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Yolmeh M, Khomeiri M, Ghaemi E, Şilbir MS. Acute toxicity and anti-enterotoxigenic activity of pigment extracted from Micrococcus roseus. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1753-1758. [PMID: 38532186 PMCID: PMC11153400 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial pigments are considered as one of the main sources of natural types, and the attention to them is increasing in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pigments extracted from Micrococcus roseus (PEM) on the gene expression of a and b staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea and seb) and their acute toxicity. Real-time PCR was used to study the anti-enterotoxigenic activity of PEM against Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations. In addition, the acute toxicity of PEM was evaluated on albino mice through alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferas (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of liver and its histopathological changes. Based on the results, the expression of sea and seb was decreased in the presence of PEM at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The 2-∆∆CT was measured 0.02 and 0.01 for the expression of sea and seb of S. aureus grown in the MHB containing 16 mg/ml PEM. The results showed that the expression of seb is more sensitive to PEM compared to the expression of sea. After treatment of mice with PEM for two weeks, the condition of mice was normal, and the results of liver enzymatic activities and histopathological changes showed insignificant difference compared to the control sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yolmeh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, CEP: 13083-862, Brazil.
| | - Morteza Khomeiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Ghaemi
- Infectious Research Centre and Microbiology Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehmet Selim Şilbir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
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Liu W, Li Y, An Y, Zhao R, Wei C, Ren X, He H. Yunnan Baiyao Might Mitigate Periodontitis Bone Destruction by Inhibiting Autophagy and Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2271-2284. [PMID: 38645877 PMCID: PMC11027930 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s454694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that eventually destroys tooth-supporting tissue. Yunnan Baiyao (YNBY), a traditional Chinese medicine compound with haemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties has shown therapeutic potential in several diseases. Our previous study revealed that YNBY suppressed osteoclast differentiation in periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of YNBY on osteoblasts and explore its potential mechanisms. Materials and Methods A rat periodontitis model was established by ligation of maxillary second molars. After the end of modelling, histopathological observation by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson trichrome staining, detection of bone resorption by Micro-CT scanning, detection of osteoclasts by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) by immunohistochemistry. Lipopolysaccharides was used to irritate MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and ex vivo calvarial organ as an in vitro model of inflammation. CCK-8 assay was performed to examine the toxicity of YNBY to MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Osteogenesis was assessed with alizarin red staining, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent double staining, Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were employed to detect autophagy. Results Histological and micro-CT analyses revealed that YNBY gavage reduced bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis and upregulated osteogenic proteins in vivo. YNBY attenuated the production of autophagy-related proteins in periodontitis rats. Additionally, YNBY promoted osteogenesis by inhibiting inflammation-induced autophagy in vitro. Furthermore, YNBY suppressed LPS-mediated bone resorption and promoted the production of osteoblast-related proteins in inflamed calvarial tissues ex vivo. Conclusion This study demonstrated, through in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experiments, that YNBY promoted osteoblast differentiation by suppressing autophagy, which markedly alleviated bone destruction caused by periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Ren
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbing He
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, 650106, People’s Republic of China
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Astrada A, Pamungkas RA, Abidin KR. Advancements in Managing Wound Biofilm: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Topical Modalities. Foot Ankle Spec 2024:19386400231225708. [PMID: 38282327 DOI: 10.1177/19386400231225708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous available agents claiming anti-biofilm properties on wounds, the substantiating evidence remains inconclusive. This study aimed to assess the immediate impact of topical wound treatments on wound biofilm and healing outcomes in acute and chronic ulcers. We comprehensively searched PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar. In addition, eligible gray literature was incorporated. English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational, cohort, and case-control studies targeting biofilm prevention, inhibition, or elimination across diverse wound types were included. Primary outcomes included biofilm presence and elimination, supplemented by secondary outcomes encompassing reduced wound size, complete closure, and diminished infection indicators. Bacterial load reduction and biofilm presence were also assessed. Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. Various modalities were identified, including biofilm-visualization techniques, such as wound blotting and handheld autofluorescence imaging. Pooled analysis for the primary outcomes was infeasible due to limited eligible studies and data-reporting challenges. As for the secondary outcomes, the pooled analysis for complete surgical wound closure (2 RCTs, yielding n=284) and presence of surgical site infections/inflammation (2 RCTs, yielding n=284) showed no significant difference, with a log odds ratio (LOD) of 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -.33, 1.50) and LOD -0.95 (95% CI: -3.54, 1.64; τ2 = 2.32, Q = 2.71, P = .10), respectively. Our findings suggest insufficient evidence to support anti-biofilm claims of topical modalities. Clinicians' skill appears to play a pivotal role in biofilm elimination and wound healing enhancement, with potential optimization through visual-guided techniques, such as wound blotting and autofluorescence imaging. More rigorous clinical trials are warranted to ascertain the efficacy of these techniques.Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, 1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Astrada
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Esa Unggul University, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia
| | - Rian Adi Pamungkas
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Esa Unggul University, Jakarta Barat, Indonesia
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Khoirul Rista Abidin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Politeknik 'Aisyiyah Pontianak, Pontianak City, Indonesia
- Department of Biotechnology, Postgraduate School, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
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RNA Sequencing Reveals the Regulation Mechanism of Yunnan Baiyao in Treating Skin Infection Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6348157. [PMID: 36276861 PMCID: PMC9581712 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6348157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Yunnan Baiyao is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that can be formulated into a powder or capsule form. The mechanism by which it exerts its anti-inflammation effect, which is used in skin care products, needs to be further explored. In this study, we established the Staphylococcus aureus-induced mouse skin inflammatory model to investigate the effects of Yunnan Baiyao by the method of RNA-sequencing technology. The mice were randomly assigned to three groups, and those were control, model, and the Yunnan Baiyao-treated (YNtreated) group. Key genes and pathways were identified using bioinformatics analyses. In the study, we obtained 1,053 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by Yunnan Baiyao. The 233 upregulated genes were enriched in 32 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways, focused on the items, such as wound healing, cell metabolism, and proliferation, indicating the accelerating effects of Yunnan Baiyao on these aspects. The 820 downregulated genes were enriched mainly in the items, including the regulation of inflammation factor production, immune responses, and regulation of structure dermal components. Besides, Yunnan Baiyao reversed the expressions of 277 (201 decreased and 76 increased DEGs, respectively) induced by S. aureus. Ten key regulatory nodes (MMP2, PLK1, CCNB1, TLR4, CDK1, CCNA2, CDC25C, PDGFRA, MYOC, and KNG1) were identified by the construction of the protein interaction network, half of which were related to cell proliferation. VAV1 was another hub node that was affected by Yunnan Baiyao (Top 20). In the study, VAV1 and TLR4 can be considered key module genes in inflammation regulation. In conclusion, this study found that Yunnan Baiyao can significantly relieve inflammatory symptoms by regulating genes and pathways involved in the regulation of inflammation and immune response and also helped to deepen our understanding of the associated molecular mechanisms.
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Effects of Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamomum verum Essential Oils on bap and ica Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid-122410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus can cause a variety of infectious diseases, mainly due to its ability to shift between the planktonic and the biofilm lifestyle. Biofilm infections present a serious problem in human medicine. Biofilm-associated protein (bap) and intercellular adhesin (ica) genes are involved in biofilm formation. Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of Thymus vulgaris and Cinnamomum verum essential oils on biofilm formation and expression of icaA, icaD, and bap genes in S. aureus strains. Methods: A total of 20 strains of S. aureus were isolated from the urine of patients. The susceptibility test was performed to determine the effect of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of thyme and cinnamon essential oils on strains by broth dilution method. The expression of icaA and icaD genes was determined by measuring the cognate messenger ribonucleic acid level using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The biofilm formation of strains after treatment with the MIC of thyme essential oil was observed as 40% weak and 60% negative biofilms, and with the MIC of cinnamon essential oil as 25% strong and 75% moderate biofilms. Real-time PCR demonstrated that 60% of S. aureus strains treated with thyme and cinnamon essential oils showed a decrease in icaA gene expression. Moreover, 55% and 70% of the strains treated with thyme and cinnamon essential oils had reduced icaD gene expression, respectively. None of the strains of S. aureus had a bap gene. Conclusions: The present study showed that thyme and cinnamon essential oils reduce the expression of icaA and icaD genes, and cinnamon essential oil is more effective than thyme essential oil.
