EMT and reduce the progression and spread of CRC cells. These findings suggest that targeting EMT or related mechanisms may be a promising approach for treating CRC patients in the clinic.

CircLPAR1 Promotes Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in APP/PS1 Mice by Inhibiting SIRT1/Nrf-2/HO-1 Axis Through Destabilizing GDF-15 mRNA

Circular RNA LPAR1 (circLPAR1) was revealed to be elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD); nevertheless, its role and mechanisms in AD remain unknown. Memory performance of APP/PS1 mice was assessed by Morris water maze test. Expression of circLPAR1 and indicated messenger RNA (mRNA) in mouse brain tissues or/and SH-SY5Y cells were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Protein expression of indicated gene was examined by western blot. Production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; interleukin-6, IL-6; interleukin-1β, IL-1β; and interleukin-8, IL-8) and oxidative stress-related factors (reactive oxygen species, ROS; malondialdehyde, MDA; superoxide dismutase, SOD; and glutathione, GSH) were assessed by commercial kits. RNA pull down and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to verify the interplay between up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) and circLPAR1 or growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). CircLPAR1 was elevated, while GDF-15 was decreased in both APP/PS1 mice and Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of circLPAR1 and overexpression of GDF-15 protected cells against Aβ-caused inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis. CircLPAR1 knockdown was also proved to improve AD-related pathological traits and ameliorate cognitive dysfunctions in vivo. In mechanism, we found that circLPAR1 repressed GDF-15 expression by decreasing GDF-15 mRNA stability through UPF1 recruitment. Rescue assays suggested that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) knockdown reversed GDF-15 overexpression-induced inhibition on Aβ-induced neuronal damage and nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf-2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway inhibition. Moreover, the protective effect of circLPAR1 knockdown against Aβ-induced apoptosis was abolished by GDF-15 knockdown, and SIRT1 overexpression could counteract this effect of GDF-15 knockdown. CircLPAR1 knockdown improved AD-related pathological traits in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting SIRT1/Nrf-2/HO-1 axis through GDF-15.

SnoRNA and lncSNHG: Advances of nucleolar small RNA host gene transcripts in anti-tumor immunity

The small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) are a group of genes that can be transcript into long non-coding RNA SNHG (lncSNHG) and further processed into small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Although lncSNHGs and snoRNAs are well established to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis, how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell behavior and function to mediate anti-tumor immunity remains further illustrated. Certain immune cell types carry out distinct roles to participate in each step of tumorigenesis. It is particularly important to understand how lncSNHGs and snoRNAs regulate the immune cell function to manipulate anti-tumor immunity. Here, we discuss the expression, mechanism of action, and potential clinical relevance of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in regulating different types of immune cells that are closely related to anti-tumor immunity. By uncovering the changes and roles of lncSNHGs and snoRNAs in different immune cells, we aim to provide a better understanding of how the transcripts of SNHGs participate in tumorigenesis from an immune perspective.

LncRNAs in colorectal cancer: Biomarkers to therapeutic targets

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women worldwide. As early detection is associated with lower mortality, novel biomarkers are urgently needed for timely diagnosis and appropriate management of patients to achieve the best therapeutic response. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play essential roles in CRC progression. Accordingly, the regulatory roles of lncRNAs should be better understood in general and for identifying diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC specifically. In this review, the latest advances on the potential diagnostic and prognostic lncRNAs as biomarkers in CRC samples were highlighted, Current knowledge on dysregulated lncRNAs and their potential molecular mechanisms were summarized. The potential therapeutic implications and challenges for future and ongoing research in the field were also discussed. Finally, novel insights on the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs were examined as to their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CRC. This review may be used to design future studies and advanced investigations on lncRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy in CRC.

The ceRNA network regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that transforms epithelial cells into a mesenchymal phenotype, conferring cell migration and invasion capabilities. EMT is involved in the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, emerging evidence has shown dysregulation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) was linked to EMT. ncRNAs, including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), regulate the transcription of downstream target genes (mRNA) through interaction with microRNAs (miRNAs); these are termed competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. CeRNA dysregulation-induced EMT, which is linked to the progression and prognosis of CRC, has attracted wide attention. However, understanding the role of the regulation of the ceRNA network in the EMT of CRC remains limited. We discuss the molecular functions of lncRNA, the ceRNA networks related to miRNAs and mRNAs in EMT, as well as EMT transcription factors, such as the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/2), SNAIL, SLUG, and TWIST1/2. In addition, miRNAs and lncRNAs that directly target genes, thereby initiating different signaling pathways to promote EMT in CRC, were summarized. Clarifying the role of these molecules in EMT is critical for understanding molecular mechanisms and exploring the potential therapeutic targets of CRC.

The mechanism of VCP-mediated metastasis of osteosarcoma based on cell autophagy and the EMT pathway

OBJECTIVE

Study of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis is still the research focus for osteosarcoma (OS) prevention. This study investigates the mechanism of valosin-containing protein (VCP) promoting OS metastasis in vitro through autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

METHODS

Different cell lines of osteosarcoma (143B and MG63) were adopted in this study. The level of VCP expression in osteosarcoma cells was changed, and the level of autophagy and the progression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were observed. Then autophagy and EMT in OS cells were changed artificially, and proliferation and migration ability were observed.

RESULTS

The expression of LC3II/I was decreased, but the insolubilized P62 protein expression was increased in the VCP inhibiting group and the autophagy inhibitor treatment group. Simultaneously, E-cadherin protein expression increased while N-cadherin protein expression decreased in the VCP inhibiting group but increased in the TGF-β1 treatment group. In addition, suppressing VCP can cause a decrease in Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1), smad2, smad3, phosphorylated smad2 (p-smad2), and phosphorylated smad3 (p-smad3). Autophagy inhibitors and agonists have no significant effect on the migration and invasion of OS cells but can significantly affect the ability of cells to resist anoikis. EMT inhibitors and agonists have a proportional effect on the migration and invasion of OS cells.

CONCLUSION

VCP is likely to promote the migration and invasion of OS cells by inducing EMT, possibly via TGF-β1/smad2/3 signaling pathway. In this process, VCP-mediated autophagy may contribute to successful distant metastasis of tumor cells indirectly.

LncRNA SNHG3 enhances BMI1 mRNA stability by binding and regulating c-MYC: Implications for the carcinogenic role of SNHG3 in bladder cancer

The transformation of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (BLCa) to muscle-invasive type and distant metastasis are the two major threats to patients after surgery. Thus, it is important to identify the key genes of BLCa cell invasion and metastasis. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a potential clinical tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we verified that lncRNA SNHG3 is upregulated in human BLCa specimens and is proportional to poor clinical prognosis via a combination of bioinformatic analyses and wet bench experiments. Then, we constructed SNHG3 knockdown and overexpression cell models via lentiviral packaging and CRISPR-Cas9 technique. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assay showed that SNHG3 is distributed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of BLCa cell lines. In vitro assays including CCK-8, EdU, colony formation, wound healing, transwell, and tube formation demonstrated that SNHG3 knockdown and overexpression potently inhibited and enhanced BLCa cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In addition, IVIS imaging revealed that SNHG3 knockdown could significantly inhibit M-NSG mice xenograft tumor growth. Next, RNA sequencing, bioinformatics analyses and western blots indicated that SNHG3 could promote c-MYC expression. RNA immunoprecipitation, actinomycin D assay and western blot assays suggested that SNHG3 could also bind c-MYC protein which subsequently facilitate the stabilization of BMI1 mRNA, thus enhancing BMI1 protein level. However, SNHG3 knockdown had a slightly weaker inhibitory effect on BMI1 expression than c-MYC knockdown. Further, in vitro assays demonstrated that BMI1 knockdown could suppress the SNHG3 activation-induced tumor promoting effect in BLCa cells. Overall, this study has provided new insights into the potential implication of lncRNA SNHG3 in the pathogenesis of BLCa. Importantly, SNHG3/c-MYC/BMI1 axis may be a novel target for regulating tumor growth and metastasis in BLCa patients.