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Rao Y, Peng H, Shang W, Hu Z, Yang Y, Tan L, Li M, Zhou R, Rao X. A vancomycin resistance-associated WalK(S221P) mutation attenuates the virulence of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. J Adv Res 2022; 40:167-178. [PMID: 36100324 PMCID: PMC9481939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) is typically associated with a decline in virulence. We previously reported a WalK(S221P) mutation that plays an important role in mediating vancomycin resistance in VISA XN108. Whether this mutation is implicated in bacterial virulence remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effect of WalK(S221P) mutation on the virulence of VISA and the underlying mechanism of this effect. METHODS The influence of WalK(S221P) mutation on VISA virulence and its underlying mechanism were explored using animal models, RNA-seq analysis, RT-qPCR, hemolytic assay, slide coagulase test, Western blot, β-galactosidase assay, and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS Compared with XN108, WalK(S221P)-reverted strain XN108-R exacerbated cutaneous infections with increased lesion size and extensive inflammatory infiltration in mouse models. The bacterial loads of S. aureus XN108-R in murine kidney increased compared with those of XN108. RNA-seq analysis showed upregulation of a set of virulence genes in XN108-R, which exhibited greater hemolytic and stronger coagulase activities compared with XN108. Introduction of WalK(S221P) to methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300 and methicillin-susceptible strain Newman increased the vancomycin resistance of the mutants, which exhibited reduced hemolytic activities and decreased expression levels of many virulence factors compared with their progenitors. WalK(S221P) mutation weakened agr promoter-controlled β-galactosidase activity. EMSA results showed that WalK-phosphorylated WalR could directly bind to the agr promoter region, whereas WalK(S221P)-activated WalR reduced binding to the target promoter. Inactivation of agr in S. aureus did not affect their vancomycin susceptibility but mitigated the virulence alterations caused by WalK(S221P) mutation. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that WalK(S221P) mutation can enhance vancomycin resistance in S. aureus of diverse genetic backgrounds. WalK(S221P)- bearing S. aureus strains exhibit reduced virulence. WalK(S221P) mutation may directly impair the activation of the agr system by WalR, thereby decreasing the expression of virulence factors in VISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Huagang Peng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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Yao Q, Chang BT, Chen R, Wei YJ, Gong QJ, Yu D, Zhang Y, Han X, Yang HB, Tang SJ, Gao Y. Research Advances in Pharmacology, Safety, and Clinical Applications of Yunnan Baiyao, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:773185. [PMID: 34899330 PMCID: PMC8651550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.773185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacology relevance: Yunnan Baiyao (YNBY), a traditional Chinese medicine formulae, has some significant properties including activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis (Huo-Xue-Hua-Yu), eliminating swelling and alleviating pain (Xiao-Zhong-Zhi-Tong), and eliminating necrotic tissues and promoting granulation (Qu-Fu-Sheng-Ji). Aim of this study: This paper intends to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of studies on YNBY, proposing new possible therapeutic directions of this formula. Materials and methods: Relevant data on YNBY were retrieved from available databases and a hand-search by searching the keywords such as “Yunnan Baiyao,” “pharmacology,” “toxicity,” and “clinical applications.” Results: Traditionally, YNBY has been used to cure hemorrhage, bruises, swelling, and pain caused by injuries in the Chinese folk. Modern pharmacological studies show that YNBY possesses pharmacological activities including hemostasis, invigorating the circulation of blood, wound healing, anti-inflammation, analgesia, antibiosis, infection prevention, and other effects. Toxicological studies demonstrate that YNBY has a certain toxicology, which is mainly caused by Aconitum alkaloids from Cao-wu (CW, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix). The developmental non-toxic reaction dose (NOAEL) of YNBY for embryos and fetuses is 0.5 g/kg in rats. In addition, the NOAEL for fertility and early embryo development toxicity is 4.0 g/kg in rats. Clinical trials have confirmed the safety of YNBY in a large number of patients, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, allergy, and others in very few people. YNBY is routinely used in clinic to cure bleeding, pain, swelling, upper digestive tract ulcer, postoperative wound, arthritis, mouth ulcers, ulcerative colitis, etc. Conclusions: Hemostasis is a conspicuous effect of YNBY. Except for this effect, analgesia and anti-infection may be new research directions of this formula. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology and mechanisms of action of YNBY are encouraged as well as the pharmacokinetics of this formulae. Furthermore, the material basis of the pharmacological effects of YNBY also needs clear identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo-Tao Chang
- Department of Graduate, Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi-Jing Wei
- Department of Graduate, Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Gong
- Department of Graduate, Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Graduate, Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Bo Yang
- GLP Center, Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Kunming, China
| | - Song-Jiang Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Scientific Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of TCM, Guiyang, China
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You L, Ying C, Liu K, Zhang X, Lin D, Yin D, Zhang J, Xu P. Changes in the fecal microbiome of the Yangtze finless porpoise during a short-term therapeutic treatment. Open Life Sci 2020; 15:296-310. [PMID: 33817218 PMCID: PMC7988435 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fecal microbiome is an integral part of aquatic mammals, like an inner organ. But we know very little about this inner organ of the threatened aquatic species, Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP). Four YFPs were placed into a purse seine for skin ulceration treatment, and this opportunity was taken to nurse the animals closer. In particular, we collected the feces of the YFPs before and after the paired healing and therapeutic treatment, along with samples of their fish diet and water habitat, to explore the changes in their fecal microbiome. Firmicutes (20.9–96.1%), Proteobacteria (3.8–78.7%), Actinobacteria (0.1–35.0%) and Tenericutes (0.8–17.1%) were the most dominant phyla present in the feces. The proportion of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased after the treatment. Firmicutes showed a significant decrease, and most potential pathogens were absent, which reflected the administration of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Moreover, environmental shifts can also contribute to changes in the fecal microbiome. These results indicate that certain microbial interactions can be affected by environmental shifts, dietary changes and health-care treatments, which can also help maintain the internal environment of YFPs. These findings will inform the future enhanced protection and management of endangered YFPs and other vulnerable aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Congping Ying
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xizhao Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danqing Lin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Denghua Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, CAFS, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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