A glimpse of research cores and frontiers on the relationship between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) using the VOSviewer tool

As lncRNAs are essential participants in colorectal carcinogenesis. This study aimed to use the VOSviewer tool to access the research cores and frontiers on the relationship between lncRNAs and CRC. Our findings showed that the mechanism of lncRNA in the occurrence and development of CRC was the core theme of the field. (1) Immunotherapy and immune microenvironment of CRC and lncRNAs, (2) CRC and lncRNAs in exosomes and (3) CRC and lncRNA-targeted therapy might represent three research frontiers. A comprehensive understanding of their existing mechanisms and the search for new regulatory paradigms are the core topics of future research. This knowledge will also help us select appropriate targeting methods and select appropriate preclinical models to promote clinical translation and ultimately achieve precise treatment of CRC.

Roles of TGF‑β signalling pathway‑related lncRNAs in cancer (Review)

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNAs that are >200 nucleotides in length that do not have the ability to be translated into protein but are associated with numerous diseases, including cancer. The involvement of lncRNAs in the signalling of certain signalling pathways can promote tumour progression; these pathways include the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway, which is related to tumour development. The expression of lncRNAs in various tumour tissues is specific, and their interaction with the TGF-β signalling pathway indicates that they may serve as new tumour markers and therapeutic targets. The present review summarized the role of TGF-β pathway-associated lncRNAs in regulating tumorigenesis in different types of cancer and their effects on the TGF-β signalling pathway.

UPF1-From mRNA Degradation to Human Disorders

Up-frameshift protein 1 (UPF1) plays the role of a vital controller for transcripts, ready to react in the event of an incorrect translation mechanism. It is well known as one of the key elements involved in mRNA decay pathways and participates in transcript and protein quality control in several different aspects. Firstly, UPF1 specifically degrades premature termination codon (PTC)-containing products in a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)-coupled manner. Additionally, UPF1 can potentially act as an E3 ligase and degrade target proteins independently from mRNA decay pathways. Thus, UPF1 protects cells against the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides. However, this multitasking protein may still hide many of its functions and abilities. In this article, we summarize important discoveries in the context of UPF1, its involvement in various cellular pathways, as well as its structural importance and mutational changes related to the emergence of various pathologies and disease states. Even though the state of knowledge about this protein has significantly increased over the years, there are still many intriguing aspects that remain unresolved.

lncRNA CRNDE Affects Th17/IL-17A and Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Epithelial Cells Reducing Asthma Signs

Background

Asthma treatment is difficult due to disease heterogeneity and comorbidities. In addition, the development of drugs targeting the underlying mechanisms of asthma remains slow. We planned to identify the most upregulated differentially expressed long noncoding RNA in asthma to explore its regulatory patterns and pathways in asthma.

Methods

We sensitized mice using a mixture of ovalbumin, house dust mites, and lipopolysaccharide to establish an asthma mouse model. We also sensitized asthma cells with TGF-β1 in an in vitro model. We performed a microarray analysis to identify the lncRNA with the differential expression level in model mice. We applied hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stainings to mouse tissues to quantify the tissue damage extent. Next, we assess the levels of lncRNA CRNDE, miR-29a-3p, TGF-β1, MCL-1, E-cadherin, vimentin, and snail. We counted the percentages of Th17 cells using flow cytometry. Finally, we performed a dual-luciferase reporter assay to assess the association between lncRNA CRNDE and miR-29a-3p.

Results

We successfully established asthma mouse/cell models and selected the lncRNA CRNDE for our study. Transfection of si-CRNDE reduced the degree of injury and inflammation in the mouse model and reversed the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the cell model. Moreover, the E-cadherin level was upregulated, and the levels of IL-17A, vimentin, snail, and α-SMA were downregulated. We also discovered that lncRNA CRNDE negatively regulated miR-29a-3p and that this one in turn inhibited MCL-1 in mice. After lncRNA CRNDE expression downregulation, the level of miR-29a-3p was increased, and we detected reduced levels of MCL-1 and EMTs.

Conclusions

lncRNA CRNDE expression downregulation led to reduced inflammation and reduced lung damage in mice with induced asthma, it inhibited the EMTs of lung epithelial cells via the miR-29a-3p/MCL-1 pathway, and it reduced the levels of Th17/IL-17A cells to reduce asthma signs.

Long Noncoding RNAs in the Prediction of Survival of Patients with Digestive Cancers

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs have been known to be involved in various cancers. This study aimed to find a long noncoding RNA signature to predict the prognostic risk of patients with digestive cancers, including esophageal carcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

After screening differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs in 4 digestive cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the prognostic significance of the above differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Target genes of the corresponding differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs were predicted by StarBase. We performed bioinformatics methods, including gene ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, to explore the role and molecular mechanisms of differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs and predicted target genes in tumor progression.

RESULTS

A total of 4 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (AC093895.1, CASC9, LINC01980, and HOXC-AS2) with a significant prognostic value were identified. Moreover, 6 target genes were obtained. Also, functional enrichment analysis showed that these 4 DELs were mainly related to the regulation of mRNA metabolic process, regulation of RNA stability, mRNA binding, RNA localization, and spliceosome.

CONCLUSION

The prognostic differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs and target genes in the digestive cancers were obtained, which may provide a novel direction for treatment and prognosis improvement of digestive cancers.

A short peptide encoded by long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 promotes cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating transforming growth factor-beta/SMAD signaling pathway in human endometrial cells

BACKGROUND

Endometrial dysfunction is closely correlated with the development of multiple severe gynecological disorders including intrauterine adhesion. Accumulating evidence supports that some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have peptide-coding potential. In this text, the peptide-coding ability of lncRNA SNHG6 was examined. Also, the effects of an SNHG6-encoded peptide on the viability and migration of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) and human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs) and related molecular mechanisms were explored.

METHODS

The peptide-encoding potential of SNHG6 was predicted by FuncPEP and getorf databases and validated by western blot assay. Cell viability was tested by cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell migratory ability was examined by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Protein levels of genes were measured by western blot assay.

RESULTS

Prediction analysis suggested that SNHG6 had the potential peptide-coding ability and multiple open-reading frames (ORFs). Western blot validated that SNHG6 ORF#1 and ORF#2 could translate into short peptides. SNHG6 ORF#2 overexpression facilitated cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hESCs and hEECs, while these effects were abrogated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling inhibitor GW788388. Moreover, GW788388 inhibited the increase of p-SMAD2 and p-SMAD3 levels induced by SNHG6 ORF#2 in hESCs. SNHG6 ORF#2-encoded peptide did not influence endometrial stromal and epithelial cell viability.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA SNHG6 ORF#1 and ORF#2 could translate into small peptides and SNHG6 ORF#2 overexpression promoted cell migration and EMT by activating the TGF-β/SMAD pathway in hESCs and hEECs, suggesting the potential roles of SNHG6-encoded peptides in the development of endometrial stromal and epithelial cells and related gynecological diseases.

Association between small nucleolar RNA host gene expression and survival outcome of colorectal cancer patients: A meta-analysis based on PRISMA and bioinformatics analysis

Introduction

Growing evidence shows that long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host genes (lncRNA SNHGs) enact an pivotal regulatory roles in the shorter survival outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no research has systematically evaluated the correlation among lncRNA SNHGs expression and survival outcome of CRC. This research indented to screen whether exist potential prognostic effect of lncRNA SNHGs in CRC patientss using comprehensive review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Systematic searches were performed from the six relevant databases from inception to October 20, 2022. The quality of published papers was evaluated in details. We pooled the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) through direct or indirect collection of effect sizes, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI by collecting effect sizes within articles. Detailed downstream signaling pathways of lncRNA SNHGs were summarized in detail.

Results

25 eligible publications including 2,342 patients were finally included to appraise the association of lncRNA SNHGs with prognosis of CRC. Elevated lncRNA SNHGs expression was revealed in colorectal tumor tissues. High lncSNHG expression means bad survival prognosis in CRC patients (HR=1.635, 95% CI: 1.405-1.864, P<0.001). Additionally, high lncRNA SNHGs expression was inclined to later TNM stage (OR=1.635, 95% CI: 1.405-1.864, P<0.001), distant lymph node invasion, distant organ metastasis, larger tumor diameter and poor pathological grade. Begg's funnel plot test using the Stata 12.0 software suggested that no significant heterogeneity was found.

Conclusion

Elevated lncRNA SNHGs expression was revealed to be positively correlated to discontented CRC clinical outcome and lncRNA SNHG may act as a potential clinical prognostic index for CRC patients.

Cuproptosis-related lncRNA signatures predict prognosis and immune relevance of kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma

Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) has a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis. Cu concentrations differed significantly between renal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Cuproptosis is a newly identified cell death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in the progression of KIRP. In this study, we focused on constructing and validating cuproptosis-related lncRNA signatures to predict the prognosis of KIRP patients and their immune correlation. We created prognosis models using Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. We found that patients in the high-risk group had poorer overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and higher mortality. Risk score and stage are prognosis factors independent of other clinical features. Kaplan-Meier analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and C-index curves showed that cuproptosis-related lncRNA signatures could more accurately predict the prognosis of patients. Functional enrichment analysis suggests that the function of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is associated with KIRP development and immunity. In immune-related function analysis, we found a significant difference in parainflammation responses between high-risk and low-risk groups. The mutation frequencies of TTN, MET, KMT2C, PKHD1, SETD2, and KMT2D genes in the high-risk group were higher than those in the low-risk group, but the mutation frequencies of MUC16, KIAA109, CUBN, USH2A, DNAH8 and HERC2 genes were significantly lower than those in the low-risk group. Survival analysis of tumor mutation burden (TMB) and combined TMB-risk showed better OS in patients with high TMB. Immune infiltration and immune checkpoint analysis assessed the immune association of six high mutation frequency genes (TTN, MET, KMT2C, PKHD1, SETD2, and KMT2D) with KIRP. Finally, we performed a drug sensitivity analysis and screened 15 potential drugs that differed between high-risk and low-risk patients. In this study, we constructed and validated cuproptosis-related lncRNA signatures that can more accurately predict the prognosis of KIRP patients and provide new potential therapeutic targets and prognosis markers for KIRP patients.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related lncRNAs associated with prognosis and immune cell infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains the most common type of lung cancer and is associated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays crucial roles in carcinogenesis, embryogenesis, and wound healing. EMT-related molecules may be adopted for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and targeting them may constitute an attractive strategy for treatment. This study aims to identify the EMT-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and develop a risk signature to accurately predict the prognosis of LUAD patients.

METHODS

The RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical profiles were obtained from LUAD cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. EMT-related lncRNAs significantly associated with prognosis were identified by Pearson correlation analysis and univariate regression analysis. Subsequently, an EMT-related prognostic risk signature was developed through LASSO and multivariate regression analyses. Kaplan Meier and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were implemented to assess the predictive performance of the signature. The nomogram was constructed to predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival of LUAD patients. Additionally, enrichment analyses were carried out to identify probable biologic processes and cellular pathways involved in the signature. The correlation of immune cell infiltration and risk score was also evaluated by CIBERSORT algorithm. Finally, we constructed a ceRNA network to further study possible downstream targets and molecular mechanisms of EMT-related lncRNAs in LUAD.

RESULTS

Eight EMT-related lncRNAs were identified to develop a prognostic risk signature in LUAD. Patients with high-risk scores had worse survival outcomes than those with low-risk scores. The signature showed robust predictive potential, and was verified to be an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, the risk score based on the signature was significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration in LUAD.

CONCLUSIONS

We established and validated a prognostic signature that reflects the tumor microenvironment characteristics and predicts the outcomes for LUAD.

UPF1 increases amino acid levels and promotes cell proliferation in lung adenocarcinoma via the eIF2α-ATF4 axis

Up-frameshift 1 (UPF1), as the most critical factor in nonsense-mediated messenger RNA (mRNA) decay (NMD), regulates tumor-associated molecular pathways in many cancers. However, the role of UPF1 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) amino acid metabolism remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that UPF1 was significantly correlated with a portion of amino acid metabolic pathways in LUAD by integrating bioinformatics and metabolomics. We further confirmed that UPF1 knockdown inhibited activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and Ser51 phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), the core proteins in amino acid metabolism reprogramming. In addition, UPF1 promotes cell proliferation by increasing the amino-acid levels of LUAD cells, which depends on the function of ATF4. Clinically, UPF1 mRNA expression is abnormal in LUAD tissues, and higher expression of UPF1 and ATF4 was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (OS) in LUAD patients. Our findings reveal that UPF1 is a potential regulator of tumor-associated amino acid metabolism and may be a therapeutic target for LUAD.

Comprehensive landscape and future perspectives of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC): Based on a bibliometric analysis

This review aimed to use bibliometric analysis to sort out, analyze and summarize the knowledge foundation and hot topics in the field of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and point out future trends to inspire related research and innovation. We used CiteSpace to analyze publication outputs, countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords. Knowledge foundations, hotspots, and future trends were then depicted. The overall research showed the trend of biomedical-oriented multidisciplinary. Much evidence indicates that lncRNA plays the role of oncogene or tumor suppressor in the occurrence and development of CRC. Besides, many lncRNAs have multiple mechanisms. lncRNAs and metastasis of CRC, lncRNAs and drug resistance of CRC, and the clinical application of lncRNAs in CRC are current research hotspots. Through insight into the development trend of lncRNAs in CRC, this study will help researchers extract hidden valuable information for further research.

Silencing lncRNA Snhg6 mitigates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via miR-26a-5p/TGF-β1-smads axis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial pulmonary disease with slow onset and high mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a significant condition for tissue fibrosis, and lncRNA-Snhg6 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 6) is related to EMT in some cancer cells, but its role in pulmonary fibrosis remains obscure. Here, we found that TGF-β1 and Snhg6 were up-regulated in lung tissues of BLM-induced lung fibrosis mouse, and Snhg6 expression was significantly increased in primary lung fibroblasts after BLM treatment. Snhg6 knockdown notably alleviated the pulmonary dysfunction, and the increase of fibrosis area and collagen deposition induced by BLM. MiR-26a-5p was downregulated in BLM-induced fibrotic lung tissues, and it was negatively regulated by Snhg6. Silencing Snhg6 markedly alleviated the TGF-β1-induced increase in fibrotic marker expression, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, as well as the nuclear transport of p-Smad2/3 by modulating miR-26a-5p expression in mouse lung fibroblasts. Moreover, overexpressing Snhg6-induced collagen accumulation and fibroblast activation in fibroblasts, which was reversed by treatment with miR-26a-5p mimic or oxymatrine (an inhibitor of TGF-β1-Smads pathway). Interestingly, silencing Snhg6 in vivo mitigated BLM-driven pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the miR-26a-5p/TGF-β1-Smads axis. Our data revealed that Snhg6 contributed to the process of BLM-driven lung fibrosis in mouse by modulating the miR-26a-5p/TGF-β1-Smads axis, suggesting that Snhg6 might be a therapeutic target for lung fibrosis.